법의 개인화 단상

權英俊 ( Kwon¸ Youngjoon ) 법조협회 2021 法曹 Vol.70 No.5

필자는 법의 개인화(personalization of law) 논의를 소개하고 그 시사점을 찾기 위해 이 글을 작성하였다. 법의 개인화 논의는 개인에게 최적화된 맞춤형 광고나 맞춤형 의약품을 제공하듯 맞춤형 법을 만들어 적용하자는 논의이다. 법은 유형화에는 친숙하나 개인화까지 나아가지는 않는다. 따라서 법은 수범자 모두에게 같은 내용을 가진다. 그런데 데이터 및 통신 기술, 통계 분석 및 행태 심리학 발달은 국가가 개인의 속성과 상황을 충분히 파악한 뒤 그에게 가장 적합한 개별 규범을 만들고 이를 개별적으로 전달할 가능성을 높여 주었다. 이러한 가능성에 주목하여 법의 획일성을 극복해 보자는 논의가 시작되었다. 가령 이자제한법상 제한이율이나 도로교통법상 제한속도를 수범자의 개별적 상황에 맞게 개별화해보자는 것이다. 이는 데이터에 ‘대한’ 법제를 넘어서서 데이터에 ‘의한’ 법제로 논의의 장을 확장한 것이다. 필자는 이 논의의 잠재력에 주목한다. 하지만 동시에 그 기술적, 규범적 한계에도 주목한다. 특히 규범적 측면과 관련해서 법의 개인화가 법의 본질에 부합하는지, 개인정보 보호 이념과 저촉되는지, 수범자들이 전략적 행태를 보이지 않을지가 논의될 필요가 있다. 그러므로 지금은 법의 개인화가 전면 수용될 단계는 아니다. 다만 법의 개인화가 추구하는 정신은 일부 영역에서 고려할 수 있다. 예컨대 소비자계약 같은 비대칭적 계약에서 정보제공의무를 부과하는 경우가 많은데 맞춤형 정보제공방식을 가미하면 정보제공의무의 취지를 더욱 효과적으로 달성할 수 있다. 마찬가지 맥락에서 맞춤형 약관도 생각해 볼 수 있다. 또한 데이터에 기초하여 불법행위법상 주의의무의 판단 기준을 세분화하는 방안도 생각해 볼 수 있다. 이는 엄밀한 의미에서는 법의 개인화라기보다는 법 적용의 개인화이다. 결론적으로 법의 개인화는 당장 전면 실현하기는 어려우나, 이론적으로나 법 정책적으로 흥미로운 주제이다. 이 주제에는 법이란 무엇인가, 평등이란 무엇인가, 법은 얼마나 정밀하고 효율적이라야 하는가 등의 오래된 물음과 데이터 시대는 법을 어떻게 변화시킬 것인가, 알고리즘에 기한 법은 가능한가, 그것은 타당한가, 알고리즘에 의한 차별은 어디까지 정당화되는가 등의 새로운 물음이 공존한다. 이 주제에는 전통적 법 이론과 새로운 사회과학적, 기술적 방법론이 공존한다. 이 주제에는 법과 기술의 관계, 실증과 규범의 관계, 사전과 사후의 관계 등과 관련하여 치열한 대립 구도와 변증법적 절충 구도가 공존한다. 이 글은 이 주제의 논의 가치에 주목하여 그 효용과 한계를 인식하고 향후 발전적 논의를 위한 기초소재를 제공하고자 시론 차원에서 작성되었다. In this article, I aim to introduce recent academic discourse on personalization of law and to find policy implication. Personalization of law refers to making and providing individually-tailored law. Recent exponential advance on data and algorithm technology makes it possible to personalize law based on personal data analysis and to convey such tailored norm to each individual without making or delivering law in an over-complicated way. Personalization of law, such as setting a mandatory ceiling on the interest rate differently in accordance with individual circumstances of an individual debtor, may enhance efficiency of law and reduce dead-weight loss that might arise from imposing an unitary standard on all the individuals without taking their heterogeneous circumstances into consideration. While acknowledging potential of this intriguing discourse, I also find that technical and normative limitations lie ahead. Normative limitations are acquainted with the inherent nature of law, need for protecting personal information, and possible strategic responses of the people to obtain favorable tailored law. Given such limitations, it would be hasty to say that personalization of law can and should take place immediately. At the same time, there are some implications that may be connected to the reform of current legal regimes in some areas. One example would be to customize duty to disclosure in the B2C transactions so that tailored information be provided to consumers to enable informed decision. In the same vein, boilerplates can also be granularized to better suit different needs of the individual consumers. To extend this line of thinking to ex post stage, courts can make better use of data in applying the duty of care standard in tort cases as they take individual circumstances into consideration. Personalization of law may not be immediately realized but is definitely something that deserves attention both from academic and policy perspectives. This article was written in consideration of its potential as well as its present technical and normative limitations, and to provide basic materials for further academic discussion in Korea where this issue has not been explicitly recognized and addressed.

