중국공산당의 사회 ‘동원·개조·관리’의 정치

장영석 ( Jang¸ Youngseok ) 성균관대학교 성균중국연구소 2021 중국사회과학논총 Vol.3 No.1

중국공산당의 100년의 역사는 혁명기, 건설기, 개혁·개방기로 나누어 진다. 본문은 각 시기별로 중국공산당과‘사회’의 관계를 살펴본다. 혁명기 중국 공산당은 사회로부터 옌안 근거지에서 확립했던 혁명 가치의 유산, 즉 인민을 위한 헌신적 투쟁과 희생의 가치, 근면, 검소, 이타주의, 자기수양, 자기부정의 가치를 인정 받았고, 그 인정을 기초로 사회를 동원할 수 있었다. 건국기 중국공산당은 인민공사 체제와 단위체제를 통해서 사회를 동원하고 관리할 수 있었다. 그러나 인민공사와 단위는 경제 단위이면서도 중국공산당의 말단 정치조직이기도 했기 때문에 중국공산당 지도부에 분열이 생겼을 때 인민공사와 단위 내부도 분열되었고, 중국 사회도 분열되었다. 개혁·개방기 중국공산당과 정부는 정교한 사회관리 방법을 동원하고 있지만, 사회로부터 제기되는 다양한 요구를 반영하는 제도적 장치는 미흡하기 때문에 그 사회관리 방법의 유효성은 의문이다. The 100-year history of CCP is divided into the period of revolution, construction, reform and opening. This article examines the relationship between the CCP and Chinese society in each period. During the revolutionary period, the CCP was recognized by society for the legacy of the revolutionary values established in Yan'an, namely, the value of devoted struggle and sacrifice for the people, hard work, frugality, altruism, self-discipline, and self-denial, and was able to mobilize society by the virture of society’s recognition. During the construction period, the CCP was able to mobilize and manage society through the People's Commune system and Unit system. However, since the Unit and the People's Commune was both an economic unit and a terminal political organization of the CCP, when the leadership of the CCP broke up, the People's Commune and the Unit inside were divided, and Chinese society was also divided. During the reform and opening period, the CCP and the government are mobilizing sophisticated social management methods, but the effectiveness of the social management method is questionable because the institutional mechanisms that reflect the various demands raised by society are insufficient.

