A New Paradigm Shift for the Green Synthesis of Antibacterial Silver Nanoparticles Utilizing Plant Extracts

Youmie Park 한국독성학회 2014 Toxicological Research Vol.30 No.3

This review covers general information regarding the green synthesis of antibacterial silver nanoparticles. Owing to their antibacterial properties, silver nanoparticles are widely used in many areas, especially biomedical applications. In green synthesis practices, the chemical reducing agents are eliminated, and biological entities are utilized to convert silver ions to silver nanoparticles. Among the various biological entities, natural plant extracts have emerged as green reducing agents, providing eco-friendly routes for the preparation of silver nanomaterials. The most obvious merits of green synthesis are the increased biocompatibility of the resulting silver nanoparticles and the ease with which the reaction can be carried out. This review summarizes some of the plant extracts that are used to produce antibacterial silver nanoparticles. Additionally, background information regarding the green synthesis and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles is provided. Finally, the toxicological aspects of silver nanoparticles are briefly mentioned.

Potential nanocarriers of chondroitinase for the treatment of spinal cord injury

Youmie Park 한국당과학회 2008 한국당과학회 학술대회 Vol.2008 No.1

Recent studies have shown the potential therapeutic uses of chondroitinase to recover loss of function in spinal cord injuries by regenerating neuronal growth. Upon injury to the spinal cord there is an up-regulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG). These CSPG help create an intertwined matrix within the glial scar, which can inhibit the advancement of neuronal growth between the sites of injury. Chondroitinase is able to degrade the chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains on the proteoglycans, thus eliminating obstacles for efficient neuron growth. In various animal models, the use of chondroitinase within injury sites allows the animal to regain the ability to walk. However, due to the instability of this enzyme, administration requires continuous, invasive, injections over a long period of time, which can further aggravate the injured site. Immobilization of chondroitinase onto a nano-solid support system could eliminate some of the problems currently faced, by increasing thermal stability, reducing immune responses, and limiting the migration of the enzyme to other parts of the body. Various methods of enzyme immobilization are used and have been shown to increase the activity of the enzymes in the literature. This technology could eventually be used for efficient treatment of spinal cord injury to recover the loss of function. Carbon nanotubes (cellulose-coated) and gold nanoparticles (citrate-reduced) were used for immobilization of chondroitinase ABC (Proteus vulgaris and Bacteroides thetaitaomicron) in the current study. While performing the immobilization process, we noticed a difference in the action pattern of both Proteus and Bacteroides enzymes. LC-ESI-MS to study the action pattern of these enzymes will be also discussed.

Artemisia capillaris extracts as a green factory for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles with antibacterial activities.

Park, Youmie,Noh, Hwa Jung,Han, Lina,Kim, Hyun-Seok,Kim, Yong-Jae,Choi, Jae Sue,Kim, Chong-Kook,Kim, Yeong Shik,Cho, Seonho American Scientific Publishers 2012 Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Vol.12 No.9

<P>We report a green synthesis of silver nanoparticles that uses extracts from the aerial part of Artemisia capillaris. Both water and 70% ethanol extracts successfully generated silver nanoparticles. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance bands, Fourier transform-infrared spectra, high resolution-transmission electron and atomic force microscopic images. Various shapes of silver nanoparticles were generated with an average diameter of 29.71 nm with water extract and 29.62 nm with 70% ethanol extract. An improvement in antibacterial activity (MIC 8.35-16.7 microg/mL) was observed against a total of twenty different strains of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. A remarkable enhancement (approximately 12-fold) was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Klebsiella areogenes when compared with the extract alone. Silver nanoparticles produced by the 70% ethanol extract showed slightly higher antibacterial activity than those generated with the water extract. The correlation between total flavonoid content of each extract and the antibacterial activity did not exert any significant relationships. This report suggests that plant extracts have the potential to be used as powerful reducing agents for the production of biocompatible silver nanoparticles possessing enhanced antibacterial activities.</P>

A New Paradigm Shift for the Green Synthesis of Antibacterial Silver Nanoparticles Utilizing Plant Extracts

Park, Youmie Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2014 Toxicological Research Vol.30 No.3

This review covers general information regarding the green synthesis of antibacterial silver nanoparticles. Owing to their antibacterial properties, silver nanoparticles are widely used in many areas, especially biomedical applications. In green synthesis practices, the chemical reducing agents are eliminated, and biological entities are utilized to convert silver ions to silver nanoparticles. Among the various biological entities, natural plant extracts have emerged as green reducing agents, providing eco-friendly routes for the preparation of silver nanomaterials. The most obvious merits of green synthesis are the increased biocompatibility of the resulting silver nanoparticles and the ease with which the reaction can be carried out. This review summarizes some of the plant extracts that are used to produce antibacterial silver nanoparticles. Additionally, background information regarding the green synthesis and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles is provided. Finally, the toxicological aspects of silver nanoparticles are briefly mentioned.

