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한자어 ‘내지(乃至)’의 의미 형성에 대한 관견 -[포괄]적 의미를 중심으로
마원걸 ( Ma Yuanjie ) 구결학회 2021 구결연구 Vol.47 No.-
현대의 중국어 어휘 ‘乃至’가 [심화]의 의미로 해석되는 것과 달리, 동형의 현대 한자어 ‘내지’는 [포괄]을 기본 의미로 한다. 본고는 이러한 사실에 착안하여, 한국어사 자료를 중심으로, 한자어 ‘내지’의 통시적인 의미 양상을 조망함으로써 [심화]와는 다소 구별되는 [포괄]의 의미가 형성되고 존속될 수 있었던 내적 동인을 상정해 보았다. 이를테면 석독구결의 경우, ‘乃至’는 ‘乃(□) □□ 至□’ 또는 ‘乃(□) □至□’ 정도로 분리되어 현토되는 한편, 언해 자료에서는 ‘(-에) 니르리’ 정도로 실현된다는 점을 확인했고, 더 나아가 ‘至’에 대당하는 요소 ‘至□’ 또는 ‘니르리’ 등은 필수 성분의 지위를 갖는 반면, ‘乃’의 특성상 그에 대당하는 요소의 의미 기능은 희석될 가능성이 높다는 점을 확인했다. 요컨대 본고는 석독구결 및 언해에서부터 포착되는 ‘乃#至’ 사이의 이러한 경계 및 통사적 지위의 불균형이 [포괄]의 형성과 정착에 일조했을 것임을 피력했다. Different from the Modern Chinese vocabulary ‘乃至’ means [progressive], the basic sense of the isomorphic Sino-Korean word ‘내 지’ is [comprehensive]. In view of these facts, this paper assumed some internal factors, which resulted in the meaning of [comprehensive], distinguished from [progressive] by analyzing the diachronic aspects of the ‘내지’ by means of Korean history literature. For example, we found that ‘乃至’ is denoted separately as ‘乃(□) □□ 至□’ or ‘乃(□) □至□’ in Seokdok-gugyeol, and is generally translated into ‘(-에) 니르리’ in Eonhae. Furthermore, ‘至□’ or ‘니르리’, which as corresponding elements of ‘至’ in the original text, have the status of the necessary ingredient in Korean syntactic dimensions, when semantic functions of elements, which corresponding to ‘乃’, have a high probability of weakening. Ultimately, this paper pointed out the possibility that the boundary and separability between ‘乃#至’, which is found in the literature as Seokdok-gugyeol and Eonhae, may contribute to form the basic meaning of [comprehensive] of ‘내지’ in Korean.
자토석독구결 부사 ‘還□’의 해독에 대하여 -‘還有’ 구문을 중심으로
마원걸 ( Ma Yuanjie ) 국어학회 2020 국어학 Vol.0 No.96
이 글에서는 기존의 자토석독구결(이하 석독구결) 해독에서 [복귀]의 ‘도로’로 재구된 부사 ‘還□’가 [추가]의 ‘□’로 재구될 수 있음을 논했다. 주지하다시피 석독구결의 해독은 문법사 또는 어휘사적 연속성과 표기적 특성을 고려하여 후기 중세 및 근대한국어 시기의 언해 자료에 의지하는 바가 크다. 따라서 문증되지 않는 경우를 제외하고는 가급적 언해 자료의 어형으로 석독구결의 형태들을 재구하게 된다. 특히 언해 자료에서 재구형으로 삼을 만한 어형이 복수일 때는 해당 석독구결 형태의 특징과 문맥에서의 의미 등에 비추어 그 적합성을 재고해 볼 필요가 있다. 요컨대 본고에서는 석독구결의 ‘還□’가 갖는 통사적 제약, ‘도로’로 해독할 경우에 대두되는 문제, 언해 자료에서의 대역 분화양상, 평행 사례 등을 짚어 봄으로써 ‘還□’와 ‘□’의 긴밀한 연관성을 피력했다. The aim of this paper is to prove that Letter-attached Seokdokgugyeol adverb ‘還□’ can be reconstructed as ‘□’, which means [Addition]. It is well known that, on the basis of continuous change of Korean syntactic and lexical history and features of Korean writing system, the interpretation of Seokdok-gugyeol is heavily relied on Eonhae(Late Middle Korean and Early Modern Korean). Therefore it is generally accepted that the reconstruction of Seokdok-gugyeol's words are based on Eonhae. However, when several words of Eonhae is possible to be interpreted as reconstruction form, it is necessary to consider the suitability of choice, in terms of Seokdok-gugyeol’s features and contextual meaning etc. To sum up, this paper pointed out the close correlation between ‘還□’ and ‘□’, on the aspect of syntactic constraints of ‘還□’, problems of ‘還□’ interpreting as ‘도로’, differentiative translations of ‘還’ in Eonhae, and other related parallel cases.
