병자호란 직후 청사출래(淸使出來)와 정치외교적 의의

리샤오칭 ( Li¸ Xiaoqing ) 대구사학회 2021 대구사학 Vol.144 No.-

본고에서 병자호란 직후 조선으로 파견된 청사를 연구대상으로 선정하였다. 청사의 파견 목적과 한양에서의 교섭 활동 및 조선에서의 청사 접대를 살펴봄으로써 병자호란 직후 청의 대조선사행의 정치적·외교적 의미를 규명해보았다. 병자호란 직후 조선은 1637년 4월과 9월의 사행을 통해 청의 징병 요구 중지를 청하였다. 청은 1637년 10월에 조선에 인조 책봉을 이유로 사신을 파견하였는데, 이는 조선이 奏請한 것이 아니라 청의 자의로 파견한 사신이었다. 이때 청사는 향화인·한인·주회인 쇄환 문제를 중점으로 조선과 교섭하였다. 청의 대조선 사행에서 쇄환 문제는 중요한 교섭 사안이었다. 조선의 경우, 징병 문제를 해결하는 것이 가장 중요한 사안이었다. 청에게는 조선과의 군신관계 유지와 이를 통해 청중심의 국제질서 구축이 가장 중요한 사안이었다. 조선의 주청 없이 이루어진 인조 책봉은 조청의 조공책봉 관계를 현실적으로 성립시켰음을 의미한다. 청의 관심 문제는 1639년 11월 삼전도비 감독으로 온 청사의 출래에도 반영된다. 조선에서 인질로 잡혀간 왕세자의 귀국 또한 징병 문제만큼 중요한 사안이었다. 1637년 9월의 대청사행에 조선은 왕세자의 귀국을 요청하였으나, 청에게 거절 당하였다. 1639년 2월에 조선에서 왕비와 왕세자의 책봉을 요청하는 사신을 파견하였는데, 이 때 세자의 귀국을 위한 교섭을 벌이기도 하였다. 이후 인조의 병세 악화로 조선은 청에게 왕세자의 귀국을 적극적으로 요청하는 명분으로 삼았다. 하지만 청의 입장에서 인조 책봉의 연장선에서 왕비, 왕세자 책봉을 시행한 것은 明制를 모방해서 조청의 계서적인 군신관계를 공고할 수 있는 절차였다. 청이 조선보다 먼저 왕세자의 책봉 요청을 요구한 것은 이와 같은 이유 때문으로 왕세자의 귀국을 고려할 사안이 아니었다. 정축약조가 맺어진 후, 조선에서는 청사를 접대하기 위해서 청사 접대 기준에 대한 논의가 진행되었다. 처음에 唐差에 대한 접대방식을 원용하고 청사를 접대하려고 하였다가 명사 접대의 규례에 따라 시행하였다. 1637년 10월 인조 책봉으로 온 청사에 대한 영접은 명사의 접대규정에 따라 청사 접대를 정례화하기 시작한 첫걸음이라고 할 수 있다. 조선이 1639년 9월의 滿達爾漢 일행에 대한 접대는 앞의 청사 접대와 차이가 있었다. 만대르한은 병문안하러 오는 差官이기 때문이었다. 조선은 만대르한을 황제의 명을 받들고 온 차관으로 보고 있었지만, 접대도감이 아닌 격이 가장 낮은 접대소를 설치하여 만대르한을 접대하였다. 이는 명 황제의 명을 받들어온 欽差官의 경우 조선은 접대도감을 설치하여 접대하였던 것과 차이가 있었다. 이는 정묘호란 이후의 金差 접대방식의 영향을 받은 것으로 청에 대한 반감이 접대방식에 반영한 것이라고 할 수 있다. 1639년 9월의 만대르한과 11월의 마푸타 일행에 대한 영접에서 주목되는 사항은 인조가 교영을 나가지 않았던 것이다. 이 2차례 청사 일행이 왔을 때 인조는 교영을 나가지 않았던 것이다. 9월의 청사는 차관이기 때문에 의례 규정상에 인조는 교영할 필요가 없었지만, 11월 마푸타 일행의 경우 인조는 마땅히 교외에 나가 영접해야 하였다. 그러나 1639년 11월부터 인조가 자신의 병환을 이유로 교영에 친림하지 않은 것이 하나의 선례가 되었다. 이후 조선은 국왕이 교영을 시행하지 않는 경우를 숙종대의 『通文館志』에 기록하여 하나의 관례로 만들었다. In this paper, by examining the purpose and the negotiation activities in Hanyang of Qing Dynasty’s Envoys dispatched to Joseon after the Manchu war of 1636(丙子胡亂), the political and diplomatic significance of the Qing Dynasty’s Sahaeng(使行) toward Joseon was investigated. After the Manchu war of 1636(丙子胡亂) Joseon requested an end to the Qing's request for conscription through Sahaeng(使行) in April and September 1637. In October 1637, the Qing dispatched an envoy to Joseon for the installation of King Injo without Joseon‘s resquest, and the Qing dynasty’s envoys negotiated with Joseon focusing on the issue of repatriation of Naturalized jurchen(向化人), Chinese(漢人), Joseon people who captured by the Qing tried to come back Joseon(走回人). The issue of repatriation was an important negotiation issue even in later Sahaeng(使行) toward Joseon. It can be said that in the relationship between the two countries the most urgent task of Joseon was the resolution of the issue of conscription. However, what the Qing dynasty considered important was the maintenance of hierarchical relationship with Joseon and the establishment of a Qing-centered international order. Besides exemption from conscription, Joseon's other concern is the return of the crown prince. In September 1637, Joseon requested the