연암 그룹과 담원 곽집환의 문예교류

유재형 ( Yu Jae-hyeong ) 한국한문학회 2017 韓國漢文學硏究 Vol.0 No.66

조선의 문인들이 중국 문인 곽집환의 문집을 두루 보고 이에 관련된 글을 쓰게 된 경위와 그 이유를 파악하였다. 1765년 홍대용은 숙부 홍억의 자제군관이 되어 연행을 떠났다. 다음 해 3월 2일 귀로에서 중국의 문인 등사민을 만나 의기투합했다. 홍대용이 귀국한 뒤에도 이들의 교류는 서신을 통해 유지되었다. 그러다 1773년 등사민이 보낸 편지 한 통이 조선에 닿았다. 여기에서 등사민은 자신의 동향 사람인 곽집환을 홍대용에게 소개한다. 편지의 요지는 이렇다. 등사민과 홍대용의 교류를 부러워하던 곽집환이 자신의 문집인 『회성원집』을 조선에 부쳐서 명사들의 서문과 발문 등을 구하려고 했다는 것이다. 홍대용은 이 소식을 자신의 벗들인 연암 그룹에게 알렸고 박지원과 이덕무, 유득공, 박제가 등은 서로 앞다투어 차운시와 서·발문을 써 주었다. 연암 그룹의 글은 곽집환에게 부쳐졌고 곽집환 또한 이에 열렬한 반응을 보였다. 이들의 교류는 곽집환이 죽기 전까지 이어졌다. 이들이 주고받은 편지와 시문 또한 『燕杭詩牘』과 『中士寄洪大容手札帖』, 그리고 『湛軒書』와『搢紳赤牘』 등 관련 자료에 그대로 남아 있다. 주목할 점으로는 연암 그룹과 곽집환은 면식이 전혀 없는 상태였다는 것이다. 곽집환은 유명한 문인도 아니었다. 곽집환을 위해 연암 그룹이 보인 정성은 쉽게 납득되지 않는다. 이들의 교유를 추동했던 요인을 살필 필요가 있다. 일전 홍대용은 연경에서 항주의 세 거자를 만나고 『會友錄』을 썼다. 연암 그룹은 『회우록』을 돌려보며 공간의 제약을 뛰어넘는 참된 우정을 갖기를 소망했다. 홍대용은 『회우록』으로 인해 김종후와 논쟁을 벌이기도 하였는데, 논쟁 이후 청국 인물과의 사귐이 더 이상 금기가 아님을 확인했다. 그러다 곽집환의 『회성원집』이 조선에 닿았다. `벗의 친구를 벗하라`라는 『교우론』의 명제 속에서 연암그룹은 등사민의 벗 곽집환을 친구로 인정하였다. 동시에 당대의 인물을 벗삼으려는 병세의식 또한 사행을 통한 경험 속에서 확산되었다. 연암 그룹과 담원 곽집환의 교류는 이러한 맥락 속에서 이루어질 수 있었다. The aim of this article is to promote an understanding regarding 『Hoiseongwonjip(繪聲園集)』 was read by various writers of the Joseon Dynasty; the author was the Chinese poet Kwak Jip-hwan. In 1765, Hong Dae-yong as a military officer under his uncle. In the following year, on his way back, Hong Dae-yong met with the Chinese poet Deung Sa-Min. Even after Hong Dae-yong returned home, their exchanges were maintained through correspondence. Then, in 1773, a letter from Deung Sa-Min reached the Chosun, and Deung Sa-Min introduced a young poet Kwak Jip-hwan to Hong Dae-yong. The point of the letter was this: Kwak Jip-hwan, who was envious of exchanges between Deung Sa-Min and Hong Dae-yong, tried to obtain the preface and footnotes by sending his 『Hoiseongwonjip(繪聲園集)』 to the Joseon Dynasty. Hong Dae-yong informed his friends in the Yeonam group ―Park Ji-won, Lee Deok-moo, Yu Deuk-Gong, and Park Je-ga. The writings of the Yeonam group were sent to Kwak Jip-hwan, who was enthusiastic about them. These exchanges continued until Kwak Jae-hwan died. Along with the letters and poems sent and received, other materials were included. Noteworthy is that the Yeonam group and Kwak Jong-hwan were completely hollow. The latter was not a famous writer. It is necessary to examine the factors that motivated these parties. Earlier, Hong Dae-yong met with three elders of Hangzhou in Yanqing and wrote 『Hoiwoorok (會友錄)』. The Yeonam group hoped to have a true friendship that transcended the boundaries of space by turning the 『Hoiwoorok(會友錄)』. Hong Dae-yong argued with Kim Jong-hoo because of 『Hoiwoorok(會友錄)』; after their debate, they confirmed that the relationship with was no longer taboo. Eventually, Kwak Jip-hwan`s 『Hoiseongwonjip(繪聲園集)』 reached Korea. At that time, the Yeonam group recognized Kwak Jip-hwan as a friend because of the “Dating theory.” With contemporary consciousness, the exchanges of the Yeonam group with Kwak Jip-hwan were possible.

