Gangjeong Village ‘Jikimis’ as Commoners

YEA-YL YOON 서울대학교 사회발전연구소 2018 Journal of Asian Sociology Vol.47 No.2

This paper attempts to investigate the significance of the practice of the “jikimis” of Gangjeong Village in particular among social movements in South Korea. There is an island named Jeju-do in the south part of South Korea, and Gangjeong Village is a coastal village on the southern part of Jeju-do. A naval base was built there in 2016 as a national project. Gangjeong Village was selected as a naval base site in 2007, and struggles to prevent the construction of the naval base continued thereafter for 10 years, but the naval base was eventually built. By the way, during the course of the opposition movement, activists called jikimis and ordinary citizens entered Gangjeong Village for solidarity with the opposition movement of the residents, and some of them have continued their activities while living in the village even after the naval base was built. This paper is intended to capture them as commoners and analyze the significance of their practice in terms of commoning. In addition, this paper will address what tasks for grouping are provided to the commons theory by their movement after the defeat of the movement.

강정, 마을에 대한 세 가지 시선

윤여일(Yea-Yl Yoon) 한국환경사회학회 2017 환경사회학연구 ECO Vol.21 No.1

이 논문은 제주해군기지 건설을 막아내지 못했지만, 반대운동의 좌절 ‘이후’에 오히려 새로운 마을상을 형성해가고 있는 강정마을을 주목한다. 이를 위해 「제주 민·군 복합형 관광미항 지역발전계획」, 『강정향토지江汀鄕土誌』, 『강정이야기』라는 세 가지 자료를 통해 세 가지 마을상을 비교한다. 제주특별자치도의 발주로 2012년에 발표된 「제주 민·군 복합형 관광미항 지역발전계획」은 마을을 개발대상으로 간주하여, 마을의 현재 결여 상태를 부각시키고 지역개발을 위한 다섯 가지 전략을 제시한다. 반면 1996년 강정마을회가 발간한 『강정향토지』는 마을의 긴 역사와 마을의 풍요로운 땅, 하천, 바다의 환경을 긍지 어리게 서술하고 있다. 그러나 이십년이 지난 지금, 강정마을은 『강정향토지』가 묘사한 모습과는 크게 달라졌다. 그리고 세 번째 자료는 마을신문인 『강정이야기』다. 『강정이야기』는 강정마을의 변화하는 현재를 기록하고 있는데, 이를 읽어보면 해군기지 건설 반대운동 가운데서 강정마을에서는 새로운 공간과 활동이 생겨나고 있음을 알 수 있다. 강정마을은 소중한 자연적 커먼즈인 구럼비 바위를 잃었다. 자연과의 관계가 절연되면 인간 간의 관계가 변화한다. 그러나 한편으로는 그 기간 동안 외부에서 유입된 사람들이 마을에서 주민으로 살아가며 새로운 공간과 활동을 만들어내고 있다. 이것은 자연적 커먼즈를 상실한 이후, 마을의 공적 영역을 재구성하는 사회적 커머닝으로 주목할 필요가 있을 것이다. This study focuses on the Gangjeong Village which was not able to deter the construction of the Jeju Naval Base but is forming a new village image after the failure of the opposition movements. For this aim, this study compares three village images based on three references - 「The Jeju Civilian-Military Complex Tourism Port Local Development Plan」, 『Gangjeong Local History』, and 『Gangjeong Story』. 「The Jeju Civilian-Military Complex Tourism Port Local Development Plan」, announced in 2012 from the order by the Jeju Special-Governing Province, highlights the current status of village shortages and suggests the five strategies for local development by regarding the village as the target of development. On the contrary, 『Gangjeong Local History』, published by the Gangjeong Village Association in 1996, proudly states the village"s long history, prosperous land, and the environments of the river and the sea. However, twenty years from that time, the Gangjeong Village is not like how it was stated in 『Gangjeong Local History』. The third reference is 『Gangjeong Story』 - the village newspaper. The newspaper records the transforming present of the village. When referring to the newspaper, one can realize that new space and activities have been created at the village amid the opposition movements toward the naval base construction. The Gangjeong Village lost its precious natural commons - the Gureombi Rock. When the relationship with Mother Nature is disconnected, the relationships among humans change. However, on the one hand, the migrated population is creating new spaces and activities. After losing the natural commons, there is a need to pay attention to this phenomenon as the social commoning which reorganizes the public areas of the village.

