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“The Difference is Spreading”: Metonymy and the Ethics of Multiplicity in Gertrude Stein`s Writings
( Jen Yi Hsu ) 한국영미문학페미니즘학회 2012 영미문학페미니즘 Vol.20 No.3
This paper investigates how the metonymic style in Stein`s writings undoes the binary oppositional logic and how the idea of difference can be conceived in this linguistic wandering upon a surface unattached to ideal meaning as the prescription for an intelligible, “proper,” or even heterosexist writing. The works under analysis include “Melanctha,” “Lifting Belly,” Tender Buttons, and “As a Wife Has a Cow.” Utilizing Lacan`s association of metaphor with repression and metonymy with desire, I argue that Stein`s metonymic style demonstrates the impossibility of realizing the object of desire. This triggers the metonymic chain of displacement, which ensures that each signifier has the infinite freedom of connections and associations that is denied to metaphor. Also, Stein`s fixation on repetition as “beginning again and again and again” ties in with Deleuze`s concept of repetition and difference. Derrida`s critique of metaphor and its metaphysical underpinnings are also included in my examination of Stein`s anti-representational or anti-mimetic writings.
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Adaptive MMSE Rake-Equalizer Receiver Design with Channel Estimation for DS-UWB System
Yi-Jen Chiu,Szu-Lin Su 대한전자공학회 2007 ITC-CSCC :International Technical Conference on Ci Vol.2007 No.7
The UWB systems have a fine path resolution by transmitting information with ultra short pulses. The Rake receiver is known to be a technique that can effectively combine paths with different delays and obtain the path diversity gain. However, the UWB multipath channel is spread over dozens of symbols in the case of ultra high-speed communications of several hundreds Mbps, which results in a strong frequency selective channel. Consequently, the Rake receiver needs a large number of fingers and the computational complexity of the Rake receiver becomes high. The conventional Rake receiver employs the weight vector to perform the maximal ratio combining (MRC) which maximizes the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) when the interference is modeled as additive white Gaussian noise. But for its complexity and cost to remain low, the number of fingers that can be afforded is too small to capture the ample energy provided by the UWB channel, which entails a large number of paths (often>50). In this paper, we introduce a robust receiver design incorporating a channel estimation scheme for DS-UWB over a realistic indoor multipath channel in Fig. 1. The proposed receiver reduces intense multi-path destruction and severe ISI by using a combined adaptive Rake and equalizer structure referred to as the adaptive MMSE Rake-equalizer receiver in Fig. 2. Relevant receiver parameters are estimated using the MMSE algorithm. This has motivated studies of multipath combining receivers that process only a subset of the available Lp resolved multipath components. We obtain more robust signal detection at the receiver side by the adaptive channel estimation in order to extract more accurate channel state information. The channel characteristics are first estimated using the LMS adaptive algorithm on the training sequence of the preamble. The proposed receiver is able to employ the energy of a few paths and obtain better performance by the proposed receiver design. Simulation results show that channel estimation is necessary and that increasing the number of Rake fingers is effective in improving system performance. We also show that DS-UWB with adaptive MMSE Rake-equalizer has better BER performance than DS-UWB with MRC Rake receiver, especially when the number of fingers is large. In particular it is shown that the performance of an adaptive MMSE Rake-equalizer receiver of number of Rake fingers equal to 5 (L=5) outperforms an MRC Rake receiver of number of Rake fingers equal to 10 (L=10) over CM4 channels. Finally, the LMS algorithm does give a satisfactory performance with fast convergence in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. The proposed adaptive MMSE Rake-equalizer receiver is able to employ the energy of a few paths and obtain better performance by the suitable receiver design. It shows that the adaptive algorithm gives a satisfactory performance.
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The Structure of Polysemy: A study of multi-sense words based on WordNet
( Jen Yi Lin ),( Chang Hua Yang ),( Shu Chuan Tseng ),( Chu Ren Huang ) 한국언어정보학회 2002 국제 워크샵 Vol.2002 No.-
The issues in polysemy with respect to the verbs in WordNet will be discussed in this paper. The hypernymy/hyponymy structure of the multiple senses is observed when we try to build a bilingual network for Chinese and English. There are several types of polysemic patterns and a co-hypernym may have the same word form as its subordinates. Fellbaum (2000) dubbed autotroponymy that the verbs linked by manner relation share the same verb form. However, her syntactic criteria seem not compatible to the hierarchies in WN. Either the criteria or the network should be reconducted. For most verbs in WN 1.7, polysemous relations are unlikely to extend over 3 levels of IS-A relation. Highly polysemous verbs are more complicated and may be involved in certain semantic structures. Semi-automatic sense grouping may be helpful for multimlinguital information retrieveal.