지적장애학생 담당 특수교사의 코로나-19 스트레스, 직무스트레스, 직무만족도가 심리적 소진에 미치는 영향 분석

김영석 ( Kim¸ Young Seok ) 대구대학교 한국특수교육문제연구소 2021 특수교육저널 : 이론과 실천 Vol.22 No.3

[목적] 본 연구는 코로나-19 상황에서 지적장애학생을 담당하는 특수교사의 배경변인별 코로나-19 스트레스, 직무스트레스, 직무만족도, 심리적 소진의 차이를 살펴보고, 코로나-19 스트레스, 직무스트레스, 직무만족도가 심리적 소진에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 데 목적이 있다. [방법] 코로나-19 상황에서 지적장애학생을 담당한 특수교사 209명의 설문조사 결과를 사용하였고, 특수교사의 배경변인별 차이를 살펴보기 위해 독립표본 t-검정, 일원배치분산분석을 실시하였으며, 코로나-19 스트레스, 직무스트레스, 직무만족도가 심리적 소진에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위하여 상관관계분석, 다중회귀분석, 위계적 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. [결과] 특수교사의 배경변인인 성별, 근무기관, 학교급, 소지자격에 따라 코로나-19 스트레스, 직무스트레스, 직무만족도는 차이가 있었다. 여교사가 남교사보다 코로나-19 스트레스와 직무스트레스가 더 높았다. 특수학급 특수교사가 특수교육지원센터 특수교사보다 직무스트레스를 더 받았고, 특수교육지원센터 특수교사가 특수학급이나 특수학교 특수교사보다 직무만족도가 더 높았다. 유치원 특수교사가 초등학교나 중·고등학교 특수교사보다 코로나-19 스트레스와 직무만족도가 더 높았다. 정교사(2급) 특수교사가 정교사(1급) 특수교사보다 직무만족도가 높았다. 둘째, 코로나-19 스트레스, 직무스트레스, 직무만족도와 심리적 소진 간 상관관계는 각각 0.155, 0.649, -0.642이었고, 코로나-19 스트레스(β=0.102), 직무스트레스(β=0.396), 직무만족도(β=-0.437)는 특수교사의 심리적 소진에 각각 영향을 미치고 있었으며, 특히 직무스트레스는 직무만족도를 매개로 특수교사의 심리적 소진에 직·간접적으로 영향을 미치고 있었다. [결론] 특수교사의 배경변인별로 코로나-19 스트레스, 직무스트레스, 직무만족도에는 차이가 있고, 코로나-19 스트레스, 직무스트레스, 직무만족도는 특수교사의 심리적 소진에 직·간접적으로 영향을 미친다고 할 수 있다. [Purpose] The aim of this study was to analyze differences in COVID-19(COrona VIrus Disease-2019) stress, job stress, and job satisfaction depending on the characteristics of special education teachers(gender, school type, school level, and qualifications) and the effects of COVID-19 stress, job stress, and job satisfaction on psychological burnout. [Method] Survey data of 209 special education teachers who have taught students with intellectual disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic were analyzed. Descriptive statistics, independent two-sample t-test, and one-way ANOVA were used to identify differences. And correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis were conducted to analyze the effects. [Results] First, there were significant differences in COVID-19 stress, job stress, and job satisfaction depending on the characteristics of special education teachers. Female teachers were higher in COVID-19 stress and job stress than male teachers. Special teachers in special class were higher in job stress than special teachers in special support center, and special teachers in special education support center were higher in job satisfaction than special education teachers in special class or special school. Special teachers in kindergarten were higher in COVID-stress and job satisfaction than special teachers in elementary or secondary school. Special education teachers who had qualifications(2nd) were higher in job satisfaction than special teachers who had qualifications(1st). Second, the correlations on psychological burnout were COVID-19 stress(r=0.155), job stress(r=0.649), and job satisfaction(r=-0.642), respectively. COVID-19 stress(β=0.102), job stress(β =0.396), and job satisfaction(β=-0.437) had significant effects on psychological burnout. Especially, job stress directly or indirectly affected psychological burnout mediating job satisfaction. [Conclusion] There were differences in COVID-19 stress, job stress, and job satisfaction depending on the characteristics of special education teachers, and COVID-19 stress, job stress, and job satisfaction directly or indirectly affected psychological burnout.

전문대학에서 지적장애학생과 그 학부모의 대학생활과 수업경험 분석: 초점집단면담을 중심으로

김영석 ( Kim¸ Young-seok ) 한국지적장애교육학회 2021 지적장애연구 Vol.23 No.3

본 연구의 목적은 장애학생의 통합교육과 고등직업교육으로 특화된 A전문대학에서 지적장애학생과 그 학부모가 겪은 대학생활과 수업경험을 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위해 A전문대학의 지적장애학생 4명과 그 학부모 4명을 대상으로 초점집단면담을 실시하였다. 초점집단면담의 내용을 지속적 비교분석법으로 분석하여 2개 범주, 4개 주제, 14개의 하위주제를 도출하였고, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대학범주에서 “대학선택의 이유”와 “대학생활”의 주제를 도출하였다. “대학선택의 이유”의 하위주제는 “현실적인 문제, 취업”, “지적장애학생, 당사자의 희망”, “학령기와는 다른 새로운 세상의 경험”, “통합교육을 통한 관찰학습의 기회 제공”이 도출되었고, “대학생활”의 하위주제는 “어려운 수업, 그러나 열의를 가지고 참여”, “달라지는 모습, 능동적 대학생”, “대학의 또 다른 즐거움 친구들”, “대학 적응에 중요한 사람, 친절한 교수”, “대학 적응에 숨은 조력자, 학부모”가 도출되었다. 둘째, 수업범주에서 “비대면수업”과 “수업에서의 어려움과 지원요구”의 주제를 도출하였다. “비대면수업”의 하위주제는 “비대면수업에 대한 만족과 그 이유”, “예체능계열의 학부모 등은 대면수업 희망”이 도출되었고, “수업에서의 어려움과 지원요구”의 하위주제는 “학사관리와 학습의 어려움으로 학습코칭 요구”, “학점 이수를 위한 학사제도 요구”, “수업 중 도전적 행동에 대한 지원 요구”가 도출되었다. 따라서, 지적장애학생 및 그 학부모는 지적장애학생의 취업 및 경험, 당사자의 희망 등의 이유로 전문대학을 선택하고, 지적장애학생은 전문대학의 인적 자원의 지원을 받아서 전문대학에 적응하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 다만, 지적장애학생은 학사관리, 수업 및 학점 이수에서 어려움을 경험하고 있기 때문에 학습코칭, 학점이수를 위한 부가적인 학사제도, 인적 자원 등의 추가적인 지원을 고려할 필요가 있다. This study was to examine the experiences of students with intellectual disabilities and their parents at the college established to provide inclusion and higher vocational education to the disabled by conducting a focus group interview. The results were as follows: First, the themes of “reasons for college admission" and “college life" were derived from the college category. The sub-themes of “reasons for college admission” were “employment”, “hope of students with intellectual disabilities”, “new experiences at the college”, and “observational learning through inclusion". And the sub-themes of “college life” were “difficulty and enthusiastic participation at learning”, “change to active college students”, “another pleasure, friends”, “the kind professors”, and “hidden helpers, parents”. Second, the themes of “untact-lectures” and “difficulties and needs in lectures” were derived from the lecture category. The sub-themes of “untact-lectures” were “satisfaction with untact-lectures and the reasons” and “another parents' hope, tact-lectures”. The sub-themes of “difficulties and needs in the lectures” were “the needs of learning coaching about academic schedules and learning", “the needs of additional academic systems for getting credit", and “behavior support for challenging behaviors in the lectures". Therefore, the students with intellectual disabilities and their parents choose the college for reasons such as employment, but students with intellectual disabilities had difficulty managing the academic schedule and taking credits. So it is necessary to consider additional support such as learning coaching, academic systems for getting credit, and additional human resources.