Yi Li,Yuanjie Ni,Wei Liu,Wenxing Yan 보안공학연구지원센터(IJUNESST) 2015 International Journal of u- and e- Service, Scienc Vol.8 No.1
In the network innovation environment, the knowledge trading between enterprises could be divided into traditional pattern (TP) and the E-commerce pattern (ECP). The two both have their advantages and disadvantages, so enterprises would face the problem. This paper generalizes the operation characteristics and the influence factors of two patterns. The mathematical model is used to analyze the selection mechanism of choosing two patterns, and the result illustrated that when the agency fee, the risk cost of ECP and the trading potential get bigger, the possibility that enterprises choose TP would get bigger, too; and when the explicitness of knowledge, cost of searching, trading incentive, the risk cost of TP and the reserve cost of ECP increase, the possibility that enterprises choose ECP would increase. When the reserve cost of ECP becomes big enough, it would make enterprises be more willing to choose hybrid pattern.
Energy Dissipation Characteristics Modelling for Hot Extrusion Forming of Aluminum-Alloy Components
Hongcheng Li,Yuanjie Wu,Huajun Cao,Feng Lu,Congbo Li 한국정밀공학회 2022 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.9 No.6
The hot extrusion forming process is widely used to process aluminum-alloy components in both the automobile and aircraft manufacturing industries. Since it involves pushing the material through the die at increased temperature, it is very energy-intensive despite requiring less blank material allowance. During hot extrusion forming, the multi-stage dynamic conversion of electricity, mechanical energy, and hydraulic energy to heat results in high energy dissipation. In order to improve the power and energy conversion efficiency of hot extrusion forming process, it is necessary to identify the energy dissipation characteristics. The transfer and conversion paths of the electrical, mechanical, and hydraulic energy from the motor to the hydraulic cylinder were firstly depicted based on the motion cycle of the extruder. A bond graph-based energy dissipation model was then proposed for dynamically identifying the energy-saving potentials. The energy dissipation model integrated the power bond graph sub-model of energy conversion elements such as motor, pump, hydraulic valve group, and hydraulic cylinder. These power bond graph sub-models were separately developed to find the energy dissipation state equations of energy conversion elements. An experiment was carried out using data obtained from the energy management system to validate the bond graph-based energy dissipation model. The results have shown that the power and energy conversion efficiency of hot extrusion forming is primarily controlled by the parameters such as extrusion velocity and extrusion force. Both the higher extrusion velocity and lower extrusion force will reduce the power and energy conversion efficiency. An optimal combination of extrusion velocity and pressure can achieve the lowest energy consumption per unit product.
Significance of Viable but Nonculturable Escherichia coli: Induction, Detection, and Control
( Tian Ding ),( Yuanjie Suo ),( Qisen Xiang ),( Xihong Zhao ),( Shiguo Chen ),( Xingqian Ye ),( Donghong Liu ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2017 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.27 No.3
Diseases caused by foodborne or waterborne pathogens are emerging. Many pathogens can enter into the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state, which is a survival strategy when exposed to harsh environmental stresses. Pathogens in the VBNC state have the ability to evade conventional microbiological detection methods, posing a significant and potential health risk. Therefore, controlling VBNC bacteria in food processing and the environment is of great importance. As the typical one of the gram-negatives, Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a widespread foodborne and waterborne pathogenic bacterium and is able to enter into a VBNC state in extreme conditions (similar to the other gram-negative bacteria), including inducing factors and resuscitation stimulus. VBNC E. coli has the ability to recover both culturability and pathogenicity, which may bring potential health risk. This review describes the concrete factors (nonthermal treatment, chemical agents, and environmental factors) that induce E. coli into the VBNC state, the condition or stimulus required for resuscitation of VBNC E. coli, and the methods for detecting VBNC E. coli. Furthermore, the mechanism of genes and proteins involved in the VBNC E. coli is also discussed in this review.
Structure and character of artificial muscle model constructedfrom fibrous hydrogel
Lijiang Mao,Yuanjie Hu,Yinshi Piao,Xiaodong Chen,Wenshu Xian,Dongxu Piao 한국물리학회 2005 Current Applied Physics Vol.5 No.5
In order to establish a novel articial muscle model, an ionized brous hydrogel assembly (FHM) was prepared by means ofsurface-grafting acrylonitrile onto cellulose ber and consequent hydrolysis. The structure and character of FHM was investigated.The FHM shows excellent chemomechanical character. This feature is closely interrelated to its molecular, morphological structureand texture..