비정질 인듐갈룸ᅳ아연-산화물 박막트랜지스터 기반의 AMOLED 화소 회로

이재표(Jae-Pyo Lee),유경민(Kyeong-Min Yu),장진녕(JinNyoung Jang),홍문표(MunPyo Hong),배병성(Byung Seong Bae) 호서대학교 공업기술연구소 2013 공업기술연구 논문집 Vol.32 No.2

본 논문은 비정질 인둠ᅳ갈f ᅳ아연-산화물 박막트랜지스터 (a-IGZO TFT)를 이용하여 능동형 유기발광다이오드 (AMOLED)용 문턱전압(Vth )을 보상하는 화소 회로를 제안하였다. 산화물 TFT는 n-채널 TFT로써, 우리는 n-채널 TFT 특성으로 회로를 최적화하였다. 제안된 화소 회로는 회로 시뮬레이션 뿐만 아니라 회로 분석을 이용하여 확인되었다. 제안된 화소 회로는 AMOLED에서 구동 TFT의 문턱전압 변화를 보상할 수 있다. 제안된 화소 회로를 이용함으로써, 문턱전압 보상은 달성되었다. rhis paper proposes a tnresnold voltage compensation pixel circuit for active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AM OLED) using amorphous indium-gaUiimi-zinc-oxide thin-film transistors (a-IGZO TFTs), Oxide TFT is an n-channel TFT; therefore, we optimized the circuit for the n-channel TFT characteristics. The proposed pixel circuit was verified using circuit analysis as well as circuit simulations. The proposed circuit could compensate for the threshold voltage variations o f drive TFT in AM OLED. Using the proposed pixel circuit, threshold voltage compensation was achieved.

A field study of colloid transport in surface and subsurface flows

Zhang, Wei,Tang, Xiang-Yu,Xian, Qing-Song,Weisbrod, Noam,Yang, Jae E.,Wang, Hong-Lan Elsevier, etc 2016 Journal of hydrology Vol.542 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Colloids have been recognized to enhance the migration of strongly-sorbing contaminants. However, few field investigations have examined combined colloid transport via surface runoff and subsurface flows. In a headwater catchment of the upper Yangtze River, a 6m (L) by 4m (W) sloping (6°) farmland plot was built by cement walls to form no-flow side boundaries. The plot was monitored in the summer of 2014 for the release and transport of natural colloids via surface runoff and subsurface flows (i.e., the interflow from the soil-mudrock interface and fracture flow from the mudrock-sandstone interface) in response to rain events. The water sources of the subsurface flows were apportioned to individual rain events using a two end-member model (i.e., mobile pre-event soil water extracted by a suction-cup sampler <I>vs</I>. rainwater (event water)) based on <I>δ</I> <SUP>18</SUP>O measurements. For rain events with high preceding soil moisture, mobile pre-event soil water was the main contributor (generally >60%) to the fracture flow. The colloid concentration in the surface runoff was 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than that in the subsurface flows. The lowest colloid concentration was found in the subsurface interflow, which was probably the result of pore-scale colloid straining mechanisms. The rainfall intensity and its temporal variation govern the dynamics of the colloid concentrations in both surface runoff and subsurface flows. The duration of the antecedent dry period affected not only the relative contributions of the rainwater and the mobile pre-event soil water to the subsurface flows but also the peak colloid concentration, particularly in the fracture flow. The <10μm fine colloid size fraction accounted for more than 80% of the total suspended particles in the surface runoff, while the colloid size distributions of both the interflow and the fracture flow shifted towards larger diameters. These results highlight the need to avoid the application of strongly-sorbing agrochemicals (e.g., pesticides, phosphorus fertilizers) immediately before rainfall following a long no-rain period because their transport in association with colloids may occur rapidly over long distances via both surface runoff and subsurface flows with rainfall.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Subsurface flow was apportioned into rainwater and mobile pre-event soil water. </LI> <LI> The duration of no-rain period affects peak colloid concentration. </LI> <LI> Rainfall intensity and its temporal variation govern colloid discharge dynamics. </LI> </UL> </P>

