Classification of Product Knowledge : A Conceptual Discussion

Yoon, Sung-Wook,Lisa L. Scribner 東亞大學校 經營大學 2004 經營硏究 Vol.- No.17

Subjective product knowledge is now a new construct, but in fact has been defined and measured in a plethora of ways. Existing subjective knowledge measures range from a single item (Peracchio and Tybout 1996) to multi-item scales (Flynn and Goldsmith 1999). Regardless of whether the instruments use single or multiple indicators, they simply measure consumers' overall subjective knowledge and treat the construct as unidimensional. As previously discussed, consumer product knowledge is a multidimensional construct (Alba and Hutchinson 1987; Biswas and Sherrell 1993). This multidimensionality should not be confined to measuring objective knowledge. In other words, it equally applies to subjective knowledge. Throughout this paper it was pointed out discrepancies in findings (e.g., relationship between knowledge and search) that are mainly due to the dearth of valid, multidimensional instruments. Unfortunately, such a scale does not exist. Therefore, future research should develop a scale that captures multidimensional aspects of consumer knowledge. Theory-driven, multidimensional subjective knowledge scales should prove useful to marketing practitioners as well. An essential in consumer-oriented markets is understanding the consumer. Part of understanding consumers is understanding how much they know. For instance, a marketer of a new, highly technological product can administer a multidimensional subjective project knowledge scale to learn about the perceived knowledge distribution of his target market. If it is discovered that the target market is largely comprised of novices, the marketer may want to educate the potential consumers in terms of the terminology associated with the product, the product's attributes, the purchasing procedures, and the different uses for the product. Promotional campaigns can be orientated accordingly. If educating the consumer is not of concern, then the marketer may want to place more emphasis on peripheral cues in advertising. A marketer may find him/herself in the situation where most of the target market for his/her product is high on the knowledge continuum. This marketer, for example, will experience more liberties in terms of terminology of message arguments.

Protective Effects of N-acetylcystenine and Selenium against Doxorubicin Toxicity in Rats

Yeo-sung Yoon,Sun-don Kim,Min-hye Lee,Heung-shik S.Lee,In-se Lee,Je-kyung Sung,Eun-sung Park 대한수의학회 2003 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.4 No.2

Effects of N-acetylcysteine and Selenium against Doxorubicin Toxicity in RatsEun-sung Park, Sun-don Kim1, Min-hye Lee, Heung-shik S. Lee, In-se Lee, Je-kyung Sung and Yeo-sung Yoon*

철결핍성빈혈에서 혈청 Ferritin치에 관한 연구

윤상룡 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1979 충남의대잡지 Vol.6 No.2

The serum, ferritin levels by radioimmunoassay were measured in toe subjects of normal, iron deficiency anemia and non-iron deficiency anemia and was compared with serum iron total iron binding capacity and percentage saturation of transferrin. The followings were obtained. 1. There were significant decrease in serum iron (62.7±24.4㎍/dl, p<0.05) and significant increase in total iron binding capacity(324.2±76.7㎍/dl, p<0.005) in iron deficiency anemia, but there was no significant relationship in non-iron deficiency anemia, in contrast to normal control. 2. The serum ferritin levels were decreased significantly in iron deficiency anemia (13.9±10.7ng/ml, p<0.005) than normal control (82.5±48.0ng/ml). But serum ferritin levels in non-iron deficiency anemia showed wide variation (364.5±395.8ng/ml). 3. There was no significant correlation between serum iron, total iron binding capacity and serum ferritin in iron deficiency anemia, but serum ferritin was more significant in the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia. 4. In non-iron deficiency anemia, there was no significant correlation and diagnostic significance between serum iron, total iron binding capacity and serum ferritin. 5. In iron deficiency anemia, the serum ferritin levels had no significant correlation with degree of anemia, but was tendency of correlation with percentage of transferrin iron saturation. 6. In liver diseases, blood dyscrasias and typhoid fever, the serum ferritin revealed very high levels in spite of moderate to marked degree of anemia.

