근대화 과정에서 홍익의 자유이념 소통

김용환(Kim Yong-Hwan) 고조선단군학회 2009 고조선단군학 Vol.20 No.-

As a nationalist of colonial days, Han Yong-Un tried to analyze western modernization as viewpoint of the general trend. He tried to apply freedom and equality which was from Buddhism to those of modernization. That is to say, he considered Buddhism which was traditional thought as the religion which was very much close to the mass of people. Because of that, he thought national emotion had the power of subjectivity of modernization. Compared with the freedom of Han Yong-un, in the context of liberty of Liang Qichao, He reveals his social Darwinism and organic nationalism in the most systematic manner as a result of danger of colonization by the great powers. In his idea of New Citizen, each individual of a nation is a highly independent modern person who owns civil virtues such as ‘the nationalist idea’, ‘the spirit of liberty’, and ‘the economic spirit’. Han Yong Un thought freedom, equality and peace which is main point of Buddhism must be realized in the future. He also thought that realization must be done public commune subjectively by the revolution of the mass of people by degrees. Therefore, he basically denied outer interference and aggression. But Liang Qichao's organic consciousness indicates that since nation and its people are not in a subordinate relationship but nation is rather a colligation of each individual's welfare, nation cannot run counter to individual's happiness or benefit despite its attempt to limit each individual. Even if so, it is true that the fact that the total sum of each individual's benefit and happiness cannot exceed the benefit or the existence of the nation sets it apart from the individualistic modern democracy. ‘liberty’ for Liang meant ‘strong and sacrificial enough to secure the freedom of the collective/state’. In such collectivists Social Darwinist interpretation, “freedom” did not contradict at all the overall “statist” understanding of “modernity” and “civilization”-on the contrary, it functioned as its organic part. We can say that in the process of modernization, Han Yong Un focused his idea of public commune value through the freedom from the colonial days, Liang Qichao stressed his idea of liberty on the new citizenship by the new way of national building.

Molecular subtypes of triple-negative breast cancer: understanding of subtype categories and clinical implication

Yong‑Moon Lee,Man Hwan Oh,Jai‑Hyang Go,Kyudong Han,Song‑Yi Choi 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.12

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous entity that encompasses several subtypes with distinct molecular characteristics. The patients with TNBCs show unpredictable response to the chemotherapy, and further there is the lack of effective agents. Thus, many studies have been underway to discover targeted therapy suitable for patients with specific genetic alterations in each molecular subtypes. TNBCs are classified as four major molecular subtypes according to the gene expression patterns. These are luminal androgen receptor (LAR), mesenchymal-like, immunomodulatory (IM), and basal-like types. Conclusion: Here, we discuss the unique molecular features of each subtype as well as promising targets for anti-cancer therapy.

토끼에서 Etofenprox와 Spinosad 합제의 국소자극성 시험

황윤환,김명석,송인배,박병권,양승호,임용현,송치용,안성한,남현수,임정교,정상일,명노일,윤효인 忠南大學校 獸醫科大學 附設 動物醫科學硏究所 2008 動物醫科學硏究誌 Vol.15 No.1

This study was performed to evaluation the skin and eye irritation of etofenprox 8% and spinosad 4% combination in male New Zealand White rabbits. In skin irritation test, the combination of etofenprox and spinosad did not showed any change of body weight but caused slight skin irritation with the P.I.I. (primary irritation index) value 0.25. The etofenprox and spinosad combination showed severe eye irritation 1 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after ocular treatment, having the A.O.I. (acute ocular irritation) value of 37.3. Therefore, these result indicated that the combination of etofenprox and spinosad might be irritant formulation on eye and skin.