충청도지역의 노거수 자원

유재은,이정호 명지대학교 자연과학연구소 2003 자연과학논문집 Vol.22 No.-

충청도지역의 노거수 자원 현황을 알아보기 위하여 1999년 3월부터 2003년 12월 10일까지 26개 시·군에 대한 현황조사와 조사된 자료분석을 통하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 1. 대전광역시를 포함하는 충청도지역 내에는 수령이 100년 이상 된 노거수가 31종류에 2,058본이 분포하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 2. 이 지역 26개 시·군 중 가장 많은 노거수가 분포되어 있는 곳은 청원·청주시로 9종 193본으로 전체의 9.38%에 이르고, 그 다음이 공주시로 7종 171본이고 8.34%이며 세 번째가 괴산군으로 9종 145본으로 7.05%에 달한다. 3. 이 지역에서 나이가 가장 많은 것으로 알려진 나무는 은행나무로 1,300년 이상이고 충청남도 부여군 내산면 주암리 125번지에 있고, 백제 성왕 때 심겨진 것으로 알려져 있다. 4. 이 지역에 분포하고 있는 상록수는 소나무외 7종 103본으로 전체의 5.00%에 불과하고 낙엽수는 느티나무외 22종 1,955본으로 95.00%에 이른다. 5. 보호관리 유형별로는 정자목이 1.392본 67.64%로 제일 많고 그 다음이 풍치목으로 358본 17.40%이며 세 번째가 당산목으로 244본 11.86%을 차지한다. 6. 이 지역에 분포하고 있는 31개 수종 가운데 상위 5개 수종은 느티나무 1,505본 73.13%, 은행나무 179본 8.70%, 팽나무 120본 5.83%, 왕버들 86본 4.18% 그리고 소나무 50본 2.43% 순이고 이들 5개 수종이 차지하는 분포비율은 94.27%에 이른다. 7. 노거수의 수령별 분포는 500년생 이하가 1,896본으로 92.13%이고 501년생 이상이 162본 7.87%로 500년생 이하가 대부분을 차지한다. 8. 경인지역에서 볼 수 없었던 노거수로서의 왕버들이 이 지역에서 86본 4.18%가 분포하고 있음은 의미 있는 일이라고 생각된다. We have surveyed the distribution of aged-big trees which is growing in 26 cities and subprefecture of Chungcheong prefecture by on-the-spot studying from March of 1999 to December 10th of 2003. The results analyzed from the data are as follows. (I) In Chungcheong prefecture including Daejeon, 2,058 trees were counted as aged-big trees over 100 years old and they were classified 31 kinds of species. (2) 9 species (193 trees) of 9.38% and 7 species (171 trees) of 8.34% were recorded in Cheongwon. Cheongju city and Gongju city, respectively and then 9 species (145 trees) of 7.05% were recorded in Goisan. (3) The oldest tree was estimated to have the age over 1,300 years old, which had been planted in 125 Juamri, Naesanmyon, Buyoegun, Chungcheong Namdo, Korea. (4) The evergreen including Pinus densiflora in this area is 7 species accounted for 5.00% (103 trees) and deciduous with 22 species including Zelkova serratu occupied 95.00% (1,955 trees). (5) Shadow tree 1,392 trees for 67.64%, the Landscape tree 358 trees for 17.40% and the Village keeping tree (God tree) 224 trees for 11.86% have to be protected and managed. (6) The top 5 species of 31 species in this area are Zelkova serrutu (73.13%), 1,505 trees, Ginkgo bilobu (8.70%) 179 trees, Celtis japonicu (5.83%) 120 trees, Sulix glundulosu (4.18%) 86 trees and Pinus densiflora (2.43%) 50 trees. And their proportions was accounted for 94.27% of the distribution rates. (7) The aged-big tree under 500 years old are 1,896 trees occupied 92.13%, over 500 years old are 162 trees occupied 7.87%. (8) It is very meaningful that Salix glandulosa which did not reveal in Kyong-In Area are 86 trees occupied 4.18%.