틀렸다. 하지만 어디가 얼마나? 그래서?

윤여일(Yoon Yea-yl) 역사비평사 2008 역사비평 Vol.- No.82

동일본대지진 이후 재해 지역에서는 지역 부흥을 위한 어떠한 지식이 생겨났는가 : 《진재학》의 10년사를 통해

윤여일(Yoon, Yea-Yl) 비판사회학회 2021 경제와 사회 Vol.- No.129

2011년 3월 11일에 일어난 동일본대지진은 2021년 3월로 발발 10주기를 맞이한다. 이로써 일본 정부가 추진해 온 10년간의 ‘부흥기간’이 일단락된다. 부흥정책의 중심 역할을 맡은 부흥청의 활동 기간 동안 동북의 재해 지역에서는 대대적인 공공사업이 진행되어 기반시설이 거의 복구되었다. 하지만 재해 지역에는 기반시설 복구로는 해소되지 않는 생활공간, 생업수단, 지역커뮤니티 회복의 과제들이 여전히 산적해 있다. 더욱이 중앙정부 주도의 부흥정책이 토목 프로젝트 위주로 진행되어 인간과 자연 간의 유대가 훼손되고, 지역의 자생과 자치의 역량이 약화되어 향후 지역 부흥의 질곡으로 작용할 것이다. 그렇다면 중앙정부의 부흥정책은 재해 지역의 실정과 필요에 얼마나 부합한 것이었을까. 그리고 지난 10년간 재해 지역에서는 지역 부흥을 위해 어떠한 대안적 모색이 시도되었는가. 본 논문은 《진재학(震災學)》의 10년사를 분석해 이 물음에 답하고자 한다. 《진재학》은 동일본대지진 이후 지역 부흥을 위한 지식의 장을 개척하고자 2012년 창간되어 현재 제14호에 이르는 종합 학술지다. 본 논문은 10년간 60회에 걸친 《진재학》의 기획을 분석해 첫째 중앙정부 주도의 부흥정책에 대한 지역의 시각은 무엇이었고, 둘째 재해 지역에서는 지역 부흥을 위한 어떠한 대안적 지식이 생겨났으며, 셋째 그 과정에서 지역 자체는 어떻게 의미화되었고, 넷째 재해 지역에서의 지적 축적이 지역 커먼즈의 재구성이라는 관점에서 ‘지역의 소멸’을 겪고 있는 다른 지역에서 지니는 의의가 무엇인지를 고찰했다. 즉, 본 논문은 《진재학》에서 전개된 논의를 소개하는 차원을 넘어 지역의 사회구조가 근간부터 흔들리고 재생하는 과정에서 생겨난 재해 지역의 지식 기록을 통해 지역의 생활기반, 생업조건, 취약성, 회복탄력성, 커먼즈 등 지역의 지속에 관한 주요 논제들을 심화하고자 했다. The Great East Japan Earthquake, which occurred on March 11, 2011, will reach its 10th period in Mach 2021. The “revival period” of the last decade pursued by the Japanese government ends hereby, as well as the activities of the Recovery Administration. During the Recovery Administration working period, extensive public works were carried out in the disaster areas of Tohoku(northeast), resulting in much of infrastructure restoration. However, in the disaster areas, there are still masses of tasks to recover living spaces, means of livelihood, and local communities which could not be solved by infrastructure restoration. Moreover, recovery policies led by the central government have been conducted mainly on civil engineering projects, not only undermining the bond between humans and nature but also weakening the capacity of local self-sufficiency and autonomy, which will serve as a ordeal for future local recovery. If so, how well did the central government’s recovery policies fit the situation and needs of the disaster areas? Also, in the past decade, what alternatives did disaster areas seek for local recovery? This paper attempts to answer these questions by analyzing the decade history of Shinsaigaku(震災學). Shinsaigaku is a comprehensive academic journal which was founded in 2012 to pioneer a field of knowledge for regional recovery after the Great East Japan Earthquake, currently reaching to 14 issues until now. This paper analyzes a decade of 60 different Shinsaigaku projects, in order to figure out (1) what was the local perspective on the central governmentled recovery policies, (2) what alternative perspectives and knowledge have emerged for local recovery in the disaster areas, (3) how did the region itself become signified in the process, and (4) what is the significance of knowledge accumulation in the disaster areas to other areas undergoing ‘regional extinction’ in terms of local commons reconstruction.

