龍潭遺詞에 나타난 水雲像

尹錫山,金容德 한양대학교 한국학연구소 1986 韓國學論集 Vol.10 No.-

The purpose of this study is to ponder on Su-Un's image in Yong Dam- You-Sa. Because Yong-Dam-You-Sa is the kind of literary work, Ka-sa (歌辭), the persona in it isn't considered Su-Un himself, its author. But no one also deny its persona can be considered Su-Un because of the li- terary speciality of Ka-sa. This study, therefore, divides Su-Un's life into several parts firstly and analyzes some sections of Yong-Dam-You-Sa applied to each of them afterwards and makes clear his image ultimately. His life can be devided by the two phrases roughly. The first is the aspect before the spiritual awakening and the second the one after that. He looked into the customs through going around the country before the spiritual awakening and sought after truth in order to deliver the troublous world. He attained the awakrning in April, 1860 and then began to work for the enlightment of the public. Su-Un inspired the public with such modern thought of equality as Si-Chun-Ju (侍天主; the thought that each one of all mankind has the god in himself) and inspired them with elitism. Consequently, those thoughts raised their hopes so much and became the spiritual essence to overcome the national crisis. According to those aspects, Su-Un is considered a modern master rather than a hero of the puble.

Living Dead

Yoon,Dong-yong 서강대학교 생명문화연구소 2010 생명연구 Vol.18 No.-

The present study purports to review various aspects of the cult of the dead in the iron age of Israel. The worship of the dead implies that the dead is connected with and has influence on the living world. Textual evidences on the funerary rites, communal repast with the dead (marzeah), and the veneration of the dead (rephaim) intimates that the death cult was prevalent in the realm of popular religions in ancient Israel. Some archeological evidences also allude to the ongoing practice of the death cult at ancient Israel. Funerary installations such as vessels for food might intend the provision for the deceased. Standing stones (masseboth) that were installed either at graves or at certain cultic places apparently had the function of commemoration of the ancestor as a whole. By offering provision and demonstrating their veneration to the dead, the living could reconcile with the dead in order to secure their favor.

Political and Economic Situations of the Commonwealth of Independent States and Confronting Tasks of Koreans

Yoon,In-Jin/Jang,Won-Chang/Lee,Kwang-Kyu/Rhee,Jong-Hoon/Sim,Heon-Yong 고려대학교 아세아문제연구소 2001 亞細亞硏究 Vol.44 No.2

A Multi-Center Educational Research Regarding Breastfeeding for Pediatrics Residents in Korea

Yong Sung Choi,정성훈,김은선,Eun Sun Kim,Eunhee Lee,Euiseok Jung,So-Yeon Lee,이우령,Hye Sun Yoon,Yong Joo Kim,Ji Kyoung Park,Son Moon Shin,Ellen Ai-Rhan Kim 대한신생아학회 2022 Neonatal medicine Vol.29 No.1

Purpose: Pediatricians have a significant responsibility to educate mothers about the importance of breastfeeding. However, there have been minimal efforts in the courses of resident training in Korea. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the change in knowledge and attitude before and after a 4-week breastfeeding educational intervention among multicenter residents. Methods: Prospective interventional educational research was designed for residents at eight training hospitals in Korea. Institutional reviews were obtained in each hospital. The education curriculum consisted of 14 courses regarding breastfeeding theory and practice. These materials were used to teach pediatric residents for 4 weeks. Knowledge-based tests were administered before the course, and re-tests were administered after the course using different test items of similar levels. Test scores and survey responses were compared before and after the intervention. Results: A total of 73 residents (1st year 20, 2nd year 23, 3rd year 16, and 4th year residents 14) from eight training hospitals completed the intervention. Their average age was 30.3±2.9 years, 17 (23.3%) were male, 22 (30.1%) were married, and eight had more than one child of their own. The mean pre-test score was 61.8±13.4 and the mean post-test score was 78.3±7.5 (P<0.001). The inter-grade difference in the score was significant in the pre-test (P=0.005), but not significant in the post-test (P=0.155). There were more responses of obtaining confidence after the intervention (P<0.001). Conclusion: In our study, pediatric residents showed improvement in their knowledge and confidence level after 4 weeks of the breastfeeding curriculum. This will provide a basis for future policymaking in the training of pediatric residents regarding breastfeedReceived: 6 January 2022 Revised: 15 February 2022 Accepted: 15 February 2022 Correspondence to: Ellen Ai-Rhan Kim, MD Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea Tel: +82-2-3010-3390 Fax: +82-2-3010-6978 E-mail: arkim@amc.seoul.kr A Multi-Center Educational Research Regarding Breastfeeding for Pediatrics Residents in Korea Yong-Sung Choi, MD,PhD1, Sung-Hoon Chung, MD, PhD2, Eun Sun Kim, MD, PhD3, Eun Hee Lee, MD4, Euiseok Jung, MD5, So Yeon Lee, MD, PhD5, Wooryoung Lee, MD6, Hye Sun Yoon, MD, PhD7, Yong Joo Kim, MD, PhD8, Ji Kyoung Park, MD, PhD9, Son Moon Shin, MD, PhD9, and Ellen Ai-Rhan Kim, MD, PhD5 1Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea 2Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Korea 3Department of Pediatrics, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea 4Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea 5Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 6Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea 7Department of Pediatrics, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea 8Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea 9Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea Neonatal Med 2022 February;29(1):28-35 https://doi.org/10.5385/nm.2022.29.1.28 pISSN 2287-9412 . eISSN 2287-9803 Copyright(c) 2022 By Korean Society of Neonatology This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Original Article 29 Neonatal Med 2022 February;29(1):28-35 https://doi.org/10.5385/nm.2022.29.1.28 ing in Korea.