Design of Blocking out Sunlight Using Transparent Display System Based on Eye Tracking

Youngjoon Kim,Byoungwoo Kang,Minseong Park,Peom Park 대한인간공학회 2014 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.11

Objective: The aim of this study is to design of blocking out sunlight using transparent display system based on eye tracking service to prevent from the accident caused by the glare. When driving, drivers are affected by natural elements. Within them, sunlight is the most disturbing, so it causes traffic accidents sometimes. That’s why drivers use Sun visor, tinting and wear sunglasses to get rid of harmful effects from sunlight. However, these kinds of devices do not fully protect people from sudden accidents because they have basic problems. So using transparent display system, which is being researched in various engineering fields, and eye tracking service, we propose a new system which can block out sunlight to keep drivers safe when driving. To make the system, first we found the problems of sun visors, tinting, sunglasses and patents. Next, we established service model related to blocking out sunlight using transparent display system based on eye tracking service. Also, we specified our system design. By our study, we expect that it will help people drive much safer when shining.

Prevention of sepsis in an aging society

Youngjoon Kang 대한중환자의학회 2019 Acute and Critical Care Vol.34 No.3

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Production of Valuable Compounds Using Genome-Wide Identification of Overexpression and Downregulation Gene Targets Based on the Sum of Covariances of the Outgoing Reaction Fluxes

Youngjoon LEE,Won Jun KIM,Hyun Uk KIM,Jae Yong RYU,Jung Eun YANG,Sang Yup LEE 한국생물공학회 2023 한국생물공학회 학술대회 Vol.2023 No.4

Experiments of a Raw Water Source Heat Pump System and Its Energy Saving Potential

Youngjoon Kim(김영준),Yong Cho(조용),Hyeona Lee(이현아),Insoo Ahn(안인수) 한국신재생에너지학회 2015 한국신재생에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2015 No.6

A design of 16-bit adiabatic Microprocessor core

Youngjoon Shin,Hanseung Lee,Yong Moon,Chanho Lee 대한전자공학회 2003 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.3 No.4

Hybrid Tiled Display System Combining Distributed Rendering and Streaming

Youngjoon Chai,Taeyong Kim 중앙대학교 영상콘텐츠융합연구소 2015 TechArt :Journal of Arts and Imaging Science Vol.2 No.1

A DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF THE SULFURIC ACID DECOMPOSITION PROCESS IN A SULFUR-IODINE NUCLEAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PLANT

YOUNGJOON SHIN,JIWOON CHANG,JIHWAN KIM,BYUNGHEUNG PARK,KIYOUNG LEE,WONJAE LEE,장종화 한국원자력학회 2009 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.41 No.6

In order to evaluate the start-up behavior and to identify, through abnormal operation occurrences, the transient behaviors of the Sulfur Iodine(SI) process, which is a nuclear hydrogen process that is coupled to a Very High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor (VHTR) through an Intermediate Heat Exchanger (IHX), a dynamic simulation of the process is necessary. Perturbation of the flow rate or temperature in the inlet streams may result in various transient states. An understanding of the dynamic behavior due to these factors is able to support the conceptual design of the secondary helium loop system associated with a hydrogen production plant. Based on the mass and energy balance sheets of an electrodialysis-embedded SI process equivalent to a 200 MWth VHTR and a considerable thermal pathway between the SI process and the VHTR system, a dynamic simulation of the SI process was carried out for a sulfuric acid decomposition process (Second Section) that is composed of a sulfuric acid vaporizer, a sulfuric acid decomposer, and a sulfur trioxide decomposer. The dynamic behaviors of these integrated reactors according to several anticipated scenarios are evaluated and the dominant and mild factors are observed. As for the results of the simulation, all the reactors in the sulfuric acid decomposition process approach a steady state at the same time. Temperature control of the inlet helium is strictly required rather than the flow rate control of the inlet helium to keep the steady state condition in the Second Section. On the other hand, it was revealed that the changes of the inlet helium operation conditions make a great impact on the performances of SO₃ and H₂SO₄ decomposers, but no effect on the performance of the H₂SO₄ vaporizer.

Chemical Bonding Characteristics of Atomic Layer Deposited Al₂O₃-NiO Double Layer

Youngjoon Cho(조영준),Hyosik Chang(장효식) 한국태양에너지학회 2022 한국태양에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2022 No.4

Design of the Auto Gain Control amplifier based on a resistance modeling of the MOSFET for a distance accuracy of the ToF LiDAR

Youngjoon Cho,Hamidreza Raei,Kyihwan Park 제어로봇시스템학회 2021 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.10

ToF(Time of Flight) LiDAR detects the target distance by measuring the timing difference of the pulsed laser beam to the target and received signal. The intensity of the received signal varies with a number of factors. The measured timing can be vary depending on the different magnitude of the signals. It is required to control the amplifying gain to ensure accurate distance measurement with wide range of intensity. In this work, the distance accuracy is investigated when TDC measures the pulse signals. The electronic characteristic of MOSFET is treated and transformed to use it as a variable resistor. Auto Gain Control method is introduced by implementing MOSFET which has a variable resistance characteristics. As a result, simulations are carried out to investigate the AGC operation. The limitation and additional frequency issues will be treated for a next work.