A furanquinone from Paulownia tomentosa stem for a new cathepsin K inhibitor

Park, Youmie,Kong, Jae Yang,Cho, Heeyeong John Wiley Sons, Ltd. 2009 Phytotherapy research Vol.23 No.10

<P>In the search for novel inhibitors of cathepsin K, a new furanquinone compound, methyl 5-hydroxy-dinaphtho[1,2-2′3′]furan-7,12-dione-6-carboxylate (1a), showed in vitro inhibitory activities for cathepsin K. Compound 1a was isolated originally from Paulownia tomentosa stem and its derivatives were synthesized. Furanquinone compounds (1a, 1b, 1c and 1d) were also found to be capable of inhibiting cathepsin L, which is closely related to cathepsin K. The inhibitory activity of the parent compound 1a (IC50 = 21 µm) for cathepsin K was slightly higher than those of the other three derivatives that have a methoxy (1b), propoxy (1c) or acetoxy (1d) group (IC50 = 33–66 µm) in the 5-position of compound 1a. This implies that the 5-hydroxyl functional group of 1a may have favorable effects on the reduction potential which are related to the cathepsin K inhibitory activities of furanquinone compounds. Therefore, the cathepsin K inhibitory activity of a new furanquinone compound is proposed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</P>

Glycosaminoglycans from earthworms (Eisenia andrei)

Im, A-Rang,Park, Youmie,Sim, Joon-Soo,Zhang, Zhenqing,Liu, Zhenling,Linhardt, Robert J.,Kim, Yeong Shik Springer-Verlag 2010 GLYCOCONJUGATE JOURNAL Vol.27 No.2

Vancomycin-Functionalized Gold and Silver Nanoparticles as an Antibacterial Nanoplatform Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Hur, Ye Eun,Park, Youmie American Scientific Publishers 2016 Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology Vol.16 No.6

<P>The functionalization of metallic nanoparticles using antibiotics is a promising nanoplatform to combat bacterial resistance. In the current report, vancomycin was used to functionalize gold nanoparticles (Van-AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (Van-AgNPs) through a one-step, one-pot process. The process is facile and employs a green synthetic route. Vancomycin was used as a reducing agent to generate Van-AuNPs and Van-AgNPs from gold and silver ions, respectively. Surface plasmon resonance was observed at 520 nm for Van-AuNPs and at 405 nm for Van-AgNPs. Both Van-AuNPs and Van-AgNPs were spherically shaped, with average diameters of 11.01 +/- 3.62 nm and 12.08 +/- 2.13 nm, respectively. Strong diffraction peaks in the X-ray diffraction profiles of both nanoparticles confirmed their face-centered cubic structures. The Van-AgNPs presented higher in vitro antibacterial activity (2.4-4.8-fold increase) than Van-AuNPs against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). These results suggest that AgNPs provide a more effective anti-MRSA nanoplatform than AuNPs for vancomycin functionalization.</P>

Isolation and Characterization of Chondroitin Sulfates from Sturgeon (<i>Acipenser sinensis</i>) and Their Effects on Growth of Fibroblasts

Im, A-Rang,Park, Youmie,Kim, Yeong Shik Pharmaceutical Society of Japan 2010 Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin Vol.33 No.8

