논문 : 프랑코 정권 초기의 교육 정책

황보영조 ( Yeong Jo Hwangbo ) 대구사학회 2013 대구사학 Vol.111 No.-

Education Policy in the Beginning of the Franco Regime Hwangbo, Yeong-jo [Abstract] The modern dictators were apt to consider the education policy very important because they thought school was an institution for passing their ideologies on to the new generations. The spanish dictator, Francisco Franco, was no exception. The education policy was not unvarying under the Franco Regime. We may divide the period of the Franco Regime into three stages with a view to examine its education policy. That is the beginning from 1938 to 1945, the middle from 1945 to 1962, the end from 1962 to 1975. At the beginning they established the national-catholic education system; at the middle the national-catholicism reached its peak and faced a social and economic challenge, and at the end they founded the technocratic system in the educational institution. Here we examine the first stage that the national-catholic education policy was set up. At this stage the educational authorities censored the books and teaching materials and purged the schoolteachers who didn`t follow or support the National Movement. There was also a struggle for leadership in education between the Falange and the Catholic Church of Spain. Eventually, the latter won the struggle and the result has been reflected in the Law of Elementary Education of 1945. We examine the procedures of being established this education policy and its main contents based on the documents such as laws, orders and circulars. we confine this analysis to the elementary education.

비만과 정상체중 여고생의 영양섭취 비교 연구

조현숙,김세종,최승욱,백영호 釜山大學校 附設 體育科學硏究所 2005 體育科學硏究所 論文集 Vol.21 No.2

The purpose of this study was to compare the obese and the normal weight girls in high school on the level of the recommended dietary allowances for the Koreans based on total energy intake, the ratio of 3nutrients intake, micro-nutrients intake, daily dietary intake and the ratio of 4nutrients intake by animality and vegetability. The results of this study are as follows:...............