그리스어 음운체계의 변천에 대하여

유재원 서울대학교 어학연구소 1985 語學硏究 Vol.21 No.1

The aim of this paper is a historical description of the changes which affected the phonoogical structure of Greek over the period from Proto-Indo-European language to modern Greek. From the purely phonological point of view, Greek can be divided as follows. Ⅰ. Proto-Greek (∼1400 BC) : This is the period which the changes that are unique to Greek and made it different from the other Indo-European languages took place. The changes are 1) devocalization of the aspirates, 2) loss of the labio-velars, 3) loss of /y/, 4) the change of initial /s/ to /h/. Ⅱ. Classical Greek (700BC∼330BC) : The changes of this period are 1) monophthongization of /ei, ou/ to /e˙, u˙/, 2) lowering of /e˙, o˙/ to /ε˙,??/, 3) fronting of /u˙, u, oi/ to / u??, u¨, o¨i/. Ⅲ. Hellenistic Koine Greek (330BC∼6C AD) : This period can be devided furthermore into two stage. In the first stage (4C BC∼2C AD) the changes occured as follows. 1) monophthongization of /a˙i, ε˙i, ??i/ to / u˙, ε˙, ??/ respectlively, 2) raising of /e˙/ to /l˙/. And in the second stage (2C AD∼4C AD) we see 1) monophthongization of /ai/ to /ε˙/ and /o¨i, u¨i/ to /u¨/, 2) raising of /ε˙/ to /l˙/, 3) spirantization of /p^h, h^h, k^h/ and /b, d, g/ to /f, θ, x/ and /v, ð, γ/ respectively, 4) spirantization of /u/ in /au,εu/ to /f/ or /v/ according to the environments, 5)loss of /h/, 6) creation of new opposition between /s/ and /z/, 7) transition of pitch-accent to stress-accent and loss of the distinction between long vowels and short vowels. Ⅳ. Modern Greek (6C AD∼): In this period we have 1) merging of /u/ with /i/, 2) change of unstressed /i/ to /y/, 3) emerging of /b,d,g/ and /ts, dz/. Based on the above observations on the historical changes in Greek phonological structure we assume two principles which seem to govern the language change : 1) a phonological system tends to keep up the structural stability, 2) and to maintain the same number of phonemes if possible.

등방성-등방성 이종재료에 대한 균열 선단에서의 코스틱스 상에 관한 해석

유재용,문윤배 대구미래대학 2001 論文集 Vol.19 No.1

For the stress analysis in bi-materials, there have been used many theoretical and experimental methods. The experimental methods such as Morie, Photoelasticity, holography and caustics are primarily used by many researchers. In this paper, as the first step to develop the experimental method of caustics in bi-materials, the initial and caustic curve equations are established by introducing the existing stress component equations to the equation of the formation of Caustics and made the program for the generation of caustics in computer.

영산강유역 하천 저질토의 영양염류 용출률 측정

유태종,현미,조재현 대한상하수도학회 2003 상하수도학회지 Vol.17 No.3

In order to simulate the water quality model for rivers, lakes and dams, nutrients release rate from sediment should be considered as one of input data. In this study, nutrients release rates of phosphorus and nitrogen from sediment were investigated in the main stream and the branch streams in Yeongsan river. Nutrient release rate was measured under anaerobic, aerobic conditions and different pH levels. PO^3_4-P release rate noticeably increased with high pH level and anaerobic condition. On the other hand, nitrogen release rate showed an increasing tendency when pH was far away from neutral points. Nitrogen release rate was higher with aerobic condition than anaerobic condition.

