『법화경』은 일체중생의 성불을 설하는가?-세친 『법화경론』의 사종성문설을 중심으로-

하영수 ( Ha¸ Young-su ) 한국사상사학회 2021 韓國思想史學 Vol.- No.68

『법화경』의 일승사상은 일체중생의 성불을 설하는 것으로 널리 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 세친의 『법화경론』을 중심으로 이 주제에 대하여 검토하였다. 세친은 그의 주석서에서 『법화경』의 성문을 퇴보리심성문(退菩提心聲聞), 응화성문(應化聲聞), 증상만성문(增上慢聲聞), 결정성문(決定聲聞)의 네 부류로 분류하고 있다. 이 사종성문설은『유가사지론』에서 설해진 사종성문의 개정(改定)이다. 세친은 이 사종성문 중에서 앞의 두 부류는 여래로부터 직접 수기를 받았지만, 나머지 두 부류의 성문은 상불경(常不輕)보살로부터 수기를 받았다고 설명한다. 본 논문에서는 『법화경』에서 이 사종성문에 대응하는 경문을 찾아 그들의 성불 여부를 검토하였다. 그 결과 네 부류의 성문이 모두 성불할 수 있음이 확인되었다. 특히 관건이 되는 것은 유가행파에서 성불할 수 없는 성문으로 분류한 취적성문(趣寂聲聞)의 성불 여부이다. 그러나 취적 성문에 관해서는 「화성유품」에서 아라한의 죽음 이후의 과정을 설명하면서 그들의 성불을 선언하고 있다. 따라서 경전에 취적성문이 성불한다는 내용이 설해져 있으므로, 세친은 수행론적 관점이 반영된 취적성문이라는 용어를 종성론적 색채가 투영된 결정성문으로 변경했을 것으로 추정하였다. 이러한 변경은 『법화경』의 ‘일체중생의 성불’이라는 명제와 유가행파의 ‘종성이론’ 사이의 긴장 관계를 반영하고 있다고 볼 수 있다. 만일 『법화경』의 일승(一乘)사상을 종성론적 관점에서 표현한다면 일종성(一種姓)이 될 것이다. The One Vehicle doctrine of the Lotus Sutra is widely known as preaching the Buddhahood of all sentient beings. In this study, I review this topic, focusing on Vasubandhu’s commentary (法華經論, Fa-huaching- lun). In his commentary, Vasubandhu classifies the śrāvakas (disciples) of the Lotus Sutra into four types: śrāvakas who have turned away from the bodhicitta (退菩提心聲聞), śrāvakas whom buddhas and bodhisattvas have transformed into the shape of disciples (應化聲聞), arrogant (or self-conceited) śrāvakas (增上慢聲聞), and śrāvakas whose gotra is in a determinative state (決定聲聞). This categorization of four types of śrāvakas is a revision of that presented in Yogācārabhūmi (瑜伽師地論). Vasubandhu explains that, among these four types of śrāvakas, the first two types received predictions directly from the Tathāgata, while the other two types of śrāvakas received predictions from the Sadāparibhūtabodhisattva (常不輕菩薩). In this paper, I attempt to find the scriptures corresponding to these four types in the Lotus Sutra and examine whether they attained Buddhahood. The result is confirmation that all four types of śrāvakas can attain Buddhahood. In particular, the key issue is the śrāvaka who proceeds solely toward peacefulness (趣寂聲聞), who is classified as unable to attain Buddhahood in the Yogācāra tradition. As for this type of śrāvaka, however, the process after the death of Arhats is revealed, and their attainment of Buddhahood is declared in the “Parable of the Phantom City” chapter (化城喩品). Because the scripture says that this type of śrāvaka can attain Buddhahood, it is assumed that Vasubandhu changed the term “the śrāvaka who proceeds solely toward peacefulness” to “the determinative śrāvaka,” which projects the color of the gotra theory more clearly. This change can be seen as reflecting the tension between the Lotus Sutra’s proposition of the enlightenment of all sentient beings and the gotra theory of the Yogācāra tradition. If the One Vehicle doctrine of the Lotus Sutra were expressed from the perspective of the gotra theory, it would be the One Gotra.