Calcium phosphate 결정 성장 최적화를 위한 Ti 표면의 BaTiO_3 박막 형성에 관한 연구

조진우,양홍서,박영준,황규석,송종은,이용렬 전남대학교 치과대학 2001 구강과학 Vol.13 No.2

This study was purposed to establish an optimized manufacturing process for a negatively charged ferroelectric thin flim on titanium substrate in order to develop a new implant system having the mechanical strength and bone forming ability. Ferroelectric materials show an alignment of positive and negative charges by poling treatment. Based on this property, this study was performed with the assumption that the Ca^2+ ions would be easily attracted on negatively charged surface and the attracted cation might behave as nuclei for bone-like crystal grownth in biological solutions. In order to have an osteoinducibility by the ferroelectric thin film coating, continuous and flawless crystalline thin film should be formed with ferroelectricity, and finally should be adequately poling treated. In this study, BaTiO_3 (BTO) was selected as a ferroelectric material. Before thin film coating process, most favorable poling condition was investiged with the evaluation of the difference in calcium phosphate (Ca-P) formation in simulated body fluid (SBF). Moreover, the parameters to form an optimum thin film were studied. Dense bulk BTO disks were fabricate using cold isostatic pressing(CIP) and sintered in air at 1300℃ for 2 hours. Sintered BTO disk was polished, and he crystallinity, microstructure, and ferroelectric characteristics were evaluated using an X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and an Impedance analyzer. To find the optimum poling condition for the calcium phosphate crystal formation, sintered bulk BTO specimens were treated with either of following poling conditions; 1) room temperature poling treatment [ polarizing field (Ep) = 25kV/cm, at 25℃ for 2 hours], 2) under Tc medium-temperaturepoling treatment (Ep=20kV/cm, from 85˚C to 25˚C for 2 hour), and 3) above Tc high-temperature poling were immesed in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 30 days, and the formation of calcium phosphate (Ca-P) layer n the surface was evaluated. The crystallinity, microstructure, and ferroelectric characteristic of BTO thin film were evaluated withthe variation of final heat treatment. It was performed after establishing the starting substance-solvent mixing ratio, coating times, and pre-heating temperature optimal to form continuous and flawless BTO thin film adequate for having ferroelectricity. Perparation of BTO thin film was made by dipping-pyrolysis technique using metal naphthenates as starting substances. BTO thin films was spin-coated on Ti substrate by dipping-pyrolysis technique using sol obtained by mixing Ba-naphthenate and Ti-naphthenate as starting substances. Pre-firing temperature of BTO thin film was performed at 450℃ because organic-solvent ws completely volatilized without any crystal growth, and the final heat treatment was performed at 600, 700 or 800℃, respectively. The results are as follows; 1. BTO disk sintered at 1300℃ for 2 hours showed average grain size of about 1㎛ and the relative dielectric constant at 1㎑ was abut 3000∼3500. 2. After immersing the sintered bulk BTO poled at respective conditions in SBF for 30 days, Ca-P layers were present on the negatively charged surfaces. In contrary, positively charged Bto surface did not show any noticeable charge of the surface microstructure after SBF immersion. 3. In he case of poling condition 1 and 2 treated with below Tc, Ca/P ratio showed a relatively low value of 1,.2∼1.5. While, in the case of poling condition 3 treated with above Tc, Ca/P ratio was 1.5∼1.67, which is similar to that of biological apatite. This phenomenon demonstrates that poling the BTO above the temperature of Tc is preferable for the Ca-P formation. 4. For thin film BTO coastin, the starting substance was prepared by an equimolar mixing of the Ba and Ti-naphthenate. Dilution of the starting substance with toluene was most appropriate at sol : toluene ratio of 5.2:4.8 Too thin sol produced porosity in film, and too thick sol resulted cracks in the film. By repeating the coating and pre-firing procedure 15 times, homogeneous film of 0.5㎛ thickness could be fabricated, and perfomed well during the poling treatment without breakdown. 5. The heat-treatmen of the BTO thin film at 700℃ produced a homogeneous crystalline structure without heterogeneous TiO2 formation. The BTO thin film heat-treated at 600℃ showed non-crystallinity and no ferroelectricity. Treatment at 800℃ produced heterogeneous TiO2 phase in the film, which is unfavorabe for having ferroelectricity by the distortion of the perovskite structure. The relative dielectic constant at 1 ㎑ was 152 and 112 by heat-treatment at 700 and 800℃, respectively. In summary, these results demonstrated that poling the ferroelectric B_aT_iO_3 surface negatively is effective for the formation of Ca-P layer in simulated body fluids. Poling condition at a temperature cooling from above Tc down to room temperature is most effective. By optimizing the method of BTO thin film coating on metal substrate for the formation of Ca-P layer, the data of this study might be applied for the manufacture of new bioactive implant system.

우리나라 近代私學史硏究에 있어서의 몇가지 問題點

曺永建 淸州大學校 1976 論文集 Vol.9 No.1

三韓 사회의 발전 과정 고찰 : 辰王의 위상변화와 삼한사회의 분립을 중심으로

조영훈 이화사학연구소 2003 梨花史學硏究 Vol.0 No.30

This article makes a goal to consider development process of the Byeon-han(弁韓) from Three-hans(三韓) period to Three-kingdoms(三國) period. The Account of Eastern Barbarians(東夷傳) in the Samgukji(三國志) is the oldest, and the nearest by real. Because those are based on the contemporary sources of Wei(魏), so must be regarded as the most fundamental materials. The part of the Samgukji concerning Three-Hans(三韓) in the 3rd century records the existence of a king by the name of Jin-wang(辰王) ruling Mokji-guk(目支國.) However the interpretence of a king by the name of Jin-wang have been varied, through this examination, I think that the historical character of his figure is representative of chieftain called Sinji(臣智); who came into existence as the result of combination and subjugation between tribal communities in Three-Hans society. The Sinji in each region organized central political principality, such as Sinbungo-guk(臣분沽國), Sinunsin-guk(臣雲新國), located Ma-han(馬韓), Guya-guk(狗邪國), Anya-guk(安邪國), located in Byeon-han. In the beginning of the 3rd century, Sinji of Mokii-guk concluded close relationships with the other chieftains of principalities, at length he became a king, Jin-wang. But the basis of jin-wang's kingship was we so he was always unable to bring these principalities under his authority. Also, on the distruption-policy of Wei(魏) dynasty in China, he soon disappearded during the latter half of the 3rd century. The eastern foreign policy of the Wei took the shape of a mililtary hard-line policy aimed at protecting their rear frontiers and ensuring the supply of goods. According to the changing circumstans, principalities of Jin-han(辰韓) and Ma-han get out of Jin-wang's authority, and they concentrated all one's abilities on making the kingdom in the each region. While on the Byeon-han, the nucleus that principality transform into state didn't appear, still principalities like Guya-guk, Anya-guk remain until 6th century. The actual existernce of Jin-wang historically evaluated as an important historical precednt to the formation of king on Three-kingdoms period(三國時代).