return of the crown prince , but was rejected by the Qing Dynasty. In February 1639, an envoy was sent with a request for the installation of the queen and crown prince, and it was also expected that the crown prince could return to Joseon through the installation of the crown prince. After that, Injo's illness also made it a reason to request the crown prince to return to Joseon. However, from Qing's point of view, the installation of the queen and the crown prince was a procedure that could settle a hierarchical relationship of Joseon and Qing Dynasty. It is for this reason that the Qing Dynasty mentioned the installation of Crown Prince before Joseon’s request. In November 1639, the Qing dynasty’s envoy who came for the monument of Samjeondo(삼전도비) stayed in Hanyang until December 5 and supervised the construction of the monument. All work was completed on December 8th. From the Qing point of view, the monument of Samjeondo was regarded as a symbolic space for the success of the Manchus and the victory of the war to Joseon. From the point of view of Joseon, it was the result of the defeat and a symbol of obedience to the Qing Dynasty. For the first time the Qing dynasty dispatched a envoy after the Manchu war of 1636(丙子胡亂), Joseon discussed the standard of treatment for the Qing dynasty’s envoy. At first, it was intended to use the rules of treatment for Tangcha(唐差), but it was implemented according to the rules of treatment for Ming dynasty’s envoys(明使). the Qing dynasty’s envoy dispatched this time seemed to be satisfied with the reception of Joseon. In October 1637, the reception to the Qing dynasty’s envoy dispatched for the installation of King Injo was the first step in making the reception of Qing dynasty’s envoys regular. In September 1639, the reception for Qing dynasty’s envoy who is named Mandaerhan is different from that of the previous treatment for Qing dynasty’s envoys. It was because Mandaerhan was a official temporarily dispatched(差官) who came to visit King Injo. Joseon viewed Mandaerhan as a official temporarily dispatched who came under the emperor's orders, but the lowest level department(접대소) was installed to entertain Mandaerhan. This is different from the case of the reception for officials who were temporarily dispatched and served the Ming emperor's orders. It can be said that this was influenced by the the reception for Jin dynasty’s envoys, and the antipathy towards Qing was reflected in the reception. The reception of Mandaerhan in September 1639 and Maputa in November 1639 is another point worth noting. King Injo did not go out for greeting the two envoys. In September, Mandaerhan was a official temporarily dispatched, so there was no need for Injo to greet according to the ceremonial regulations. However, it was a precedent that Injo did not greet envoy on the excuse of his illness from November 1639. Afterwards, Joseon recorded cases in which the king did not greet envoy and made it a custom. (Kyungpook National University / lixiaoqing0313@naver.com)