조선후기 수레 보급 논의

윤용출 부산대학교 한국민족문화연구소 2013 한국민족문화 Vol.47 No.-

수레는 오랫동안 가장 중요한 육상 운송수단이었음에도, 조선시기에는 널리 쓰이지 못했다. 조선초기 세종은, 중국 수레를 도입해서 보급하기 위해 노력을 기울였으나 호응을 얻지 못한 채 포기하고 말았다. 그 뒤에도 서울과 함경도․평안도․황해도 및 경상도 일부 지방에서 수레를 사용했으나, 각 부문에서 보편적으로 수레를 사용하는 단계에 이르지 못했다. 조선시기에 수레 보급이 이토록 부진했던 까닭은, 산지가 많은 지형적 조건과 관련이 깊다. 이같은 지형 조건 아래서 해로․수로의 운송 방식을 위주로 한 조운체계가 발달할 수 있었다. 수레와 같은 육로 운송수단의 활용은 부차적인 일로 간주되었다. 수레 제작에 관한 낮은 기술 수준도 수레의 제작과 보급을 방해하는 요인이 되었다. 17세기 이후 사회․경제적 변화 발전과 더불어 수레에 대한 인식이 새로워지게 되었다. 많은 개혁적 관료, 실학자들에 의해서 수레보급론이 제기되었다. 대체로 세가지 유형으로 나누어 볼 수 있다. 첫째, 김육․남구만을 중심으로 전개되었던 평안도 지역의 민폐 해소를 위한 수레보급론이었다. 이들의 수레보급론은 17세기 중엽부터 말엽까지 使臣의 자격으로 중국을 다녀온 경험 속에서 느낀 평안도 지역 화물 운송체계의 문제점을 해결하는데 일차적인 목표를 두었다는 점에서 공통된 특색을 보인다. 이 주장은 부분적으로 채택되어 시행되었으나, 정착되는 국면에 이르지는 못했다. 두 번째 유형의 수레보급론은, 상품의 유통과 상업 발전을 중시하면서, 유수원․홍대용․박제가․박지원․홍양호 등에 의해 제기되었다. 이들은 청나라의 선진문물을 받아들이고, 조선 국내의 상업을 발전시키는 문제에 큰 관심을 보였다. 그 방안 가운데 하나로 수레의 보급을 주장한 것이다. 박지원은 국내 각 지역 산물의 극심한 가격차를 해소하여, 물가를 안정시키며, 민간의 살림에 이익되고 나라를 부유하게 만들기 위해서, 수레의 보급이 절실하게 필요하다고 보았다. 이들의 구상은 수레바퀴 간격의 표준화, 벽돌을 도입하는 문제 등과 함께 제기되었다. 이 견해는 실학자 등에게 많은 영향을 끼쳤지만, 조선정부의 적극적인 보급 정책으로 수용되는 단계에 이르지는 못했다. 세 번째 유형의 수레보급론은 노동력의 절약에 역점을 두었다. 조현명․ 박문수․정약용 등의 수레보급론은, 토목공사에서 노동력을 절약하기 위해, 짐수레를 개발하고 이용하는 데 중점을 두었으며, 상당 부분 구체화되어 실현될 수 있었다. 정약용은 수레의 규격화에 관해서, 북학파의 실학자들과는 다른 관점에서 주목했다. 규격화를 통해 수레에 싣는 짐의 무게를 표준화할 수 있으며, 수레의 가격을 정액화하고, 수레 삯을 균등히 함으로써, 수레에 관한 여러 관리체계를 합리화하려는 구상이었다. 동일한 규격의 수레에 동일한 운송량을 싣게 된다면, 운송노동의 품삯을 치르는 일이 간결하게 되며, 공정의 관리에도 효율적이라는 생각이었다. 정약용은 지방수령을 통한 수레의 보급에 관해서도 관심을 보이며, 방안을 제시하였다. 18․19세기의 조선정부에서 노동력을 절약하고, 비용을 줄이는 문제를 중요하게 여겼기 때문에, 이들의 제안은 수용될 가능성이 높았다. 조선후기 민간에서 수레가 널리 보급되지 않은 것은 보급을 제한하려는 보수적 관료층의 의도가 개재되어 있었다. 예컨대 태평거와 같은 새로운 수레제도는, 북경에서 그러했듯이 남녀귀천을 막론하고 삯을 치르는 누구든지 자유로이 탑승할 수 있는 방식이 적용될 수 있었다. 태평거류의 수레가 보급되면, 기존의 신분제적 사회틀과 충돌하는 문제가 발생할 것이고, 지배층관료들은 대체로 이를 묵과하기 어려웠다. 조현명․박제가 등 개혁적 관료와 실학자들은 이같은 틀을 넘어서서 새로운 제도를 받아들이고, 새 운송수단을 대중화․보편화하려는 지향을 보였으나, 현실의 벽을 넘는 데 성공하지 못했다. 반면 관부에서 사용하는 수레, 특히 짐을 나르는 화물용 수레를 토목공사의 운송작업에 활용하자는 주장은, 노동력을 절약할 수 있다는 실용적인 측면이 인정되어 정책적으로 수용될 수 있었다. 18세기 중엽 이후 산릉역과 같은 토목공사에서 각종 수레를 ‘役機’ 혹은 ‘役器’라 부르기 시작했다. 토목공사에서 수레의 중요성이 높아졌던 당시의 정황을 반영한 것이라 하겠다. A cart is considered as one of the most important media of road transportation worldwide for ages, but it did not gain popularity of the Korean people in Chosun Dynasty. One of the earliest attempts was King Sejongs effort to introduce Chinese carts to his people, which was unsuccessful. Later on, carts were used sporadically in some areas of Seoul, Hamgyeong, Pyeongan, Hwanghae, and Gyeongsang provinces, but their use was far from universal use in every sector nationwide. Their failure to be introduced to the Chosun people was mainly attributable to lots of mountains in the Korean peninsula. Whilst water transportation system over the sea and rivers had been systemized earlier, land transportation was considered as auxiliary for time being. Another reason to give up trying to use a cart was peoples lack of advanced skills to make one. The socioeconomic development in the 17th century renewed peoples awareness of carts. Since then, many enlightened bureaucrats and philosophers in Silhak School suggested using them. There logics might be divided to three types. First, bureaucrats like Nam Gu-man and Kim Yuk talked about a cart as a handy solution for peoples difficulties in Pyeongan Province. When they visited China as envoys from the middle to late 17th century, they felt Chinese carts must be introduced