동아시아와 동북아의 내포와 외연에 관한 연구

윤여일(Yoon, Yea-Yl) 고려대학교 아세아문제연구소 2015 亞細亞硏究 Vol.58 No.3

본 논문은 1990년대 초반의 탈냉전기부터 2000년대 중반의 참여정부기에 이르기까지의 동아시아와 동북아의 외연과 내포에 관한 연구다. 동아시아와 동북아라는 지역상은 너비로서만 존재하는 것이 아니라 깊이도 갖는다. 다시 말해 국가 단위의 병렬적 나열로서는 드러나지 않는 층위가 있다. 동아시아 담론에서 동아시아라는 개념은 지리 범주를 가리키는 단순한 지역명에 머물지 않고 지역지평, 지역질서, 경제권역, 문명권, 사유공간, 연대의 장 등 다양한 용법으로서 거론되었다. 동아시아 담론을 한국지식계에서 학술적 전통으로 자리매김하고 동아시아 담론의 현실적 용법을 신장시키려면 그 혼란상을 정리하기 위해 동아시아 담론 자체의 인식론적 토대와 배치를 되묻는 작업이 필요하다. 즉 동아시아와 동북아의 외연과 내포를 분석하고 도출해내고자 하는 것이다. This paper is a study on Denotation and Connotation of the East Asia and the Northeast Asia from the post-Cold War Era in the 1990s to the Participatory Government in the mid-2000s. The regional image of East Asia and Northeast Asia does not exist only as width, but it also has depth. In other words, there is a level that cannot be revealed by a parallel enumeration of national units. The notion of East Asia in the East Asian discourse did not remain simply as a regional name, but was discussed in diverse usages, including as a regional prospect, regional order, economic region, cultural sphere, space of thought, and field of solidarity. To settle the East Asian discourse as an academic tradition in Korean intellectual world and extend its practical usage, a work that questions the epistemological foundation and arrangement of the East Asian discourse itself again is required to organize this state of confusion. Namely, it attempts to analyze and draw the denotation and connotation of East Asia and North Asia.

인국의 사상가를 통해 할 수 있는 모든 것

윤여일(Yoon, Yea-Yl) 역사비평사 2018 역사비평 Vol.- No.124

This study reorganized the relationship between Takeuchi Yoshimi and Lu Xun and throughout his lifetime, what Takeuchi Yoshimi attempted to do through Lu Xun. For this aim, this study not only looked into the translated versions of 『Lu Xun』 but also comprehensively examined the works on Lu Xun ranging from his 20s and until his death written by Takeuchi Yoshimi. The study on Lu Xun by Takeuchi Yoshimi not only accumulated the knowledge on the thinker from another country but also showed that a researcher can establish one’s own thinking based on the research. In addition, Takeuchi Yoshimi, as an expert researcher on China, understood China but also as a social critic, criticized the Japanese society through Lu Xun. Moreover, Takeuchi Yoshimi, as a translator, delivered the words and the problem consciousness of Lu Xun to the society one lives in and, as a practitioner, aimed to create ‘the square of the people’ by using Lu Xun as a mediator. Based on the relationship with Lu Xun, Takeuchi Yoshimi was able to ercely confront the issues of modernism, liberalism, and culturalism of Japan. When referring to his actions through Lu Xun, they encompass all eorts which can be done by using a thinker of a neighboring country as a mediator and this is an important historical heritage of the East Asian history of thought.