한국 태권도선수들의 SCAT규준 개발

윤상화,지치환,최현정 龍仁大學校 武道硏究所 1998 武道硏究所誌 Vol.9 No.1

The purpose of this study was to examine difference on the level of sport competitive trait anxiety according to weight grades sex, level, school and to develop the SCAT norm for Korean Taekwondo players. The subjects for this study the study were selected as follows: total 431 subfects in 180 female platers, 251 male players, 248 high school and 183 university players. The results were as follows: 1) There is a high competitive anxiety in female players rather than male player. 2) There is a high competitive anxiety in high school players rather than university. 3) In result, the level of sport competitive trait anxiety has an effect on the sport ability of the Korean Taekwondo players. 4) There is a high competitive anxiety in light level weight pllayers rather than heavy level weight players. 5) The average score of SCAT in Korean Taekwondo platers was 21.71(3.40) in total, 21.55(2.91) in male players, 22.47(3.30) in high school platers, 21.49(3.51) in university players.

저체중 또는 과체중 청소년에서 캠프 프로그램을 이용한 영양 교육효과에 관한 연구

성미경,승정자,류화춘,박재년,박동연,최미경,조경옥,최선혜,이윤신,김유경,이은주 대한지역사회영양학회 2003 대한지역사회영양학회지 Vol.8 No.4

This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of a nutrition education program developed for nutritionally imbalanced adolescents. A summer nutrition camp was held for 23 overweight and 16 underweight subjects. Its effectiveness with regard to was evaluated at the end of the camp and 6 months later. Nutrition knowledge, nutritional attitude, food behavior, nutrient intake, exercise habit and ideal body figures desired by the subjects. The results showed significantly higher nutrition knowledge scores at the end of the camp as compared to those obtained prior to the camp program, and these scores were maintained for at least six months. Nutrition attitude scores also improved after the education program, and these improved scores also lasted for 6 months. However, the food behavior scores measured 6 months after the education program were not significantly different from those obtained prior to the camp. Also, the exercise habit, the ideal body figures and the body figures desired by the subjects remained unchanged. When nutrient intakes of subjects were assessed before the program and 6 months later, the mean daily vitamin C intake was significantly increased after the education program. Also, the intake of iron from plant food sources increased in the overweight subjects, while less iron from animal source were consumed by the underweight subjects. Both groups tended to consume more vegetables and fruits 6 months after the education program which may have contribute to the higher vitamin C and plant-based iron intakes. These results indicate that a 4-day nutrition education camp program sustained changes in nutrition knowledge and nutrition attitude for 6 months. The increased intake of vegetables and fruits was also achieved through this education program. However, changes in dietary behavior in adolescents may require repeated education.

스쿠버다이빙 참가유형에 따른 라이프스타일에 관한 연구

윤상문,최정도 한국스포츠리서치 2004 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.15 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate opportunities in the scuba diving market and examine the lifestyles of scuba diving customers based on the pattern of their participation in scuba diving in order to provide the important data for developing effective marketing strategies. The subjects included 843 scuba diving customers of scuba diving resorts or scuba diving pro shops in the Republic of Korea. They were asked to complete a survey at either a resort or a pro shop. The statistical analyses were performed by using the SPSS 10.0 software. The statistical techniques used for analysis were factor analysis, reliability analysis, frequency. One-way ANOVA, and Scheffe's post hoc test. Statistical significance was accepted at an alpha level of p<.05. The major findings of this study were as follows: First, individuals pursuing for health showed the highest participation in scuba diving at four times or more a week. It was followed by innovators who were very receptive to new ideas, individuals valuing social recognition, and individuals who were followers of fashion and trends. Second, individuals with less than 3 years of scuba diving experience were most often found among the followers, and followed by conservative people. Individuals with at least 11 years of scuba diving experience were most often found among the innovators, and followed by the individuals valuing social recognition. Third, individuals with advanced scuba diving skills were most often found among the individuals pursuing for health. It was followed by the innovators, and the individuals valuing social recognition. In the meantime, the beginners were most often found among the followers and the conservative people. Fourth, all different lifestyle groups showed significantly differences when they participated in scuba diving with their colleagues, friends or alumni. The individuals pursuing for health showed the highest difference and were followed by the innovators, the individuals valuing social recognition, the followers, and the conservative people. Fifth, the conservative group showed significantly higher interest in improving health and fitness as a reason to participate in scuba diving. The individuals valuing social recognition showed significantly higher interest in learning scuba diving skills, the followers participated in for social reasons, and the individuals pursuing for health and the innovators wanted to have a scuba diving career.