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Yi-Ting Wang,Chung-Yi Yang,Jong-Kai Hsiao,Hon-Man Liu,Wen-Jen Lee,Yun Shen 대한영상의학회 2009 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.10 No.3
Objective: We wanted to evaluate the impact of two reconstruction algorithms (halfscan and multisector) on the image quality and the accuracy of measuring the severity of coronary stenoses by using a pulsating cardiac phantom with different heart rates (HRs). Materials and Methods: Simulated coronary arteries with different stenotic severities (25, 50, 75%) and different luminal diameters (3, 4, 5 mm) were scanned with a fixed pitch of 0.16 and a 0.35 second gantry rotation time on a 64-slice multidetector CT. Both reconstruction algorithms (halfscan and multisector) were applied to HRs of 40-120 beats per minute (bpm) at 10 bpm intervals. Three experienced radiologists visually assessed the image quality and they manually measured the stenotic severity. Results: Fewer measurement errors occurred with multisector reconstruction (p = 0.05), a slower HR (p < 0.001) and a larger luminal diameter (p = 0.014); measurement errors were not related with the observers or the stenotic severity. There was no significant difference in measurements as for the reconstruction algorithms below an HR of 70 bpm. More nonassessable segments were visualized with halfscan reconstruction (p = 0.004) and higher HRs (p < 0.001). Halfscan reconstruction had better quality scores when the HR was below 60 bpm, while multisector reconstruction had better quality scores when the HR was above 90 bpm. For the HRs between 60 and 90 bpm, both reconstruction modes had similar quality scores. With excluding the nonassessable segments, both reconstruction algorithms achieved a similar mean measured stenotic severity and similar standard deviations. Conclusion: At a higher HR (above 90 bpm), multisector reconstruction had better temporal resolution, fewer nonassessable segments, better quality scores and better accuracy of measuring the stenotic severity in this phantom study. Objective: We wanted to evaluate the impact of two reconstruction algorithms (halfscan and multisector) on the image quality and the accuracy of measuring the severity of coronary stenoses by using a pulsating cardiac phantom with different heart rates (HRs). Materials and Methods: Simulated coronary arteries with different stenotic severities (25, 50, 75%) and different luminal diameters (3, 4, 5 mm) were scanned with a fixed pitch of 0.16 and a 0.35 second gantry rotation time on a 64-slice multidetector CT. Both reconstruction algorithms (halfscan and multisector) were applied to HRs of 40-120 beats per minute (bpm) at 10 bpm intervals. Three experienced radiologists visually assessed the image quality and they manually measured the stenotic severity. Results: Fewer measurement errors occurred with multisector reconstruction (p = 0.05), a slower HR (p < 0.001) and a larger luminal diameter (p = 0.014); measurement errors were not related with the observers or the stenotic severity. There was no significant difference in measurements as for the reconstruction algorithms below an HR of 70 bpm. More nonassessable segments were visualized with halfscan reconstruction (p = 0.004) and higher HRs (p < 0.001). Halfscan reconstruction had better quality scores when the HR was below 60 bpm, while multisector reconstruction had better quality scores when the HR was above 90 bpm. For the HRs between 60 and 90 bpm, both reconstruction modes had similar quality scores. With excluding the nonassessable segments, both reconstruction algorithms achieved a similar mean measured stenotic severity and similar standard deviations. Conclusion: At a higher HR (above 90 bpm), multisector reconstruction had better temporal resolution, fewer nonassessable segments, better quality scores and better accuracy of measuring the stenotic severity in this phantom study.