to Pyeongan Province to handle its cargo transportation problems. Some of their suggestions were implemented as government policies, but they still failed to make carts popular in the region. Second, the Silhak philosophers like Yu Su-won, Hong Dae-yong, Park Je-ga, Park Ji-won, and Hong Yang-ho proposed advancing distribution of the products and nationwide commerce through carts. All of them in common were enthusiastic of learning from the cosmopolitan culture of the Qing Dynasty and developing domestic commerce in Chosun. To this end, for example, Park Ji-won said universal use of carts was one of the foremost requirements in order to narrow the price gap of nationwide products by region, stabilize inflation, improve peoples livelihood and make Chosun better-off. Those Silhak philosophers also requested making standards of the related issues like the size of the wheels and the space between them. What they said indeed influenced many other philosophers in the Silhak School later on, but failed to be realized as government policies. Meanwhile, the third logic type of progressive government officials or Silhak philosophers like Cho Hyun-myung, Park Moon-soo, and Chung Yak-yong was more related to labor efficiency and much of their proposal was made real. Chung Yak-yong also talked about standardization of carts, but his approach was a bit different from that of the Bukhak-sect Silhak philosophers mentioned earlier: a standardized cart will carry a uniform amount of cargo, thus cart charge will be fixed, thereby enabling systemization of all the administrative issues of carts. In other words, if you can hire one cart with some standard and carry the standard amount of cargo in it, paying for it will be more predictable, and the entire process management will be more efficient. Chung also had passion for promoting carts through local magistrates and brought his own proposal on how to do that. As Chosun government in the 18th and 19th centuries was deeply interested in saving labor force and its cost, chances were high that it might accept those philosophers suggestions. The popularization of Chinese carts in the late Chosun Dynasty was made slow by conservative bureaucrats who were offended by the idea of its widened use between the commoners. For example, a newly introduced taepyeonggeo(a hand-pulled transport for human passengers) from China, unlike a palanquin for noble people, was open to anybody who would pay, regardless of their gender and class. If universal vehicles like taepyeonggeo become common, the new fashion would contradict the traditional status system, which would be unacceptable to the ruling class. Reformist bureaucrats and Silhak philosophers like Cho Hyun-myung and Park Je-ga attempted to make the government overcome such worries, accept new system, and make the new vehicles common, but failed to persuade the policymakers. Meanwhile, the suggestion of introducing the conventional carts including cargo carts used in government offices to construction work was accepted sooner, because the idea of saving labor cost was found attractive to the decision-makers. Since the middle of the 18th century, the newly introduced carts at public works like royal tomb constructions were called yeok-gi(literally, 'labor machine' or 'labor vehiclel'). Such a term being mentioned in the historical records implys the significance of carts at construction sites at that time.