Analysis on the Management Efficiency of Mandatory Audited Agricultural Companies: Using Data Envelopment Analysis

Youngsue Kim,Hyundong Jang,Seungjee Hong,Sounghun Kim 한국농업경제학회 2015 農業經濟硏究 Vol.56 No.3

Korean government has promoted agricultural companies to enlarge the size of management system in farm level, and thus korea has many large-size agricultural companies including 95 mandatory audited agricultural mandatory audited agricultural companies. The mandatory audited agricultural companies are located at the highest level of agricultural companies, and whether the management of mandatory audited agricultural companies are efficient or not is the one of the most important issues. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the management efficiency of mandatory audited agricultural companies, through the DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis) and WMW (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney) rank test. The results of analyses present that the external audit agriculture company need to increase the input with the improvement of technology. It’s also found that management number of years, education and training costs, the increase in advertising expenses offer a positive impact on the management efficiency of the external audit agriculture company. These findings in this paper may offer some policy implications for Korean government.

A Study on Korean First Year High School Students` Compliment Responses Strategies

Youngsu Kim,Chul Joo Uhm 언어과학회 2014 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.69

This research investigated how differently Korean first year high school students respond to compliments in Korean and in English depending on L2 proficiency, gender, and addressee`s social status. For this study, 54 students responded to a questionnaire consisting of six questions both in English and in Korean. Through this questionnaire survey, we investigated how differently the participants respond to compliments when they use English and Korean respectively. The results showed that a difference between Korean and English positive responses to compliments was minimal. However, the participants used more ‘accepting’ responses in English than in Korean, and high-level high school learners of English showed more ‘accepting’ responses than low-level high school learners of English. On the other hand, there was only a slight difference between male students and female students in compliment responses, but there was a considerably substantial difference between compliment responses to older people and to their friends, especially in terms of ‘accepting.’ Pedagogical implications related to these results have also been discussed.

Exploring Factors Affecting Online Self-Regulated English Learning

Youngsu Kim 언어과학회 2019 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.88

This study aims at examining POLE and ATLE factors affecting the OSEL as well as the relationship between POLE factors and OSEL factors and the relationship between ATLE factors and OSEL factors. Using the data collected from three questionnaires, this study conducted a correlation analysis and regression analysis in order to investigate the relationships and the OSEL-affecting factors. The findings were: first, “acquiring a new perspective,” “applying,” and “drilling and practicing” among POLE factors, and “intrinsic motivation” among ATLE factors revealed positive relationships with all of the OSEL factors; second, “applying” among POLE factors and “intrinsic motivation” among ATLE factors acted as predictable factors of three to five OSEL factors, and “learning strategies” among ATLE factors served as a predicator of two OSEL factors. Based on the findings, pedagogical importance and implications of the current research and the roles of language instructors in an EFL learning setting were discussed.

Regionally Distributed and Centralized Reverse Logistics Networks

YoungSu Yun,Hye Jin Kim,Yoon Yong Hwang,Lin Lin 한국산업정보학회 2014 한국산업정보학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.1

In this paper, we compare regionally distributed and centralized reverse logistics networks using genetic algorithm (GA) approach. Reverse logistics (RL) networks usually consist of customers, collection centers, remanufacturing centers, redistribution centers, and secondary markets at each stage. For the regionally distributed reverse logistics (DRL) network, the used products from all customers are sent to regionally distributed integration centers, which performs the functions of collection center, remanufacturing center, and redistribution center simultaneously, and after treating them in each integration center, they are sent to regionally distributed secondary markets. For the centralized reverse logistics (CRL) networks, the used products from all customers are sent to a centralized integration center, after treating them in it, they are sent to a centralized secondary market. The mathematical models for representing the DRL and CRL networks are proposed and they are solved in a GA approach. In numerical examples, various measures of performance are presented to compare the efficiency of the DRL and CRL networks.

Optimal Design of the Task-oriented Wearable Robot for the Upper Extremity

YoungSu Lee,SeungHoon Lee,SeungNam Yu,JaeHo Jang,ChangSoo Han,JungSoo Han 제어로봇시스템학회 2009 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2009 No.8

This study presents several measures aimed at mathematically quantifying characteristics associated withhuman performance and wearable robot platform; there will be trials for improving the kinematic performance of the proposed wearable robot system through the optimization methodology. Within constrained conditions, optimal link lengths will be defined for its objectives and purposes. In particular, parameters from these studies and experiments, isone way of improving its performance of function-orient human robot corporative system; they are used for quantifying the feeling of putting on platform and flexibility, too.