북핵 문제와 동아시아 담론

윤여일(Yoon, Yea-Yl) 고려대학교 아세아문제연구소 2018 亞細亞硏究 Vol.61 No.2

본 논문은 북핵 문제와 동아시아 담론의 생산적 접점을 탐색하기 위한 시론이다. 1990년대 초 탈냉전의 국면으로 접어들자 한국지식계에서는 동아시아 담론이 부상했다. 그런데 같은 시기에 북한은 북중동맹이 이완되자 자위 차원에서 핵개발을 서둘렀다. 즉 동아시아 담론과 북핵 문제는 탈냉전과 한중수교라는 시대적 배경을 공유하며 발생했다. 그리고 지난 20여 년 동안 북핵 문제는 한반도의 범위를 초과해 국제화되었다. 그럼에도 그간 동아시아 담론에서 북핵 문제는 전면적인 의제로 부각된 적이 없이 다양한 안보 이슈 중 하나로 나열되는 양상이었다. 북핵 문제는 단순한 무기 개발을 둘러싼 안보 문제만이 아니라 국가 형태의 상이성, 국가 간·국가관계 간 비대칭성, 탈냉전의 추세에도 불구한 동아시아 분단체제의 지속 등 동아시아적 조건과 상황을 집약해 표출하는 문제다. 따라서 동아시아 담론이 축적한 학술적 성과를 활용할 때 북핵 문제에 접근하는 시야는 점증하는 북핵 위기를 현상추수적으로 따라가며 기술하는 데서 그치지 않고 확장될 수 있을 것이다. 아울러 동아시아 담론 역시 북핵 문제를 한반도 문제와 결부시키고 그것을 동아시아의 과제로 전환시키는 과정에서 지역의 학술적 자산이 될 수 있는 계기를 마련할 수 있을 것이다. This study is the current view to search a productive point of contact in the North Korean nuclear issue and the East Asian discourse. With the beginning of the Cold War phase from the early 1990s, the East Asian discourse emerged in the Korean intellectual circle. However, during the same period, North Korea rushed the development of nuclear weapons as a self-defense after the Sino-North Korea alliance was relaxed. That is, the East Asian discourse and the North Korean nuclear issue occurred while sharing the backgrounds of the age - the end of the Cold War and the establishment of diplomatic relations between Korea and China. In addition, the North Korean nuclear issue has become an international affair in the last two decades. Nonetheless, in the East Asian discourse so far, the North Korean nuclear problem was listed as one of various security issues and has not been pointed out as one full agenda. The North Korean nuclear problem is not merely the security issue surrounding weapon development but the issue which expresses the East Asian conditions and situations including the continuance of the East Asian division in spite of different state forms, asymmetry between nations, and the end of the Cold War trend. Therefore, when the academic outcomes accumulated by the East Asian discourse are utilized, the vision toward the North Korean nuclear issue will not remain at chasing the steadily increasing North Korean nuclear problem based on the status quo but can be expanded. Moreover, the East Asian discourse can arrange the opportunity for it to become the local academic asset in the course of connecting the nuclear problem with the Korean Peninsula and converting it into the task for East Asia.

동아시아 담론의 형성과 이행

윤여일(Yoon, Yea-Yl) 고려대학교 아세아문제연구소 2014 亞細亞硏究 Vol.57 No.4

The transition process of East Asian discourse from the early 1990s to the mid-2000s is analyzed in this study. By investigating feature articles of academic journals and papers regarding East Asia, it examined statuses and orientations in the use of the notion of East Asia, and inspected the process of transition and differentiation according to phases. To summarize, the role of ‘Changbi’(Creation and Criticism) in the early 1990s was important in the appearance of discussion that could be named as East Asian discourse. Immediately afterwards, humanities scholars, especially scholars of Korea, China and Japan specialized in literature, history and philosophy fired discussion on East Asian identity. In the mid-1990s, social scientists from sociology, economics and political science joined the discussion making attempts to explain the distinctiveness of economic development in East Asia, and after the economic crisis of the late 1990s, discussion on the necessity of East Asian regional institution rose among diplomatic scientists and economists. From the beginning of 2000s, researchers of international politics and international relations regularized the discourse of East Asian community in the period of People’s Government(Kim Dae-Jung Government), and by the mid-2000s of Participatory Government(Roh Moo-Hyun Government), the regional name of ‘Northeast Asia’ emerged as a strategic measure of Korea, establishing East Asian discourse as a policy discourse. As above, discourses with different orientations appeared and emerged in different periods, competing with existing discourse and unfolding the politics of discourses.

