NAMDANG’S THEORY ON THE NATURES OF HUMANS AND NON-HUMAN LIVING BEINGS AND HIS DEVELOPMENT OF ZHU XI’S THEORIES

XING LIJU,LIN XI 계명대학교 한국학연구원 2016 Acta Koreana Vol.19 No.2

This article examines a thesis by Namdang, a Confucian scholar in Chosŏn Korea, on the natures of humans and non-human living beings, using Zhu Xi’s li (理) - qi (氣) theory. Regarding the sameness or difference between li and qi, Zhu Xi formulated different opinions in his early and later life and was also at times inconsistent in his works of a certain period. To a certain extent, Zhu Xi’s thoughts lacked coherence, which led to subsequent debates. In seeking to develop Zhu Xi’s li-qi theory, Namdang put forward his original thesis of Trichotomous Nature, which significantly enriched Zhu Xi’s ideas. The “nature transcending the appearance of things” (K. ch’ohyŏnggi 超形氣) refers to a pure xing (K. sŏng 性; nature), concerned with only li without considering the influence of qi from the perspective of a unitary source (K. irwŏn 一原; one source). At this stage, everything shares the same li and xing. The “nature originated from temperament” (K. in’gijil 因氣質) demonstrates the shared nature for the same species as well as the difference in nature across species, thus being an endowmentdependent li. At this stage, for the same species, they share the same li, qi, and xing, while for varying species, there is a difference in li, qi, and xing. The “nature mixed with temperament” (K. chapkijil 雜氣質) considers the xing of pure qizhi (K. kijil 氣質; physical temperament) in which all creatures differ. It is thus a concept that demonstrates the particularity in all things, with varying differences in li, qi, and xing.

中国政治学理论范式的现象学维度: 政治学理论视野中的身体与政治

林曦 ( Lin¸ Xi ) 성균관대학교 성균중국연구소 2021 중국사회과학논총 Vol.3 No.1

现象学作为欧陆哲学强调个体经验、意图和生活世界的理论研究进路, 也进入了中国的政治学学科的视野, 这两者相互结合, 形成了“政治现象学”这一新兴的学科领域。本文就旨在讨论, 政治现象学作为一个理论范式, 可以首先以身体为切入点, 来探讨我们规训身体的过程中所存在的性别规范、性别政治的问题, 因为身体是在政治科学研究之中被悬置起来的一个“前科学假设”。身体首先作为个体的身体, 但作为一个种群的人类的身体总和, 就不再是仅仅属于每一个活生生的个体所有, 而是变成了政治的主体、国家的权力对象, 政治发展和管控的目标, 制度安排的客体, 从而进入了政治学研究的视野。故此, 政治现象学可以从身体出发, 来揭示这一现象背后所被隐藏的政治诉求和制度安排, 并从新的学术视角理解和解释一个互联互通的世界中中国特殊条件下公共政策形成过程、社会资源配置和国家与社会关系的互动关系的历史变迁和政治现实。 As a theoretical paradigm, phenomenology may be seemingly distant from political science, which focus on the research of the political in human society. The wedding of phenomenology, an experience-oriented approach of philosophical inquiries, with the study of the political may avail for us a new theoretical lens to examine human activities. This so-called “political phenomenology” may start from “human body” as its entry point, to discuss the gendered norms and politics in the disciplining of human body. This human body is not merely in singular terms; on the contrary, there may be double or multiple bodies that intersect and form a shared community, namely the world of our daily life. Moreover, there is a tertiary level which points to the multiplication of bodies or body in its multitude. The dimension of “global imaginary” shall be duly added to our discussions, bringing near those distant “others” and enabling their presence to motivate those sentiments of the ethics of responsibility. The introduction of phenomenology into political science, as a new theoretical paradigm, can be rendered politically productive by tapping into the pools of both phenomenological inquiries and politico-scientific research.

Qualitative and quantitative determination of oleanolic acid in a scalp tonic products by HPLC using response surface methodology for extraction optimization

Lin Xi Cai,조종운,Yan Zhao,Jong-Seong Kang,Kyung Tae Kim,Sang-Hun Jung 한국분석과학회 2019 분석과학 Vol.32 No.2

The simple and effective analytical method for the quality control of a novel scalp tonic formulation has been developed and optimized in terms of HPLC conditions and sample preparation method, meanwhile, the optimization of preparation condition was using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD). Oleanolic acid was selected as marker compound because of its bioactivities for alopecia therapy. The developed analytical method and extraction condition were successfully qualified. Coefficient of determination (r2) for the calibration was 0.9997 with a line passing through the origin point in the range of 0.1-100 mg/mL. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 17.5 ng/mL and 55.0 ng/mL, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precision of the method were 0.5-1.4 % and 0.7-1.8 % in relative standard deviation, respectively, while those accuracy were 99.5-100.9 % and 100.0- 102.2 %, respectively. The repeatability of oleanolic acid in samples ranged of 0.3-1.9 % based on peak area and 0.3-0.7 % for retention time. Recoveries from samples were 95.0-99.4 % with lower than 1.8 % in relative standard deviation. Overall, the developed analytical method will be used for quality control of this commercial scalp tonic products successfully.