자기-관찰학습이 피루에트 앙 디올 턴 학습에 미치는 영향

신석환(Shin, Seak-Hwan),권택용(Kwon, Taeg-Yong) 한국사회체육학회 2015 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.60

This study is a form of observation learning is intended to examine the applicability of the observation learning program for the promotion of dance skills learning in real lesson in the dance scene by analyzing the impact of Pirouette en dehors turn learning. This study is no dance experience with a total of 36 groups o f between 17 and 24 years old, men and women and target the expert-modeling group, self-modeling group , self-observation groups, were divided into a control group with nine apiece randomly assigned. After subjects are to conduct a preliminary examination of each about after a pirouette en dehors turn each group participated in training for seven days of practice for 20 minutes every day, depending on how. After the end of practice to identify changes in the entire performance during the time trial performance by filming a scene. Immediately posttest examination was performed one day after the end of experiment. The analysis of operations carried out in the retention test score of self-observation group performs scores were better than the other groups, self-modeling group, expert-modeling group and the control group was found to improve skills in order to perform this operation.

외환위기 전후의 비대칭적 원가행태 비교연구

이용환(Lee, Yong-Hwan) 글로벌경영학회 2008 글로벌경영학회지 Vol.5 No.4

외환위기를 전후한 경제상황의 급격한 변화는 기업경영에 관련된 많은 시사점을 보여 주었다고 할수 있다. 이러한 영향은 원가행태에 있어서도 의미 있는 변화를 초래할 것으로 예상할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 원가동인인 생산량의 대용치로 당기총제조비용을 사용하여 원재료비, 노무비, 경비의 원가행태를 외환위기를 전후하여 비교 분석하였다. 분석결과 원재료비증가율의 경우에는 외환위기 직전의 하방경직적 행태가 직후에는 상방경직적인 행태로 바뀌었다가 다시 하방경직적인 행태로 전환되었으며, 반대로 노무비증가율과 경비증가율은 외환위기 전의 상방경직적인 행태에서 외환위기 직후 하방경직적인 행태로 바뀌었다가 다시 상방경직적인 행태로 전환되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 외환위기의 경제상황을 특별한 경우라고 가정하면, 우리나라 기업에서의 원가행태는 원재료비는 하방 경직적인 원가행태를, 노무비와 경비는 상방경직적인 원가행태를 보이고 있다고 할 수 있다. Through the economic crisis in Korea we could show radical change of economic state and presume that it probably influenced to business management and cost behavior. In this study comparatively analysis behavior of material costs, labor costs, and expenses, using current manufacturing cost as a cost driver instead of output. As a result the increasing rate of material costs shows downward stickiness before Economic Crisis, and upward stickiness immediately after Economic Crisis, then changed downward stickiness. On the contrary the increasing rate of labor costs and expenses shows upward stickiness before Economic Crisis, and downward stickiness immediately after Economic Crisis, then changed upward stickiness. Therefore, because Economic Crisis was a special case, we can say that in Korea material costs shows downward stickiness, and labor costs and expenses shows upward stickiness.

제약 프로그래밍과 메타휴리스틱을 활용한 차량 일정계획 시스템 개발에 관한 연구

김용환,장용성,유환주 한국경영과학회 2002 한국경영과학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.- No.1(2)

Constraint Programming is an appealing technology for modeling and solving various real-world problems, and metaheuristic is the most successful technique available for solving large real-world vehicle routing problems. Constraint Programming and metaheuristic are complementary to each other. This paper describes how iterative improvement techniques can be used in a Constraint Programming framework(ILOG Solver and ILOG Dispatcher) for Vehicle Routing Problem. As local search gets trapped in local solution, the improvement techniques are used in conjunction with metaheuristic method.