4·3 이후 김시종의 ‘재일’에 관한 재구성

윤여일(Yoon, Yea-Yl) 역사비평사 2019 역사비평 Vol.- No.126

Last year marks the 70th anniversary of the April 3 Jeju Uprising. This study aimed to look at 70 years of Kim Si-jong’s lifetime who used to be the contact for the South Korean Workers Party during the uprising and settled in Japan afterwards. For the past seven decades, he was the poet residing in Japan. This study will track the traces of his life and explore his world of poetry. “Living as Zainichi” of the 1950s will analyze his thesis through his poem collections 『Jindallae』 and 『Jiheishen』, ‘Verification of Self-existence’ of the 1960s will be analyzed through the poem collection 『Niigata』, and ‘The Though of Heimatlose’ of the 1970s will be examined through the poem collection 『The collection Poems from Ikaino』. In addition, his testimony related to the April 3 Jeju Uprising will be heard in approximately half a century by paying attention to the poem collection 『The Lost Season』 of the 2000s. As previously mentioned, this study will explain the meaning of ‘Zainichi’, ‘Korean’ and ‘poet’ to Kim Si-jong by tracking how he has wrote, participated in movements, and lived for 70 years since the uprising.

21세기 한국학계 공동자원 연구의 전개와 과제 - 공동체 공동자원과 공중 공동자원 연구에 대한 분석을 중심으로 -

윤여일(Yoon, Yea-yl),최현(Choe, Hyun) 안동대학교 민속학연구소 2023 공동체문화와 민속 연구 Vol.5 No.-

본 논문은 2000년 이후 한국학계에서 공동자원 연구의 전개과정을 검토하고 향후 과제를 탐구하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 2000년부터 2022년까지 한국학술지인용색인(KCI) 등재 학술지에서 수록된 논문 중 ‘commons’를 영어키워드로 삼은 359편을 자료로 삼아 분석했다. 이 논문들을 공동체 공동자원(community commons) 관련 연구와 공중 공동자원(public commons) 관련 연구로 크게 구분하고, 다시 연구주제에 따라 하위분류하여 11가지 연구분야로 범주화했다. 이로써 한국학계의 공동자원 연구의 전체상을 포착하고자 했다. 나아가 기존의 공동자원 연구에 대한 분석을 바탕으로 다양한 공동자원론에 관한 통합적 분석틀 정립, 공동체 공동자원과 공중 공동자원의 관계 탐구, 공동관리인(commoner)의 자기조직화 방안 탐구, 공동자원 패러다임 기반 사회운동론 정립을 향후 공동자원 연구의 과제로서 제시했다. This article aims to explore the progresses commons research has had in Korea since 2000 and the remaining tasks it should address. Dividing the body of Korean research between the themes of community commons and public commons, we shall look into the divergent paths commons research has taken in Korea so far, what achievements it has had, and what it should accomplish from now on. The basis of this analysis consists of the 248 articles that appeared in the Korea Citation Index (KCI)-listed journals from 2000 to 2019. After conceptually differentiating community commons and public commons, we divide this body of research into the two groups, accordingly, and again divide each group into subgroups according to their themes. The sociological background in Korea that has prompted the emergence of each subgroup will also be explained where applicable. The analysis will highlight the four main remaining tasks faced by commons research in Korea: namely, the establishment of an integrated framework of analysis for diverse commons theories; exploration of the relationship between community commons and public commons; search of ways to facilitate and encourage the self-organization of commoners; and the establishment of a commons-based approach to social movements.