Enhancement of 1,3-Dihydroxyacetone Production from Gluconobacter oxydans by Combined Mutagenesis^s

( Xi Lin ),( Sha Liu ),( Guangrong Xie ),( Jing Chen ),( Penghua Li ),( Jianhua Chen ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2016 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.26 No.11

Wild strain L-6 was subjected to combined mutagenesis, including UV irradiation, atmospheric and room temperature plasma, and ion beam implantation, to increase the yield of 1,3-dihydroxyacetone (DHA). With application of a high-throughput screening method, mutant Gluconobacter oxydans I-2-239 with a DHA productivity of 103.5 g/l in flask-shake fermentation was finally obtained with the starting glycerol concentration of 120 g/l, which was 115.7% higher than the wild strain. The cultivation time also decreased from 54 h to 36 h. Compared with the wild strain, a dramatic increase in enzyme activity was observed for the mutant strain, although the increase in biomass was limited. DNA and amino acid sequence alignment revealed 11 nucleotide substitutions and 10 amino acid substitutions between the sldAB of strains L-6 and I-2-239. Simulation of the 3-D structure and prediction of active site residues and PQQ binding site residues suggested that these mutations were mainly related to PQQ binding, which was speculated to be favorable for the catalyzing capacity of glycerol dehydrogenase. RT-qPCR assay indicated that the transcription levels of sldA and sldB in the mutant strain were respectively 4.8-fold and 5.4-fold higher than that in the wild strain, suggesting another possible reason for the increased DHA productivity of the mutant strain.

Does K-pop Reinforce Gender Inequalities? Empirical Evidence from a New Data Set

Xi Lin,Robert Rudolf 숙명여자대학교 아시아여성연구원 2017 Asian Women Vol.33 No.4

As K-pop has become a cultural ambassador for Korea, attracting millions of fans across the globe, the sexist portrayal of both female and male idols in K-pop products stands in conflict with the gender-mainstreaming policies to which the country has committed itself. Using a unique and newly collected data set of 6,317 K-pop fans from 100 countries around the world, this study examines the relationship between individual K-pop consumption and gender attitudes of K-pop fans. Findings suggest that a higher level of spending on K-pop related items and activities is related to less egalitarian gender attitudes. Interestingly, this correlation is stronger for fans from already less gender-equal nations. Results indicate that the industry that is actively promoted by the Korean government includes elements that might reinforce a sexist culture and traditional gender roles both within Korea and around the globe, further obstructing women’s pursuit of equal opportunities.

Many-to-One Encryption and Authentication Scheme and Its Application

Lin, Xi-Jun,Wu, Chuan-Kun,Liu, Feng The Korea Institute of Information and Commucation 2008 Journal of communications and networks Vol.10 No.1

This paper is to study a subclass of group-oriented cryptographic scheme: Many-to-one encryption and authentication scheme. The many-to-one encryption and authentication scheme is to solve a practical problem, i.e., the scenario that the number of the receivers is very small compared with the number of the senders and a receiver may serve millions of senders. Compared with the traditional methods, the burdens of the receiver and the KGC are reduced greatly. How to revoke a sender from his receiver's legitimate sender group is also proposed and it is efficient compared with some traditional methods. The proposed scheme is proven in the random oracle models. The computational complexity of our scheme is independent of the number of the senders. At the end of the paper, an example is given to show how to use our scheme in online software registration and update.

Hydrothermal deactivation over CuFe/BEA for NH3-SCR

Qingjin Lin,Xi Feng,Hailong Zhang,Chenlu Lin,Shuang Liu,Haidi Xu,Yaoqiang Chen 한국공업화학회 2018 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.65 No.-

Hydrothermal deactivation over CuFe/BEA and CuFe/BEA-HT for the selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 (NH3-SCR) were investigated with different characterizations. The hydrothermal treatment destroys BEA skeleton, losing acid sites reacting with the aerial NOx. H2-TPR and XPS reveal that the hydrothermal treatment could weaken the interaction between Cu/Fe species and the surrounding other atoms, causing the aggregation of isolated and low nuclearity copper/iron species. Aggregated copper/iron oxides depress the redox property of CuFe/BEA-HT, producing the lower concentration of NO2. Besides, results of in situ DRIFTS also indicate that both CuFe/BEA and CuFe/BEA-HT follow Eley–Rideal (E–R) mechanism at 225 °C.