Electrical contact properties of Cu2S nanowires grown vertically on Cu foil by gas–solid reaction

Youngseok Lim,Young-Woo Ok,Sung-Ju Tark,Yoonmook Kang,김동환 한국물리학회 2009 Current Applied Physics Vol.9 No.5

We grew Cu2S nanowires vertically on Cu foil by gas–solid reaction with a gas mixture of O2 and H2S. The electrical contact properties between the Cu2S nanowires and Cu foil were investigated using a modified current–voltage–temperature plot. The Cu/Cu2S layer exhibited the characteristics of a Schottky barrier with a barrier height of ~0.72 eV, which was closer to the value for Cu/Cu2O than to Cu/Cu2S. Energy dispersive spectroscopy results showed the presence of Cu-oxide between the Cu2S nanowires and Cu foil. The overall structure was Cu/Cu-oxide/Cu2S and the electrical properties were controlled by the Cu/Cuoxide.

A New Putative Chitinase from Reticulitermes speratus KMT001

( Youngseok Ham ),( Han-Saem Park ),( Yeong-Suk Kim ),( Tae-Jong Kim ) 한국목재공학회 2019 목재공학 Vol.47 No.3

Termites are pests that cause serious economic and cultural damage by digesting wood cellulose. Termites are arthropods and have an epidermis surrounded by a chitin layer. To maintain a healthy epidermis, termites have chitinase (β-1,4-poly-N-acetyl glucosamidinase, EC 3.2.1.14), an enzyme that hydrolyzes the β-1,4 bond of chitin. In this study, the amino acid sequence of the gene, which is presumed to be termite chitinolytic enzyme (NCBI accession no. KC477099), was obtained from a transcriptomic analysis of Reticulitermes speratus KMT001 in Bukhan Mountain, Korea. An NCBI protein BLAST search confirmed that the protein is a glycoside hydrolase family 18 (GH18). The highest homology value found was 47%, with a chitinase from Araneus ventricosus. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the KC477099 protein has the same origins as those of arthropods but has a very low similarity with other arthropod chitinases, resulting in separation at an early stage of evolution. The KC477099 protein contains two conserved motifs, which encode the general enzymatic characteristics of the GH18 group. The amino acid sequences Asp¹⁵⁶-Trp¹⁵⁷-Glu¹⁵⁸, which play an important role in the enzymatic activity of the GH18 group, were also present. This study suggests that the termite KC477099 protein is a new type of chitinase, which is evolutionarily distant from other insect chitinases.

Open Data Analytics using Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM) Approach for Decision Making Process in Public Sector

Youngseok Choi,Bilal Chuddher,Habin Lee 동중앙아시아경상학회 2015 한몽경상학회 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.10

This paper presents how Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM) technique can be used for open data analytics for a policy decision maker to support the policy impact evaluation using the example of Policy Compass, an EU research project. The practical usage example on drug policy shows the potential of FCMs as a policy impact modelling and decision support tool that can utilise the open data. Through the provision of a more intuitive and easier means of using open data based on FCM techniques, the Policy Compass project can play a critical role for both policy maker and lay public to evaluate the policy impact and prepare for future policy making.

Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Pinaceae Leaves Against Fish Pathogens(어병 세균에 대한 소나무과 잎 정유의 항세균 효과)

( Youngseok Ham ),( Jiyoon Yang ),( Won-sil Choi ),( Byoung-jun Ahn ),( Mi-jin Park ) 한국목재공학회 2020 목재공학 Vol.48 No.4

어병 세균은 어류 양식업의 경제적 피해 뿐만 아니라, 인수공통감염원으로 알려진 전염성 병원균이다. 어병 세균을 제어하기 위해 지속적인 항생제의 사용은 부작용이 수반되기 때문에, 천연 유래 소재의 개발이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 항생제대체제 개발을 위해 항세균효과가 우수한 침엽수 정유를 발굴하고자 하였다. 소나무과에 속하는 전나무 (Abies holophylla), 곰솔 (Pinus thunbergii), 섬잣나무 (Pinus parviflora), 솔송 (Tsuga sieboldii), 리기테다소나무 (Pinus rigitaeda)의 잎에서 hydrodistillation법을 이용하여 정유를 추출하였으며, 추출된 정유는 어병 세균인 Edwardsiella tarda, Photobacterium damselae, Streptococcus parauberis, Lactococcus garivieae에 대하여 항균력을 평가하였다. 그 결과, 전나무와 곰솔 잎 정유가 그람 음성 세균인 E. tarda와 P. damselae에 대하여 선택적으로 강한 항균력을 나타냈다. GC-MS 분석 결과, 전나무 잎 정유의 주요 성분은 (-)-bornyl acetate (29.45%), D-limonene (20.47%), camphene (11.73%)이고, 곰솔 잎 정유의 주요 성분은 α-pinene (59.81%)으로 각각 확인되었다. 또한, 미량으로 존재하지만 정유와 동일한 효능을 나타내는 유효 성분으로 oxygenated monoterpenes인 neryl acetate, (-)-borneol, (-)-carveol의 세가지 화합물을 구명하였다. 따라서 그람 음성어병세균의 생장억제효과가 우수한 전나무와 곰솔 잎 정유는 사료 첨가제, 수산용 의약품 등 생물학적 제제로 활용 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. Fish pathogens cause not only economic damages to fish farming but also infectious pathogens known as a zoonotic agent. Since the continued use of antibiotics to control fish pathogens entails side effects, materials of natural origin need to be developed. The purpose of this study is to discover coniferous essential oils with excellent antibacterial effects in order to develop antibiotic alternatives. We have extracted essential oils using hydro-distillation from the leaves of Abies holophylla, Pinus thunbergii, Pinus parviflora, Tsuga sieboldii, and Pinus rigitaeda, which are all Pinaceae family. And, we have evaluated antibacterial activity with the extracted essential oils against Edwardsiella tarda, Photobacterium damselae, Streptococcus parauberis, and Lactococcus garvieae, which are fish pathogens. As a result, the essential oils from A. holophylla and P. thunbergii showed the selectively strong antibacterial activity against E. tarda and P. damselae, which are gram-negative bacteria. From GC-MS analysis, it was identified that main component of A. holophylla essential oils are (-)-bornyl acetate (29.45%), D-limonene (20.47%), and camphene (11.73%), and that of P. thunbergii essential oils is α-pinene (59.81%). In addition, we found three compounds: neryl acetate, (-)-borneol, and (-)-carveol, which are oxygenated monoterpenes. These exist in a very small amount but exhibit the same efficacy as essential oil. Therefore, we expect that A. holophylla and P. thunbergii essential oils having excellent growth inhibitory effect against gram-negative fish pathogens can be used as biological products such as feed additives and fishery products.