한반도식물대(韓半島植物帶) 판별을 위한 표준종(標準種)에 관한 연구

유재은,백승언,김재수 명지대학교 자연과학연구소 2006 자연과학논문집 Vol.25 No.-

본 연구는 한반도의 삼림식물대 판별을 보다 더 쉽게 하고저 함에 주안점을 두고 연구하였다. 필자의 한사람인 白(2002)이 구분해 놓은 9개의 식물대를 기초로 하여 그 안에 있는 고유수종(固有樹種)과 각 식물대(植物帶) 안에서 분포의 남한계(南限界)와 북한계(北限界)를 이루는 수종을 찾아내어 한 쌍씩의 수종을 조합(組合)하여 복합표준종(複合標準種)으로 삼고, 그 상재도(常在度)를 계산하였으며 각 식물대의 적합도(適合度)를 비교하여 그 결과를 표 7에 표시하였다. 복합표준종의 선정은 각 산악의 단위구간내(單位區間內)에 공존하는 수종을 가지고 선정하였다. 이들 고유수종과 복합표준종에 의하여 보다 더 상세하고 구체적인 식물대(植物帶)의 적시(摘示)가 가능해졌다고 여겨지며, 이미 白(2002)의 연구에서 얻어진 판별식과 병용할 때에는 더욱더 정밀한 식물대의 판별을 할 수 있을 것으로 여겨진다. Selecting a proper indicator species is prerequisite for an efficient discrimination of plant zone in a certain geographical area. To select an indicator species applicable in the Korean Peninsula, the plant zone of the Korean Peninsula was divided into nine. In each plant zone, endemic species were surveyed, and the northern and southern boundary species were studied. The various combinations of northern and southern boundary species were used as compound indicator species and their applicability to distinct the plant zone in the Korean Peninsula were compared by analyzing their presence in each plant zone. The species existing together in the unit area of the mountains were selected as the compound indicator species. From the analysis, it was concluded that more detailed and concrete description for each plant zone was accomplished by the combinatorial application of edemic species and the compound indicator species. Thus it is expected that this improved method can be efficiently used to discriminate the plant zone in the Korean Peninsula.

Effect of Long -term Treatment with the Adventious Root Cultured Mountain Ginseng (CBN-3) on Functions of Central Nervous System in Healthy Human Volunteers

LEE SE0UL,YU KEE WON,KEUM KYUNG SOO,KIM NARI,PAEK KEE-YEUP,JUNG KYUY0NG,CHOI BONG KYU,OH GYUNG JAE4 대한약학회 2006 大韓藥學會 總會 및 學術大會 Vol.2006 No.1

정신분열증의 양성증상 및 음성증상

유재학,양병환 大韓神經精神醫學會 1988 신경정신의학 Vol.27 No.3

The concept of positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia introduced by Jackson in 1931, had been ignored by psychiatric professionals. Since Crow and Andreasen tried to prove clinical significance of the concept, it has drawn much clinical attention. Many previous authors attempted to prove this dichotomous concept by cross-sectional study which mostly resulted in affirmative conclusion. However, there is no longitudinal study with follow-up evaluation of the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The authors attempted to evaluate the validity of the dichotomous concept by cross-sectional study and the stability of the two dimensions by longitudinal study for 12 weeks. Subject to the study was 98 schizophrenics who had been admitted to the Seoul National Mental Hospital from March to July 1987. The subjects were divided into the three groups according to Andreasen's classification; the postitive symptom group(n=35), the negative symptom group(n=18) and the mixed symptom group(n=45). The DSM-Ⅲ-R was used for diagnostic criterion. Scale for the Assessment of the Positive Symptoms, Scale for the Assessment of the Negative Symptoms, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and Mini Mental State Examination were used for symptom evaluation. The results were as follows ; 1) Sociodemographic characteristics, present illness, previous treatment history and hereditary loading showed no significant difference among the three groups. Only premorbid social adjustment was poorer in the mixed symptom group. 2) The patterns of symptom change showed significant difference among the three groups. 3) During the 12 week follow-up, 33% of the positive symptom group and 34% of the negative symptom group were retained in their original group. 4) Sixty eight precent of all cases shifted in their symptom to the other groups. Fifty four percent of all cases shifted in their symptom according to Crow's hypothetical process of "positive → mixed → negative → another mixed', and only 15% shifted against the above process. 5) Symptom severity of the positive symptom decreased during the follow-up, whereas that of the negative symptom manifested unchanged. Frequency of positive symptom as a whole decreased and resulted in the increase of negative symptom. 6) Decrease of positive symptom was highly correlated to the decrease of dosage of antipsychotics. Consequently, it was suggested that dichotomous concept of schizophrenia, the positive symptom group and the negative symptom group, is course-related phenomenon rather thanoriginally separated entity.