Qualitative and quantitative determination of oleanolic acid in a scalp tonic products by HPLC using response surface methodology for extraction optimization

Cai, Lin Xi,Cho, Chong Woon,Zhao, Yan,Kang, Jong Seong,Kim, Kyung Tae,Jung, Sang-Hun The Korean Society of Analytical Science 2019 분석과학 Vol.32 No.2

The simple and effective analytical method for the quality control of a novel scalp tonic formulation has been developed and optimized in terms of HPLC conditions and sample preparation method, meanwhile, the optimization of preparation condition was using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD). Oleanolic acid was selected as marker compound because of its bioactivities for alopecia therapy. The developed analytical method and extraction condition were successfully qualified. Coefficient of determination ($r^2$) for the calibration was 0.9997 with a line passing through the origin point in the range of 0.1-100 mg/mL. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 17.5 ng/mL and 55.0 ng/mL, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precision of the method were 0.5-1.4 % and 0.7-1.8 % in relative standard deviation, respectively, while those accuracy were 99.5-100.9 % and 100.0-102.2 %, respectively. The repeatability of oleanolic acid in samples ranged of 0.3-1.9 % based on peak area and 0.3-0.7 % for retention time. Recoveries from samples were 95.0-99.4 % with lower than 1.8 % in relative standard deviation. Overall, the developed analytical method will be used for quality control of this commercial scalp tonic products successfully.

Antioxidant Flavone Glycosides from the Root of Pteroxygonum giraldii

Bao-Lin Li,Lin-Ling Jiang,Hui-Chun Wang,Zhan-Jun Yang,Xi-Quan Zhang,Hong-Mei Gu,Xian-Hua Tian 대한화학회 2009 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.30 No.7

Two new flavone glycosides, giraldiin A and B, together with three known compounds, annulatin, myricetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside and gallic acid, were isolated from the ethanol extract of the root of Pteroxygonum giraldii Damm. et Diels. The structures of giraldiin A and B are designated as 3'-(α-L-arabinopyranosyloxy)-4',5,5',7-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone and 4'-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-5,5',7-trihydroxy-2',3-dimethoxyflavone, respectively,on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analyses. The free radical scavenging activity of giraldiin A was evaluated by decolouring spectrophotometry of pentamethine cyanine dye (Cy5) with Fe2+-H2O2 Fenton radical generating system. The results indicated the hydroxyl free radical scavenging activity of giraldiin A (ED50 = 23.7 nmol/mL) is higher than that of some known antioxidants such as rutin, puerarin, daidzein and 2,6-di-tertbutyl-4-methylphenol.

Relationship between Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide Level and Efficacy of Inhaled Corticosteroid in Asthma-COPD Overlap Syndrome Patients with Different Disease Severity

Jia-Xi Feng,Yun Lin,Jian Lin,Su-Su He,Mei-Fang Chen,Xiao-Mai Wu,You-Zu Xu 대한의학회 2017 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.32 No.3

This study explored the relationship between the fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) level and the efficacy of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) in asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) overlap syndrome (ACOS) patients with different disease severity. A total of 127 ACOS patients with ACOS (case group) and 131 healthy people (control group) were enrolled in this study. Based on the severity of COPD, the ACOS patients were divided into: mild ACOS; moderate ACOS; severe ACOS; and extremely severe ACOS groups. We compared FeNO levels, pulmonary function parameters including percentage of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) to predicted value (FEV1%pred), ratio of FEV1 to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC), inspiratory capacity to total lung capacity (IC/TLC) and residual volume to total lung capacity (RV/TLC), arterial blood gas parameters, including PH, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), induced sputum eosinophil (EOS), plasma surfactant protein A (SP-A), plasma soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE), sputum myeloperoxidase (MPO), sputum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and Asthma Control Test (ACT) scores, and COPD Assessment Test (CAT) scores. Compared with pre-treatment parameters, the FeNO levels, RV/TLC, PaCO2, total serum IgE, induced sputum EOS, plasma SP-A, sputum MPO, sputum NGAL, and CAT scores were significantly decreased after 6 months of ICS treatment, while FEV1%pred, FEV1/FVC, IC/TLC, PH, PaO2, plasma sRAGE, and ACT scores were significantly increased in ACOS patients with different disease severity after 6 months of ICS treatment. This finding suggests that the FeNO level may accurately predict the efficacy of ICS in the treatment of ACOS patients.