Do Independent Director Characteristics Affect Firm Performance Under the COVID-19 Epidemic? Empirical Evidence from China

Xiaoqing ZHAO(Xiaoqing ZHAO),Qingbang MU(Qingbang MU),Brian Sheng-Xian TEO(Brian Sheng-Xian TEO ) 한국유통과학회 2023 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.10 No.1

This paper investigates the effect of independent directorship on the firm performance of Chinese listed companies under the impact of the global COVID-19 epidemic. The study starts by assessing the relationship between independent director-related characteristics and firm performance, then mines independent director characteristics variables, collects variable data, proposes reasonable hypotheses, and constructs a data model. 1597 companies listed on Shanghai and Shenzhen stock index, China, from 2020 to 2021 has been selected as the research sample. An empirical study on the relationship between independent directors’ characteristics and firm performance was conducted using SPSS25. The results show that under the impact of the global COVID-19 epidemic, the proportion of independent directors on the board of directors, the age of independent directors, the remuneration of independent directors, and the overseas background of independent directors in Chinese listed companies have a negative relationship with the current firm performance, while the proportion of female independent directors and the part-time rate of independent directors do not have a positive effect on firm performance. The findings of this study strongly imply that independent directors’ characteristics play a significant role in corporate governance and firm performance in Chinese listed companies and that the external environment has an impact on how well independent directors can carry out their duties.

Leveraging Chinese Stock Markets: Tracking the Performance and Return Deviation of U.S.-listed Chinese LETFs

Xiaoqing Eleanor Xu,Hongfei Tang 한국증권학회 2013 Asia-Pacific Journal of Financial Studies Vol.42 No.6

This paper presents a comprehensive examination of the tracking performance and return deviation of U.S.-traded Chinese Leveraged Exchange-traded Funds (LETFs). Our results suggest that investors should be mindful of the fact that these Chinese LETFs actually track U.S.-based benchmarks rather than their Chinese index benchmarks, and consequently suffer from tracking errors due to “benchmark substitution” and nonsynchronous trading between the U.S. and Chinese markets. As for the Chinese LETFs’ ability to track their target return, market inefficiency accounts for the majority of daily return deviations, but this effect does not accumulate over time due to the creation/redemption feature; the net asset value (NAV) deviation is small on a daily basis, but accumulates over time. Over multiple trading days, there is a sizable, cumulative,and generally negative compounding return deviation owing to the daily rebalancing nature of these funds and high volatility in the benchmark return during the sample period.

Experimental and Modeling Studies on the Sorption Breakthrough Behaviors of Butanol from Aqueous Solution in a Fixed-bed of KA-I Resin

Xiaoqing Lin,Renjie Li,Qingshi Wen,Jinglan Wu,Jiansheng Fan,Xiaohong Jin,Wenbin Qian,Dong Liu,Xiaochun Chen,Yong Chen,Jingjing Xie,Jianxin Bai,Han-Jie Ying 한국생물공학회 2013 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.18 No.2