Isolation and Identification of Fungi Associated with Decay of Quercus mongolica(신갈나무의 부후에 관여하는 곰팡이 분리 및 동정)

( Youngseok Ham ),( Ji-eun An ),( Soo Min Lee ),( Sang-hoon Chung ),( Sun Hee Kim ),( Mi-jin Park ) 한국목재공학회 2021 목재공학 Vol.49 No.3

The Quercus mongolica has a high utilization value in industrial economic sector. The species is distributed throughout Korea, however, the damage caused by deterioration such as discoloration and decay is severe. For this reason, the deterioration of Q. mongolica is an obstacle to its use as wood, but research on deterioration factors is insufficient. In this study, we focused on fungi as a factor influencing the deterioration of Q. mongolica, and isolated and identified the fungi from the deteriorated Q. mongolica. In additions, in order to confirm whether the identified fungi actually affects wood deterioration, enzyme activities of the identified fungi were evaluated and related mass loss of wood treated with the fungi was measured by wood decay test. As a result of sequencing analysis using the ITS region of the genomic DNA of the fungi isolated from Q. mongolica, Mucor circinelloides, Cunninghamella elegans, and Umbelopsis isabellina 3 species belonging to Mucoromycota phylum, and Ophiostoma piceae and Aureobasidium melanogenum 2 species belonging to Ascomycota phylum were identified. These five fungi had enzyme (i.e. cellulase, laccase) activities related to wood decay and reduced the mass of heartwood and sapwood of Q. mongolica in practice. In particular, O. piceae and A. melanogenum, which have both cellulase and laccase activities, showed 6.9% and 1.5% mass loss, respectively. These results indicated that five fungi identified in this study influence the deterioration of Q. mongolica and are wood decaying fungi for Q. mongolica potentially. 신갈나무는 국내 전역에 두루 분포되어 있는 경제, 산업적으로 활용 가치가 큰 수종이지만, 변색, 부후 등의 열화에 의한 피해가 심각하다. 이러한 이유로 신갈나무의 부후는 목재로써의 활용에 걸림돌이 되나, 부후 요인에 대한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 신갈나무 부후에 영향하는 요인으로 곰팡이에 주목하였으며, 신갈나무의 부후 부위로부터 곰팡이를 분리, 동정하였다. 또한, 동정 된 곰팡이가 실제로 목재 열화에 영향을 미치는지 확인하기 위해 효소 활성을 평가하고, 곰팡이를 처리한 신갈나무 목재의 질량 손실을 목재 부후 실험을 통해 측정하였다. 신갈나무에서 분리된 곰팡이 5종의 genomic DNA의 ITS region을 이용한 염기서열 분석을 통해, Mucoromycota phylum에 속하는 Mucor circinelloides, Cunninghamella elegans, 그리고 Umbelopsis isabellina 3종과 Ascomycota phylum에 속하는 Ophiostoma piceae와 Aureobasidium melanogenum 2종의 곰팡이가 동정되었다. 이러한 5종의 곰팡이는 목재의 부후와 관련된 cellulase나 laccase와 같은 효소 활성이 있으며, 실제로 신갈나무의 심재와 변재의 중량을 감소시켰다. 특히, cellulase와 laccase 활성을 모두 보유한 O. piceae와 A. melanogenum는 신갈나무의 중량을 각각 6.9%와 1.5% 감소시켰다. 이러한 결과들은 본 연구에서 동정된 5종의 곰팡이가 신갈나무의 열화에 영향한다는 것을 의미하며, 신갈나무에 대한 목재 부후균으로써의 가능성을 시사한다.

Conditions for Preparing Glycyrrhiza uralensis Extract for Inhibiting Biofilm Formation of Streptococcus mutans

( Youngseok Ham ),( Tae-Jong Kim ) 한국목재공학회 2019 목재공학 Vol.47 No.2

Licorice, which has an extensive history of use as an herbal medicine, has been suggested to have oral health benefits. However, to date, no systematic study has been conducted on the preparation method of licorice extracts for oral health. In this study, licorice extracts prepared using water and ethanol were investigated for its ability to inhibit the biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans. The licorice extract prepared with around 60% ethanol effectively inhibited the biofilm formation of S. mutans. Licorice extracted with 50% ethanol almost completely inhibited the biofilm formation at 1.5 g/L of licorice extract. This inhibitory activity was confirmed in a microplate assay and a flow cell system. Glycyrrhetic acid was extracted from licorice effectively with 60% ethanol concentration. The strong inhibitory activity of glycyrrhetic acid and the synergistic inhibition with glycyrrhizin on biofilm formation were suggested as major reasons for a concentration-specific extraction. These results suggest that licorice extract prepared using around 60% ethanol effectively inhibits the biofilm formation of S. mutans.

Smart Learning System using Contents Adaption Method

Youngseok Lee,Jungwon Cho 보안공학연구지원센터 2013 International Journal of Smart Home Vol.7 No.6