Jungian Character Network in Growing Other Character Archetypes in Films

Youngsue Han 한국콘텐츠학회 2019 International Journal of Contents Vol.15 No.2

This research demonstrates a clear visual outline of character influence-relations in creating Jungian character archetypes in films using R computational technology. It contributes to the integration of Jungian analytical psychology into film studies by revealing character network relations in film. This paper handles character archetypes and their influence on developing other character archetypes in films in regards to network analysis drawn from Lynn Schmidt’s analysis of 45 master characters in films. Additionally, this paper conducts a character network analysis visualization experiment using R open-source software to create an easily reproducible tutorial for scholars in humanities. This research is a pioneering work that could trigger the academic communities in humanities to actively adopt data science in their research and education.

A Hybridization of Adaptive Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization for Numerical Optimization Functions

YoungSu Yun,Mitsuo Gen 한국산업정보학회 2008 한국산업정보학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2008 No.10

Heuristic optimization using hybrid algorithms have provided a robust and efficient approach for solving many optimization problems. In this paper, a new hybrid algorithm using adaptive genetic algorithm (aGA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed. The proposed hybrid algorithm is applied to solve numerical optimization functions. The results are compared with those of GA and other conventional PSOs. Finally, the proposed hybrid algorithm outperforms others.

The Quantitative Analysis of the Document Delivery Service in Science and Technology Field

Youngsu Moon,Suhyeon Yoo 한국콘텐츠학회 2009 ICCC International Digital Design Invitation Exhib Vol.2009 No.12

Document delivery service of library is the last resort for researchers to acquire necessary scholarly information. However, document delivery service based on printed materials and analog delivery cannot attract users' attention any more. Because with the advent of web-based IT, users' information needs are met easily and quickly. Researchers can retrieve, request and browse or even download the full-text of an item through web-platform. Even though digital delivery using web-based IT is the general trend, digital delivery service has not yet carried out in Korea due to copyright problem. This study performs the quantitative analysis of documents delivered for the last jive years by KISTI to the public. The purpose of this paper is to support transforming print to digital document delivery service efficiently and effectively through the quantitative analysis of documents delivered.

Reinforcing Reverse Logistics Activities in Closed-loop Supply Chain Model: Hybrid Genetic Algorithm Approach

YoungSu Yun(윤영수) 한국산업정보학회 2021 한국산업정보학회논문지 Vol.26 No.1

본 연구에서는 폐쇄루프공급망 (Closed-loop supply chain: CLSC) 모델에서 역물류 (Reverse logistics: RL) 활동을 강화하기 위한 방법론을 개발한다. 이를 위해 RL 활동 중에서 주로 고려되는 설비 중의 하나인 회복센터(Recovery center: RC)의 활동을 강화한다. RC에서의 강화된 활동에 따라 고객으로부터 회수되는 사용 후 제품은 검사 및 회복과정을 거쳐 전방향물류 (Forward logistics: FL)에서 부품 혹은 제품으로 재사용된다. 강화된 RC 활동을 가진 CLSC 모델의 운영과정을 효율적으로 표현하기 위한 수리모델이 제시되며. 혼합유전알고리즘 (Hybrid genetic algorithm: HGA) 접근법을 이용해 제안된 수리모델이 이행된다. 수치실험에서는 두 개의 상이한 형태의 CLSC 모델이 제시되며, 본 연구에서 제안된 HGA 접근법과 기존의 연구에서 제안된 몇몇 접근법들의 수행도가 비교분석되었다. 비교분석결과 HGA가 기존의 접근법들 보다 더 우수한 수행도를 보여주었다. 또한 RC 활동의 검사 및 회복과정을 거친 부품 및 제품의 비율을 다양하게 조절함으로서 강화된 RC 활동을 가진 CLSC 모델의 유용성을 증명했다. In this paper, a methodology for reinforcing reverse logistics (RL) activities in a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) model is proposed. For the methodology, the activities of the recovery center (RC) which can be considered as one of the facilities in the RL are reinforced. By the reinforced activities in the RC, the recovered parts and products after checking and recovering processes of the returned product from customer can be reused in the forward logistics (FL) of the CLSC model. A mathematical formulation is suggested for representing the CLSC model with reinforced RL activities, and implemented using a hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA) approach. In numerical experiment, two different scales of the CLSC model are presented and the performance of the HGA approach is compared with those of some conventional approaches. The experimental results show that the former outperforms the latter in most of performance measures. The robustness of the CLSC model is also proved by regulating various rates of the recovered parts and products in the RC.