Removal of biobutanol from acetone-butanolethanol (ABE) fermentation broth can be achieved by fixed-bed sorption by means of KA-I resin, and the relevant breakthrough curves would provide much valuable information to help design a continuous fixed-bed sorption process in field application. In the present study, the effects of several important design parameters, i.e., initial butanol concentration (Cf: 3.0 ~ 30.0 g/L), inlet flow rate (Qf: 0.5~ 5.5 mL/min) and adsorbent bed height (Z: 4.2 ~ 18.0 cm),on the adsorption breakthrough curves of KA-I resin in a fixed-bed column were investigated. It was found that the amount of adsorbed butanol at breakthrough point was increased with an increase in the value of Cf and Z; and with decrease in the value of Qf. However, the maximum sorption capacities of butanol at saturated point were basically unchanged. Three well-established fixed-bed adsorption models, namely Thomas, Yoon-Nelson and Adams-Bohart,were applied to predict the breakthrough curves and to determine the characteristic parameters of fixed-bed column,which are the basis for the process design at a real scale. Good agreement between the theoretical breakthrough curves and the experimental result were observed using Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models.

An Alkaline pH Control Strategy for Methionine Adenosyltransferase Production in Pichia pastoris Fermentation

Xiaoqing Hu,Ju Chu,Si-Liang Zhang,Ying-ping Zhuang,Xin Wu,Huaxin Chen,Zhongyuan Lv,Zhongyi Yuan 한국생물공학회 2014 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.19 No.5

Pichia pastoris is a successful system forexpressing heterologous proteins and its fermentation pH isalways maintained below 7.0. However, particular proteinsare unstable under acidic conditions, such as methionineadenosyltransferase (MAT), and thus fermentation underacidic pH conditions is unsuitable because protein activityis lost owing to denaturation. Here, a strategy employingalkaline pH in the late fermentation period was developedto improve MAT production. Initially, P. pastoris KM71was transformed with the mat gene to overexpress MAT. After 72 h of in vitro incubation at different pH values, theexpressed MAT displayed highest stability at pH 8.0;however, pH 8.0 inhibited cell growth and induced cellrupture, thus affecting protein production. To balance MATstability and Pichia cell viability, different pH controlstrategies were compared. In strategy A (reference), theinduction pH was maintained at 6.0, whereas in strategy B,it was gradually elevated to 8.0 through a 25 h transitionperiod (80 ~ 105 h). MAT activity was 0.86 U/mg (twofoldhigher than the control). However, MAT content wasreduced by 50% when compared with strategy A, becauseof proteases released upon cell lysis. To improve cellviability under alkaline conditions, glycerol was added inaddition to methanol (strategy C). When compared withstrategy B, the MAT-specific activity remained nearlyconstant, whereas the expression level increased to 1.27 g/L. The alkaline pH control strategy presented herein for MATproduction represents an excellent alternative for expressingproteins that are stable only under alkaline conditions.

Wax Composition of ‘Red Fuji’ Apple Fruit during Development and during Storage after 1-Methylcyclopropene Treatment

Xiaoqing Dong,Jingping Rao,Donald J. Huber,Xiaoxiao Chang,Fucun Xin 한국원예학회 2012 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.53 No.4

Changes in surface wax composition of ‘Red Fuji’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Red Fuji’) during development and during storage at 0 ± 1℃ after 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatments were studied by the means of gas chromatography -mass spectrometry. Total wax increased during fruit development. During the storage at 0 ± 1℃, total waxes declined, and the decline was significantly delayed in 1-MCP–treated fruit. Total waxes were chromatographically separated into nonpolar and polar components. Nonacosane was the most abundant nonpolar wax, comprising 95% of total hydrocarbons. Polar wax components were comprised of nonacosan-10-ol (29%) and nonacosan-10-one (16%), along with a series of fatty acids and derivatives. Distinct patterns of wax changes were observed. Nonacosane, heptacosane and nonacosene increased during the development and decreased over seven months of fruit storage at 0 ± 1℃. Declines were delayed or slightly suppressed in 1-MCP–treated fruit. By contrast, nonacosan-10-ol, nonacosan-10-one, and 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid showed variable accumulation trends during the development but significant increases during storage that were strongly suppressed in 1-MCP–treated fruit. The association of wax changes with ethylene production and the responses to 1-MCP indicate that ethylene strongly influences wax composition in ‘Red Fuji’ apple fruit.