주가변동성에 영향을 미치는 재무적 요인에 관한 연구

이용환(Lee, Yong-hwan),유영중(Yoo, Young-joong) 글로벌경영학회 2012 글로벌경영학회지 Vol.9 No.2

본 연구는 주가변동성에 영향을 미치는 재무적 요인은 무엇인가를 규명하고, 이러한 재무적 요인이 주가변동성에 영향을 주는 정도가 기업특성에 따라 다르게 나타나고 있는지를 분석하고자 하는 것이다. 분석을 위하여 표본기업을 매출액증가율과 순이익증가율에 따라 4개의 집단으로 분류하였으며, 집단간 변수의 차이를 검증하기 위하여 분산분석을 실시한 바, 자기자본순이익률과 자기자본영업이익률을 제외한 모든 변수가 집단 간 유의적인 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 4개의 집단에 대하여 주가변동률과 재무지표 사이의 회귀분석을 실시한 결과 집단 마다 유의성을 가지는 변수와 그 변수가 가지는 비표준화계수의 부호 및 크기에 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 기업의 특성에 따라 재무비율이 주가변동율에 미치는 영향은 차이가 있을 것이라는 가설은 지지되고 있는 것으로 해석된다. The motivation of this study is identify financial factors influenced to volatility and analysis the effect of financial factors to volatility that is presumed different by business trait. For this study group sample business into four classes by increase ratio of sales and increase ratio of net profit. As a result of analysis of variance all the variables except ratio of net profit to equity capital and ratio of sales profit to equity capital shows resonable differences between four groups. Then it is expected that financial factors shows resonable relations to volatility at each four groups differently. As a result by regression it shows different resonable variables between four groups. And the size of unstandardized coefficients and symbols of unstandardized coefficients are different between four groups. So it is accepted that the effect of financial factors to volatility are different between four groups.

후두 및 하인두 암종에서 p53단백 발현과 Espstein-Barr Virus 검출

최영환,도남용,나한조,이도용,노용훈,김완수,최종선 조선대학교 2001 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.26 No.2

Background and Objectives : When p53 cancer suppressor gene, occurs gene deletion or point mutation, malignancy develops by loss of p53 function with abnormal p53 protein. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the causative agent of certain type of lymphoma and undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. However, the role of EBV as a causative factor in other head &eck tumors is not fully elucidated except nasopharyngeal carcinoma. This study, the author examined that p53 expression and detection rate of EBV correlate to development of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma(SCC) and play the possible role of prognostic indicators. Materials and Methods : Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimen from 32 cases of larynx and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas were studied by immunohistochemical staining for p53 and EBV. The results of analysis were compared with clinicopathological parameters. Results : p53 expression was 56.3% (18 cases) and the detection rate of EBV was 43.6% (14 cases) of 32 cases in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. p53 expression was correlate with histologic grade (p<05) only. Detection of EBV was not correlate with clinicopathological parmeters. Conclusion : These results suggest p53 expression and the detection of EBV may be related with development of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. And, the expression of p53 protein can be used as a prognosticator in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma under certain limitation.

초등학교 담임교사의 스포츠 선호도에 따른 체육수업지도의 내실화 방안

박용연,박동환 全州敎育大學校 初等敎育硏究所 2001 初等敎育硏究 Vol.12 No.-

The activational plan of physical instructional strategy to sport types of elementary school teachers in charge Park, Yong-Yeun (Jeonju National University of Education) Park, Dong-Hwan (Juan Nam Elementary school) The most students' physical education of present today is generally limited to their own personal experiences in physical education and those of their friends, more often than not, this represents a rather limited viewpoint of the actual scope of physical education is much more than what they experienced in their own elementary schools. A basic understanding of the state of the art in physical education is to fully comprehend the relationship between one's preparation and one's future occupation. Therefore, elementary school teachers in charge must focus on variety sports beyond the context of usefulness in scoring points or winning races.

항정신병약물 사용 중인 정신분열병 환자에서 올란자판으로의 교체 방법에 관한 연구(II) : Comparison of Safety 안전성 비교

안용민,권용실,권준수,민성호,박두병,양문정,소형석,송종호,신윤식,우행원,유범희,이홍석,정한용,한창환,김용식 大韓神經精神醫學會 2002 신경정신의학 Vol.41 No.5