<P>Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan that composed of hexosamine (<SMALL>D</SMALL>-galactosamine) and hexuronic acid (<SMALL>D</SMALL>-glucuronic acid) unit arranged in an alternating unbranched sequence. CS is an essential component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective tissue. It is mainly covalently attached to core proteins in the form of proteoglycans so that it exhibits specific interactions with proteins for cell growth, differentiation, division and migration. In this study, CSs were purified from the cartilage and backbone of sturgeon (<I>Acipenser sinensis</I>). To characterize their biochemical properties, we performed disaccharide compositional analysis after chondroitinase ABC digestion, high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and <SUP>1</SUP>H-NMR spectroscopy. We also investigated the effects of CSs on fibroblast proliferation and adhesion to determine whether wound healing was accelerated <I>in vitro</I> and proliferation of different mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathways was facilitated. The CS purified from sturgeon cartilage was primarily composed of 4-sulfated CS (88.8%) and sturgeon backbone CS contains more than 60% 6-sulfated CS. The average molecular weights of CSs obtained from sturgeon cartilage and backbone were found to be 8 and 43 kDa, respectively. Our results showed that both CSs are able to increase cell adhesion, induce proliferation and migration on fibroblasts and may accelerate wound healing by inducing MAPK signaling pathways.</P>

Green-synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using chondroitin and acharan sulfates with antibacterial activities

A-Rang Im,Youmie Park,Yeong Shik Kim 한국당과학회 2011 한국당과학회 학술대회 Vol.2011 No.1

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are nanoparticles of silver that between 1 nm and 100 nm in size and are prepared by reduction of Ag+ ions to Ag metal by chemical reducing agents as a common method. It has been reported that the bactericidal effects of AgNPs are dependent on size with preferential size of ~1-10 nm. In recent days biological molecules instead of chemical reducing agents have been reported to synthesize AgNPs including plant extracts, polysaccharide, fungi, DNA, yeast, and bacteria. Recently, research articles report the use of polysaccharides for the synthesis of AgNPs. Among polysaccharides, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs: Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and Acharan sulfate (AS)) exhibit diverse biological activities through interactions between physiological proteins. Owing to biological activities of GAGs, we could expect synergistic effects of GAGs-derived nanomaterials from GAGs and nanoparticles. AgNPs-GAGs represented several activities such as anti-oxidant, anti- bacterial, and wound healing. AgNPs by using the CS exhibited antioxidative, where as CS only remained almost inactive. AgNPs has no cytotoxicity on fibroblast cells. When cells were treated with AgNPs by using GAGs for 24 hr, there were no cytotoxicity effects on fibroblast cells. AgNPs-GAGs displayed significant inhibitory action against both antibiotic-susceptible and resistant strains of many strains with MIC ranging from 1 to 8 mg/ml. AgNPs-CS showed the highest inhibitory activity against Enterobacter cloacae 1321E with MICs of 1 mg/ml. At animal model, after excision skin, wound size of AgNPs-CS and AgNPs-AS ointment group was smaller than not treated and Vaseline group. Time to closure was defined as the time at which the wound bed was completely filled in with new tissue. Therefore, the utilization of such biological entities and environmentally benign solvents, and renewable materials are some of the key issues that merit important consideration in a green synthetic strategy.

Green synthesis and biological activities of silver nanoparticles prepared by Carpesium cernuum extract

안은영,Hang Jin,Youmie Park 대한약학회 2019 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.42 No.10

The extract of Carpesium cernuum whole plantwas successfully used as a green factory for the synthesisof silver nanoparticles in a one-step, one-pot process. Theextract efficiently reduced silver ions to spherical silvernanoparticles. The size was measured as 13.0 ± 0.2 nmfrom high resolution transmission electron microscopicimages. The reaction yield was determined to be 99.6%using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. The silver nanoparticles were highly stable for28 days at ambient temperature without forming agglomerationor aggregation of nanoparticles. Dose-dependentantioxidant activity of the silver nanoparticles wasobserved in terms of the scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals. The silver nanoparticlesalso exerted cytotoxicity on Mus musculus skin melanomacells (B16F10) and human lung cancer cells (A549)in a dose-dependent manner. Specifically, the cytotoxicityof the silver nanoparticles on A549 cells was closelyassociated with apoptotic cell death. Cellular uptake of thesilver was evaluated via inductively coupled plasma massspectrometry, and a higher percentage of silver was takenup by A549 cells (22.6%) than by B16F10 cells (17.3%). This result indicated that higher cellular uptake of silvernanoparticles resulted in higher cytotoxicity on A549 cells. Therefore, plant extracts are capable of being valuable natural sources for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticlesthat exhibit potent biological activities for pharmaceuticaland biomedical applications in futurenanomedicine.