Evaluation of Fungal Lactic Acid Accumulation Using Glycerol as the Sole Carbon Source

Xiaoqing Wang,Zhenhua Ruan,Webster Guan,Robert Kraemer,Yuan Zhong,Yan Liu 한국생물공학회 2015 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.20 No.3

This study investigated the glycerol utilization for lactic acid accumulation by the filamentous fungus Rhizopus oryzae 9363 and compared it with the conventional carbon source glucose. No lactic acid accumulated in the glycerol media at 30oC, in contrast to the glucose media. Increasing the temperature from 30 to 37oC led to a 63% decrease in the average growth rate of R. oryzae in glycerol media and a 61% increase in the average cell mass yield, and the cultures on glycerol media at 37oC were able to generate 0.6 g/L lactic acid. While, raising temperature significantly inhibited lactic acid production on glucose media. Moreover, supplementing cultures with sodium pyruvate significantly improved the lactic acid synthesis of R. oryzae on glycerol media, with lactic acid concentrations reaching 1.33 g/L at 37oC and 0.67 g/L at 30oC, respectively. Our results indicate that glycerol utilization for lactic acid accumulation by Rhizopus sp. is limited by the availability of intracellular pyruvate, and controlling pyruvate flow is a key to enhancing the lactic acid accumulation.

Background Subtraction for Moving Cameras based on trajectory-controlled segmentation and Label Inference

( Xiaoqing Yin ),( Bin Wang ),( Weili Li ),( Yu Liu ),( Maojun Zhang ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2015 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.9 No.10

We propose a background subtraction method for moving cameras based on trajectory classification, image segmentation and label inference. In the trajectory classification process, PCA-based outlier detection strategy is used to remove the outliers in the foreground trajectories. Combining optical flow trajectory with watershed algorithm, we propose a trajectory-controlled watershed segmentation algorithm which effectively improves the edge-preserving performance and prevents the over-smooth problem. Finally, label inference based on Markov Random field is conducted for labeling the unlabeled pixels. Experimental results on the motionseg database demonstrate the promising performance of the proposed approach compared with other competing methods.

Digital Watermark of 3D CAD Product Model

Xiaoqing Feng,Yanan Liu,Lincong Fang 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Security and Its Applicat Vol.9 No.9

This paper proposes a novel watermarking algorithm of 3D CAD product model, which is able to keep strictly geometrical shape around embedding watermark and make watermarked model have function transparency. Firstly, the isolated geometrical entities are selected as watermark carriers. Secondly, the watermark is embedded into the isolated geometrical entities with a geometric entity substitution algorithm. When extracting the watermark, the original product model and pre-process (registration or re-sampling) need not be provided. The experimental results have shown that the proposed watermarking algorithm is robustness against some common attacks, such as transformation, rotation, scaling and entity deletion.

Study on wireless underground sensor networks for remote irrigation monitoring system

Xiaoqing.Yu,Wenting.Han,Zenglin.Zhang 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Hybrid Information Techno Vol.8 No.1

Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSN) has wide applications in environmental information monitoring. It plays a vital role in the handling and management of water resources for irrigation. Because it prevents radio interference, improves real-time acquisition of information and reduces energy consumptions. In this work, WUSN was used to collect soil temperature and moisture information of an irrigation system. The base station used the sensor nodes to collect the data in a particular area. All nodes in the networks were the same and energies were constrained. According to the schedule, WUSN nodes turn on or off their radio module to save energy. When the collected data was less than the threshold value, the base station would inform the controller perform a motor control action through setting the corresponding. In this paper, system used data fusion method for saving energy to send collected data to the base station. The testing showed that the system was successfully implemented on a real-time remote monitoring for irrigation. The result was a low cost, highly reliable and simple infrastructure for the collection of soil data over a distributed area in agricultural environments.