신이식 환자에서 EBV감염과 관련된 악성 임파종 2예

윤선애,진동찬,김용수,신완식,윤영석,방병기,최영진,심상인,고용복 大韓移植學會 1993 Korean Journal of Transplantation Vol.7 No.1

Analysis of Univariate Economic Time Series Data using Spectrum based on Periodogram

YONG- WOON YOON9 강원대학교 기초과학연구소 1988 기초과학연구 Vol.5 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the spectrum of uaivariate economic time series data using periodogram. The analysis of data in the paper to be described here includes periodogram and spectral analysis based on periodogram, and explored its properties of the method. Numerical examples from several index series are presented to demonstrate the practical results that can be obtained

정신분열병 환자에서 가족력, 산과적 합병증 및 신체미세기형의 관련성에 관한 연구

안용민,김용식,정희연,신지용,윤세창,배안,이중서,주은정,이창인 大韓神經精神醫學會 1999 신경정신의학 Vol.38 No.2

연구목적 : 저자들은 태생기 동안에 받는 유전외적 요인, 즉 환경적 요인이 산발성 정신분열병 환자들의 발병에 크게 관여할 것이라고 가정하였다. 이를 검증하기 위하여 형제 중 1인 이상이 발병하여 가족력을 분명히 알 수 있는 정신분열병 환자군(이하 형제 환자군)과 가족력이 없는 산발성 정신분열병 환자군(이하 산발성 환자군) 및 정상대조군을 대상으로 산과적 합병증, 신체미세기형 및 정신분열병의 임상 양상을 비교하였다. 방 법 : 연구 대상은 형제 환자군 43명(남 22명, 여 21명), 산발성 환자군 43명(남 23명, 여 20명), 정상대조군 43명(남 20명, 여 23명)이었다. 산과적 합병증은 Lewis 척도를 이용하여 평가하였고 신체미세기형은 Waldrop 척도를 이용하여 측정하였다. 임상 양상으로서 발병 연령, 병전 기능 수준, 정신병리, 약물에 대한 반응, 회복시의 전반적 기능 수준, 지연성 운동장애의 유무를 평가하였다. 결 과 : 정상대조군과 정신분열병 환자군 전체를 비교하였을 때 산과적 합병증과 신체미세기형의 총점과 각 소항목의 점수에 차이가 없었다. 산발성 환자군과 형제 환자군을 비교하였을 때 산과적 합병증의 전체 점수에서는 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 출생 당시에 태아가 받은 스트레스 항목의 점수가 산발성 환자군에서 유의하게 높았다. 신체미세기형에서는 전체 점수 및 입의 미세기형 점수가 산발성 환자군에서 유의하게 높았다. 신체미세기형의 전체 점수가 4점 이상인 환자수도 산발성 환자군에서 높은 경향성을 보였다. 산과적 합병증과 신체미세기형 사이의 상호 연관성은 찾을 수 없었다. 정신분열병의 임상 양상 중에서는 Krawiecka 척도의 총점 및 양성 증상 점수와 회복시의 전반적 기능 수준만이 형제 환자군에 비해 산발성 환자군에서 유의하게 높았다. 성별에 따라서는 형제 환자군에서 남자 환자의 산과적 합병증이 유의하게 높았다. 결 론 : 본 연구를 통해 산과적 합병증 및 신체미세기형 연구가 정신분열병의 원인을 규명하기 위한 유용한 방법임이 시사되었지만, 가족력, 산과적 합병증 및 신체미세기형의 관련성에 대해서는 분명한 결론을 내리지 못하였다. The authors hypothesized that sporadic schizophrenic patients had more chances of receiving environmental insults during the fetal neural development compared with familial schizophrenics. We tested our hypothesis by comparing obstetric complications(OCs), minor physical anomalies(MPAs) and other clinical features, and examining the correlation between OCs and MPAs in schizophrenic patients who had one or more sibling with schizophrenia(sibling group) and sporadic schizophrenics(sporadic group) and normal controls. OCs were evaluated by the scale of Lewis, and MPAs were measured by the Waldrop scale. There were no significant difference in OCs and MPAs between schizophrenic and control groups. Sporadic group had significantly higher fetal distress, total Waldrop score and Waldrop score for mouth than sibling group. And there was a tendency that the number of subjects having the Waldrop score over 4 points was greater in the sporadic group. No significant correlation was observed between CCs and MPAs. The scores of initial psychopathology and post-treatment functioning were much higher in the sporadic group, but the other clinical feature showed no difference. Although male patients had more OCs than female patients in sibling group, no sex difference were observed as a whole. Our results suggest that, if the methodological weakness were complemented, OCs and MPAs would be useful tools in the search for the cause of schizophrenia.