골프운동 참여와 여가만족 관계

조영권,윤기운 한국스포츠리서치 2005 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.16 No.2

The purpose of this study was to examine the leisure satisfaction and golf participation. Subjects of this study was 230 priest between 20 - 65 years old in Seoul, Gwang ju, Inchon, Kyung gi, Dae jun. The scales of leisure satisfaction used in the studies of Sungryong Jin(1999). Damsuk Han (1993), Ieejoong Ioon(199G) and so forth were used in this questionnaire. A preliminary investigation was made on the completed survey sheets to see if the contents of the survey were suitable and were able to apply for the study. and then the reliability and the validity were examined. The completed survey sheets were examined with the preliminary investigation on the content feasibility and applicability and then ensured with reliability and validity. The data were analysed without the others which had poor qualities or were unreliable were excluded. The statistical methods for the data analysis in this research were. ANOVA, and Regression Analysis. Results of this research is as following. 1. Gender shows significant difference among the physical, social, psychological leisure satisfactions. 2. Age shows significant difference among the environmental satisfactions. 3. Satisfaction frequency in indoor shows significant difference among the environmental, social. psychological leisure satisfactions. 4. Satisfaction frequency in outdoor shows significant difference among the physical, social, psychological leisure satisfactions. 5 Handicap shows significant difference among the physical, environmental, social, psychological leisure satisfactions. 6. The group of higher satisfaction frequency or duration in satisfaction method of golfer shows significant difference among leisure satisfactions.

프랑코 체제와 여성

황보영조 부산외국어대학교 지중해연구소 2003 지중해지역연구 Vol.5 No.2

As part of Spain's economic and political transformation in the nineteenth century, Spain developed a version of the new gender ideology taking shape in "modernizing" countries, an ideology that attempted deliberately to marginalize women's participation in the social and political transformations taking place. By the mid nineteenth century, the dualistic world of separate spheres constituted the official framework for assigning woman's status and proper function, and its residual impact remains an important constituent of gender roles to the present day. Thus, while the public and political realm got recast as the stage of the modem worker and citizen, women were defined out of that realm and relegated to the private sphere of domesticity. On the other hand, the politics and construction of the nation remained a predominantly male endeavor in Spain, as in most European countries, until the twentieth century. The sociocultural formation of identity was shaped by the ideology of separate spheres based on different gender roles. According to some scholars, 'nationalizing the masses' largely referred to male subjects. Men were the soldiers, workers, taxpayers, consumers, and ultimately, voters of the nascent nation-states, and women were excluded from the public rhetoric and process of nation-building. Under fascist regimes such as those of Italy or Nazi Germany, gender difference figured centrally in the political discourse that defined national and individual identities. These regimes took great care to articulate women's roles and obligations as part of the national agenda. Likewise, Franco's state viewed women as its indispensable partner in nation-building. It put in place institutions and promulgated laws to officiate women's duties as mothers and daughters of the fatherland. Both the state and the Catholic Church reinforced the separate spheres ideology, As the regime saw it, gender difference constituted the very essence of selfhood; it rendered stability and social order to the nation and clarity of purpose to the individual. This article explores gender relations under Franco's regime by focusing on the women's identity and their roles in the field of labor and politics.