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Yi-Jen Chiu,Szu-Lin Su,Shao-Ping Hung 대한전자공학회 2007 ITC-CSCC :International Technical Conference on Ci Vol.2007 No.7
Direct conversion receiver is widely utilized in today’s communication system. However, it usually faces a common problem of front-end distortions such as IQ imbalance and frequency offset. When treated separately, effective algorithms exist for estimating and compensating for IQ imbalance as well as frequency offset. With both effects present, such algorithms do not lead to useful estimates of the related parameters. OFDM is sensitive to nonidealities in the receiver front-end. This leads either to stringent front-end specifications and, thus, an expensive device, or large performance degradations. A good summary, Guanbin [1] discusses the transmitter calibration briefly and proposes an estimation technique for calculating the imbalance parameters. For the IEEE 802.11a OFDM standard, Tubbax observe that additional effects from OFDM channel estimation and correction can affect the IQ correction circuits and proposes a smoothing procedure to compensate. The above procedure is not effective when the CFO is too small. This paper extends the previous results mentioned above by developing a simple and adaptive least-square (LS) algorithm to estimate and compensate for IQ imbalance assuming the IQ imbalance compensation is not affected by the CFO, then the CFO is estimated using any of several conventional algorithms. With the additional requirement of a known periodic training sequence (see Su and Chiu ) this process extends the results of to practical cases when CFO is small. Our compensation scheme eliminates the IQ imbalance based on one OFDM symbol and performs well in the presence of CFO. The compensation scheme has fast convergence and small residual degradations. The solution is implemented with an adaptive filter to adjust the parameters of estimation and is computationally relatively inexpensive. With the proposed method as shown in Fig. 1, we can estimate the effect of IQ imbalance without knowing CFO exactly by means of an repetitive training sequence as depicted in Fig.2. Two set of I/Q mismatch parameters, (εr=1.5㏈, ?φr=1.5˚) and (εr=3㏈, ?φr=3˚), are used in the simulations. Fig. 3 shows the performance comparison between the systems with and without I/Q imbalance compensation. It shows that the proposed algorithm can give a satisfactory performance for CFO > 5㎑. To reduce the drawback of high sensitivity under low CFO channel, we modify the adaptive scheme and the fine IQ estimation method to solve the problem of performance degradation when CFO is small. Therefore, our IQ imbalance estimation/compensation scheme potentially leads to low-cost and low-complexity receivers. The simulation results show that the modified scheme can achieve much better performance as shown in Fig. 4.
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Teng, Yi-Shan,Su, Yi-shin,Chen, Lih-Jen,Lee, Yong Jik,Hwang, Inhwan,Li, Hsou-min American Society of Plant Physiologists 2006 The Plant cell Vol.18 No.9
<P>An Arabidopsis thaliana mutant defective in chloroplast protein import was isolated and the mutant locus, cia5, identified by map-based cloning. CIA5 is a 21-kD integral membrane protein in the chloroplast inner envelope membrane with four predicted transmembrane domains, similar to another potential chloroplast inner membrane protein-conducting channel, At Tic20, and the mitochondrial inner membrane counterparts Tim17, Tim22, and Tim23. cia5 null mutants were albino and accumulated unprocessed precursor proteins. cia5 mutant chloroplasts were normal in targeting and binding of precursors to the chloroplast surface but were defective in protein translocation across the inner envelope membrane. Expression levels of CIA5 were comparable to those of major translocon components, such as At Tic110 and At Toc75, except during germination, at which stage At Tic20 was expressed at its highest level. A double mutant of cia5 At tic20-I had the same phenotype as the At tic20-I single mutant, suggesting that CIA5 and At Tic20 function similarly in chloroplast biogenesis, with At Tic20 functioning earlier in development. We renamed CIA5 as Arabidopsis Tic21 (At Tic21) and propose that it functions as part of the inner membrane protein-conducting channel and may be more important for later stages of leaf development.</P>
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Shun-Jen Yu,Yi-Hao Lee,Ching-Ping Lin,Aaron Yu-Jen Wu 대한치주과학회 2019 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.49 No.4
Purpose: To analyze the maxillary sinus anatomy over edentulous ridges in the bilateral posterior maxillary area in Taiwanese patients using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: In total, 101 anatomical sites from 61 patients, including 32 premolar and 69 molar regions, were analyzed using CBCT. Measurements were made of the width and height of edentulous ridges, the thickness of the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus, and the presence of a sinus septum and the posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA). A statistical analysis of the measurements was performed, and correlations among the measurements were assessed. Results: The average ridge width was 10.26±3.16 mm, with a significantly greater ridge width in the second molar region than in the premolar region. The mean residual ridge height was 8.55±4.09 mm, and ridge height showed an opposite trend from ridge width for the premolar and molar regions. A sinus septum was present at 5.9% of the sites, and the PSAA was observed in 24.5%. The average thickness of the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus was 2.08±0.94 mm, with no significant difference between the tooth position and lateral wall thickness. Conclusions: This study presents the anatomical features of the maxillary sinus, which should be considered in sinus lift procedures for implant placement, in the Taiwanese population. The use of CBCT is recommended to avoid intraoperative complications.
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