The Bioenergy Conversion Characteristics of Feedlot Manure Discharging from Beef Cattle Barn

Seung-Yong Oh,Chang-Hyun Kim,Young-Man Yoon 한국토양비료학회 2015 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.48 No.6

This study was carried out to assess bioenergy conversion efficiency by biogas and solid fuel production in the cattle feedlot manure discharged from beef cattle barn. Feedlot manure was sampled from the cattle farmhouse located in Yong-in, Gyeonggi during the mid-fattening stage, periodically. The chemical characteristics, BMP (Biochemical methane potential) and HV (Heating values) of feedlot cattle manures were analyzed. Total solid contents of cattle feedlot manure were in the range of 29.98~44.28%, and volatile solid contents were in the range of 23.53~24.47%. In the anaerobic digestion of cattle feedlot manure, the methane production potential has increased from 0.141 to 0.187 Nm<SUP>3</SUP> kg<SUP>-1</SUP> -VSadded. The methane production of fresh cattle feedlot manure showed the range 0.141~0.187 Nm<SUP>3</SUP> kg<SUP>-1</SUP> -Manure (average 0.047 Nm<SUP>3</SUP> kg<SUP>-1</SUP> -Manure), the LHVs (lower heating values) of the produced methane were in the range of 316~560 kcal kg<SUP>-1</SUP> -Manure (average 400 kcal kg <SUP>-1</SUP> - Manure). In the direct combustion of fresh cattle feedlot manure, the LHVs were measured in the range of 747~1,271 kcal kg<SUP>-1</SUP> -Manure (average 916 kcal kg<SUP>-1</SUP> -Manure), and LHVs of solid fuel which have the water content of 20% were in the range of 2,694~2,876 kcal kg<SUP>-1</SUP>-Manure (average 2,791 kcal kg<SUP>-1</SUP> -Manure). Then, the drying energy of average 443 kcal kg<SUP>-1</SUP> -Manure was consumed in the production of solid fuel which has a water content of 20%. Therefore, the direct combustion of cattle feedlot manure showed about 2.3 times higher LHV than the LHV of methane produced by anaerobic digestion. And LHV of solid fuel was about 6.0 times higher than the LHV of methane produced by anaerobic digestion. Then, the production of solid fuel presented more bioenergy conversion efficiency than the biogas production in the bioenergy use of cattle feedlot manure.

SELDI-TOF MS를 이용한 유방암 환자 진단을 위한 새로운 혈청 표지자의 개발

정용식,김호승,윤태일,전미선,윤용달,이용성,이기환,김혜진,김명욱,박희붕 한국유방암학회 2004 한국유방암학회지 Vol.7 No.1