연구목적: 이 다기관 공동임상연구는 사용 중인 항정신병약물을 ’직접 교체 방법’또는 ’시작-감량 교체 방법’중 한 가지 방법으로 올란자핀으로 교체한 후, 안정성 측면에서 두 교체 방법 간의 비교와 교체후의 변화를 관찰하기 위한 것이다. 방법: 국내 13개 병원의 입원 및 외래에 내원한 환자들 중 ICD-10 지단기준으로 정신분열병에 해당되며, 임상적으로 항정신병약물 교체가 필요한 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 두 가지 교체 방법 중 한 가지를 무작위로 피험자에 적용하였으며, ’직접 교체 방법’에 배정된 경우에는 사용중인 항정신병약물을 일시에 중단하고 10㎎의 올란자핀을 바로 투여하였고, ’시작-감량 교체 방법’에 배정된 경우는 10㎎의 올란자핀 투여하고 2주에 걸쳐서 기존 약물을 감량하여 중단하였다. 올란자핀 사용기간은 총 6주이며, 용량은 5∼20㎎ 범위로 제한하였다. 한정성 평가를 위해서 체중, 생명징후, 자발적인 이상반응 복, 실험실 검사 그리고 Simpson-Angus Scale(SAS), Barnes akathisia rating scale(BARS), Abnormal involuntary movement scale(AIMS). Liverpool University neuroleptic side effect rating scale(LUNSERS)등을 이용하였다. 결과: 총 103명의 정신분열병 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 사용한 올란자핀의 용량, 벤조디아제핀의 병용률, 탈락률과 탈락 사유, 자발적인 이상반응 보고, 생명징후, 실험실 검사 그리고 대부분의 부작용 척도 상에서 임상적으로 의미 있는 차이를 두 교체 방법간에 발견하지 못하였다. 다만 AIMS의 감소는 ’직접 교체 방법’군에서 보다 적었고, 항콜린제의 병용률은 ’시작-감량 교체 방법’군에서 보다 많았다. 기저 상태에서 전체 피험자의 SAS와 BARS 점수는 각각 3.5점과 1.8점이었으며 70% 이상의 피험자가 고프로락틴 혈증을 보였다. 올란자핀으로 교체한 후, SAS, BARS, AIMS 점수의 유의한 감소가 있었으며 고프로락틴 혈증을 보인 피험자 분율도 약 30%이하로 감소하였다. 그러나 교체 방법과 상관없이 올란자핀 교체 후 유의한 체중 증가가 있었다. 결론: 이 연구를 통해 교체 방법에 관계없이 비교적 안전하고 용이하게 올란자핀으로 교체 할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 기존 항정신병약물을 올란자핀으로 교체함으로써 일부 부작용들을 줄일 수 있음을 간접적으로 관찰할 수 있었다. 하지만 이 연구는 여러 제한점과 문제점을 지니고 있기 때문에 보다 체계적인 연구를 통해 검정이 필요하리라 생각된다. Objectives: This multicenter clinical trial involving 13 hospital sites compared the safely of switching to olanzapine between ’direct switching method’ and ’start-tapering switching method’. Method: This study included both inpatients and outpatients who fulfilled the criteria for schizophrenia as defined in the ICD-10, and were in need to be appropriate for switching antipsychotics. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the two switching methods. For ’direct switching method’group, previous antipsychotics were abruptly discontinued and 10㎎ of olanzapine was administered, and previous antipsychotics was gradually tapered for 2 weeks. Olanzapine was used for 6 weeks and the dose was adjusted within the range of 5-20㎎. The safety of switching to olanzapine was measured with vital sings including body weight, adverse events reported spontaneously, laboratory tests, and various scales such as Simpson-Angus Scale(SAS), Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale(BARS). Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale(AIMS), and Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side Effect Rating Scale(LUNSERS). Results: 103 patients were switched to olanzapine in this study. The comparison between two switching methods did not show any significant difference in the dosage of olanzapine used, the concomitant use of benzodiazepine, the rate and reasons of drop-out, the adverse events, vital signs, laboratory tests, and most scales for measuring side-effects. However, the decrease in AIMS scores was significantly lower in ’direct switching method’ group, and the concomitant use of anticholinergics was comparatively greater in ’start-tapering switching method’ group. At baseline, SAS and BARS scores were 3.5 and 1.8 points respectively, and more than 70% of the subjects showed hyperprolactinemia. After switching to olanzapine, SAS, BARS, and AIMS scores were significantly decreased and the proportion of the patients with hyperprolactinemia was also decreased to less than 30%. However significant weight gain after the treatment of olanzapine was observed regardless of switching method. Conclusion: This study may suggest that switching to olanzapine can be done with relatively high safety regardless of switching methods and olanzapine can significantly decrease some side-effects induced by other antipsychotics.