한국 여성스포츠 활성화를 위한 연구

윤상화,남동현,조임형 龍仁大學校 1997 용인대학교 논문집 Vol.13 No.-

Historically women have been discriminated not only in sports but also in another fields of social life according to the social cultural backgrounds and customes. This sex discrimination is due to the lack of the opportunity to participate sports, the ideological prejudice of male diversionism and the systematic inequality uttered in the nomological, institutional, environmental aspects of society. And the social conception on male adventage and female dependence enforces the present discrimination in the women sports. Theoletically, discussion on women sports has been focused on the dogma that man governs woman in the sense of sex inequility in sports, limitation of female opportunity in sports, inequility of conservative system and the relative deprival of employment opportunity from the point of liberal, marxist, radical, socialist view. The sex discrimination is due to the social, cultural circumstance of a specific society and prejudicial cultural tradition. The cultural tradition form the idea that woman can play the role only through the family and companion because of her biological and depentent character and enforce such a sex role and social training. The social-role prejudice which began in the family and companion would be enforced and magnified through the discrimitive management of the curriculum and phisical education program at school. The sex discrimination has such a tendency of aggravation and perpetuity because of male-prejudicial news and scarcity of role-model, which have been discussed in many researches. But woman's sports were advanced quite much in accordance with feminism movements and the change of social/cultural definition on woman. In spite of all of these, there still appears to be some prejudice in the psyological, social-psychological, institutional realms. To sum up the factors which prevent woman's sports activate, Firstly, negative cognition of common people on woman's sports. Secondly, the prejudice that women are not adquite for sports activity. Thirdly, women themselves have the prejudice that sports activity makes their body manly. And to sum up the important theoletical factors concerned with the woman's sports activation, Firstly, woman has psychologically the stronger emotional intentionality than man. Secondly, woman has the weaker motivation for sports psychologically, which is due to her parents' indifference and the incorrect belief of 'womanlikehood' or 'out to be womanlike' and so on. Thirdly, because woman's participating the sports activity is influenced by intermediate group like family, the opportunity-situation became the important variable. Some conclusion for activation of Women's Sports Activation acquired in the study is as shown in the followings. Firstly, We must change the ineffective sports activities in the whole society, including the system, which places the importance in the examination at the existing school, and the physical education program which lays stress on the sudents to comply with the characteristics and interests of women in the scope of life-time sports, and the education on the leader who controls these programs effectively is urgent. Secondly,Mass Media must be interested in the sports, physical education activities of women, and show the positiveness on the program related to the women's own improvement and culture and on the public-information related to the concrete practical method.

저층 철근콘크리트조 건물의 사용성 설계용 고유주기

윤성원,강동균 대한건축학회 2003 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.23 No.1(구조계)

This paper is concerned with the dynamic characteristics of buildings, especially with the measurement of the natural frequencies(natural periods). The vibration measurement methods employed for field measurement and presents reliable methods of accessing natural period from ambient vibration tests. Data from measurement on 16 reinforced concrete buildings in Seoul City and Seoul national university of technology are given. 16 Low-rise Reinforced concrete buildings are measured for ambient vibration to obtain the natural frequency. The natural periods obtained by ambient vibration measurements are compared with those of forecast model suggested by standards and foreign researchers.

골아세포 MC₃T₃-E₁의 증식과 기능에 Insulin Like Growth Factor Ⅰ, Ⅱ 및 부갑상선 호르몬이 미치는 영향

윤현구,정호연,양인명,김성운,김진우,김광원,김영설,최영길,서광식 대한내과학회 1992 대한내과학회지 Vol.42 No.1

MC₃T₃-E₁골아세포군을 이용하여 IGF-Ⅰ과 Ⅱ를 투여하고 DNA합성과 골아세포기능을 측정하기 위해 PTH에 대한 C-AMP반응정도, alkaline phosphatase 활성도를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) IGF-Ⅰ과 Ⅱ는 모두 DNA합성이 어느 농도까지는 증식효과를 나타내지만 그 이후에는 억제되는 양상을 보였다. 2) PTH에 대한 골아세포의 C-AMP반응으로 증가되었지만 IGF-Ⅰ과 Ⅱ의 투여시 농도변화에 따른 의미있는 변화는 없었다. 3) 본 실험의 조건에서 alkaline phosphatase 활성도는 증가되지 않았다. 이상의 결과로 MC₃T₃-E₁ 골아세포에 IGF-Ⅰ과 Ⅱ는 세포의 증식을 자극하여 PTH는 C-AMP생성을 촉진하는 효과가 있었다. The effect of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) Ⅰ and Ⅱ on cloned MC₃T₃-E₁ cells that had osteoblastic activity was examined by [³H] thymidine incorporation into DNA, cyclic AMP responsiveness to parathyroid hormone (PTH), and alkaline phosphatase activity. IGF Ⅰ and Ⅱ stimulated the growth and proliferation of osteoblastic cells at 20ng/㎖ and 50ng/㎖, respectively. We next examined the effect of IGF-Ⅰ and Ⅱ on the expression of osteoblastic activity. Adenylate cyclase response of PTH to IGF-Ⅰ and Ⅱ-treated cells showed maximal stimulation at 10 and 50㎚PTH, respectively, but IGF Ⅰ and Ⅱ induced limited activity of osteoblastic function. In conclusion, IGF-Ⅰ and Ⅱ were potent stimulators to the growth of osteoblastic cells but did not have an immediate effect on expression of osteoblastic function in this experiment.