스페인 내전과 여성

황보영조 숙명여자대학교 아세아여성문제연구소 2006 아시아여성연구 Vol.45 No.2

이 글은 스페인 내전기 여성들의 이미지와 주요 활동들을 간략히 개관한 것이다. 스페인 내전이 공화 진영과 프랑코 진영으로 나뉘어 치러졌기 때문에 이것을 두 진영으로 나누어 살펴보았다. 스페인 내전은 전쟁일뿐만 아니라 내전이었기 때문에 다양한 사회적 실험이 가능한 무대였다. 이 점은 여성들의 지위와 역할에 대해서도 마찬가지였다. 내전기 스페인 여성들의 지위와 역할은 그들이 속한 진영에 따라 커다란 차이가 있었다. 먼저 공화 진영에서는 전쟁 초기에 여성 민병대원들의 이미지가 여성들의 새로운 표상으로 떠올랐다가 곧 전투적 모성과 후방의 영웅이라는 새로운 이미지로 대체되었다. 그 결과 어머니와 양육자로서의 여성 모델이 병사들의 스웨터를 뜨고 부상자들을 간호하며 피난민들을 돌보는 여성들의 활동으로 구체화되어 나타났다. 일부 극소수 여성 민병대원들은 전쟁 초기에 남성 동료들과 어깨를 같이 하며 전투에 참여하기도 했다. 하지만 전반적으로는 전선 내에서도 여성들과 남성들의 역할 분담이 이루어진 것을 확인할 수 있다. 여성들은 대개 요리와 세탁, 위생, 우편, 연락, 행정을 담당했다. 당시 가장 급진적인 사회실험을 보인 여성 민병대원들 세계 내에서조차 이렇듯 젠더에 따른 역할 구분이 뚜렷했었다. 이 점은 여성들의 유급노동을 둘러싼 갈등에서도 나타났다. 남성 인력이 전방에 투입된 상황에서 그를 대체할 여성 인력이 필요했음에도 불구하고 이는 남성들의 적대감과 여성들의 유급노동을 달갑지 않게 생각하는 인습적인 견해에 부딪쳐 난항을 겪게 된다. 반면, 프랑코 진영에서는 공화 진영에서와 달리 제2공화국 하에서 추진된 여성의 지위와 역할에 대한 근대적인 조처들을 후퇴시키고 전통적인 모델의 여성으로 돌아가려는 운동이 추진되었다. 가정을 돌아보고 교회를 섬기는 것이 프랑코 진영 여성들의 본분이었다. 팔랑헤당 소속 여성부와 사회구제 기관을 통한 활동은 이러한 차원에서 추진된 것이라고 볼 수 있다. This paper deals with Spanish women's images and activities in the Civil War of Spain. This Spanish Civil War was a stage on which it was possible to make various social experiments because it was not only war but also civil war. Spanish women showed great difference in their images and activities according to the area to where they belonged. For the first few weeks of the war there arose the militia woman's image as a new representation of Spanish women in the Republican area, but this image was, before long, substituted another new image of militant maternity and heroine at the rear. This model was materialized into the activities such as knitting sweater, nursing wounded soldiers and caring for refugees, etc. Even though, at the first stage of the war, very few militia women participated in battle together with their male companions, most of them did their traditional roles such as cooking, washing, hygiene, postage and administration, etc., even in war front. We can find also this kind of traditional gender roles division in the male workers' resistance to women's paid work. On the other hand, in the Francoist area women tried to withdraw modern measures concerning on women's rights and roles that were carried forward under the Second Republic, and to restore the traditional model of woman in spanish society. They should take care of their home and church. It was considered their proper duty as a woman. Based on this point of view they did their work in the Women's Section of the Falange and Social Relief Institution.

職務態度分析에 관한 試論 : 疏外論的 接近 Job Alienation

金永聲,鄭光朝 충남대학교 법률행정연구소 1988 논문집 Vol.16 No.-

유압 피스톤 펌프의 피스톤과 실린더 사이의 압력분포

김영환,박태조 경상대학교 생산기술연구소 2002 工學硏究院論文集 Vol.2 No.-

Under the tendency of higher speed and pressure requirements in hydraulic machinery, the clearance between piston and cylinder became gradually smaller. This results in many new tribological problems. Therefore exact understanding of oil pressure distribution in the clearance is vital for designers in reducing the energy losses due to friction and improving its reliability. This paper aimed at measuring oil pressure distribution in the clearance considering the effect of piston speed. We designed a piston-cylinder type test apparatus and measured oil pressure distributions accurately. The results showed that the pressure distributions are highly affected by the piston speed, and present experimental method can be used to enhance the performance of hydraulic piston pumps.