상아질 표면 젖음성이 수종 자가접착레진시멘트의 인장접착강도에 미치는 영향

윤성영,박세희,김진우,조경모 대한치과보존학회 2009 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.34 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 다른 표면 젖음성을 갖는 상아질에 대한 수종의 자가접착레진시멘트의 인장접착강도를 비교하고자 하는 것이다. 이번 실험을 위해 Rely-X Unicem (3M. ESPE. St. Paul. MN. USA). Embrace Wetbond (Pulpdent. Oakland. MA. USA). Maxcem (Kerr. Orangc. CA. USA) 3종의 자가접착레진시멘트를 사용하였다. 발거한 상, 하악 대구치 60 개를 미세절단기 (Acutom P-50, Struers, Copenhagen Denmark)를 이용해 한 치아에서 2 mm × 2 mm × 7 mm의 치아 시편 두개씩 얻었다. 상아질 표면을 건조 그룹은 10 초간 강한 공기로 건조시켰고, 습윤 그룹은 과잉의 수분을 2 초간 거즈로 압박해 제거하였다. 상아질 표면의 젖음성을 달리한 시편에 자가접착레진시멘트를 접착한 후 상온의 상대습도 100% 상태에서 24 시간 보관했고, 만능시험기 (EZ Test, Shimadzu corporation, Kyoto, Japan)를 이용해 인장접착강도를 측정했고, 분리된 접착면의 파절양상을 근관 치료용 현미경 (OPMI pro. Carl Zeiss. Oberkochen. Germany)을 이용해 20 배의 배율로 관찰하였다. SPSS™ Ver 10.0 (SPSS Inc.. Chicago. IL. USA)을 사용응하여 동일한 자가접착레진시멘트에서 상아질 젖음성에 따른 인장접착강도를 T-test로 비교하였으며, 각 자가접착레진시멘트간의 인장접착강도를 One way ANOVA test로 비교 분석하고 95% 유의수준에서 Scheffe's test로 사후검정 하였다. 실험 결과 자가접착레진시멘트의 인장접착강도는 상마질 젖음성에 영향을 받지 않았으며, 상아질 표면 젖음성과 상관없이 Maxcem의 인장접착강도가 Unicem과 Embrace의 인장접착강도보다 유의성 있는 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 또한 모든 시편의 분리된 접착면은 접착실패 양상을 나타내었다. 이상의 실험 결과로 볼 때 자가접착레진시멘트는 상아질 표면 젖음성에 상관없이 사용할 수 있을 것이라고 생각된다. The purpose of this study was to compare the tensile bond strength of several self-adhesive resin cements bonded to dentin surfaces with different wet conditions. Three self-adhesive resin cements:Rely-X Unicem (3M ESPE. St. Paul, MN USA). Embrace Wetbond (Pulpdent. Oakland. MA, USA). Maxcem (Kerr. Orange, CA USA) were used. Extracted sixty human molars were used. Each self-adhesive resin cement was adhered to the dentin specimens (two rectangular sticks from each molar) in different wet conditions. Tensile bond strength were measured using universal testing machine (EZ Test Shimadzu corporation Kyoto. Japan) at a crosshead speed of 1.0mm/min. After the testing bonding failures of specimens were observed by Operative microscope (OPMI pro. Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). T-test was used to evaluate the effect of dentin surface wetness. One-way ANOVA test was used to evaluate the tensile bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements in the same condition. Scheffe's test was used for statistical analyzing at the 95% level of confidence. The result showed that wetness of dentin surface didn't affect tensile bond strength of self0adhesive resin cements and Maxcem showed the lowest tensile bond strength.