NAMDANG’S THEORY ON THE NATURES OF HUMANS AND NON-HUMAN LIVING BEINGS AND HIS DEVELOPMENT OF ZHU XI’S THEORIES

XING LIJU,LIN XI 계명대학교 한국학연구원 2016 Acta Koreana Vol.19 No.2

This article examines a thesis by Namdang, a Confucian scholar in Chosŏn Korea, on the natures of humans and non-human living beings, using Zhu Xi’s li (理) - qi (氣) theory. Regarding the sameness or difference between li and qi, Zhu Xi formulated different opinions in his early and later life and was also at times inconsistent in his works of a certain period. To a certain extent, Zhu Xi’s thoughts lacked coherence, which led to subsequent debates. In seeking to develop Zhu Xi’s li-qi theory, Namdang put forward his original thesis of Trichotomous Nature, which significantly enriched Zhu Xi’s ideas. The “nature transcending the appearance of things” (K. ch’ohyŏnggi 超形氣) refers to a pure xing (K. sŏng 性; nature), concerned with only li without considering the influence of qi from the perspective of a unitary source (K. irwŏn 一原; one source). At this stage, everything shares the same li and xing. The “nature originated from temperament” (K. in’gijil 因氣質) demonstrates the shared nature for the same species as well as the difference in nature across species, thus being an endowmentdependent li. At this stage, for the same species, they share the same li, qi, and xing, while for varying species, there is a difference in li, qi, and xing. The “nature mixed with temperament” (K. chapkijil 雜氣質) considers the xing of pure qizhi (K. kijil 氣質; physical temperament) in which all creatures differ. It is thus a concept that demonstrates the particularity in all things, with varying differences in li, qi, and xing.

Particle size distributions and concentrations above radiators in indoor environments: Exploratory results from Xi`an, China

Xi Chen,Angui Li 대한환경공학회 2015 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.20 No.3

Particulate matter in indoor environments has caused public concerns in recent years. The objective of this research is to explore the influence of radiators on particle size distributions and concentrations. The particle size distributions as well as concentrations above radiators and in the adjacent indoor air are monitored in forty-two indoor environments in Xi’an, China. The temperatures, relative humidity and air velocities are also measured. The particle size distributions above radiators at ten locations are analyzed. The results show that the functional difference of indoor environments has little impact on the particle size distributions above radiators. Then the effects of the environmental parameters (particle concentrations in the adjacent indoor air, temperatures, relative humidities and air velocities) on particle concentrations above radiators are assessed by applying multiple linear regression analysis. Three multiple linear regression models are established to predict the concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 above radiators.

中国政治学理论范式的现象学维度: 政治学理论视野中的身体与政治

林曦 ( Lin¸ Xi ) 성균관대학교 성균중국연구소 2021 중국사회과학논총 Vol.3 No.1

现象学作为欧陆哲学强调个体经验、意图和生活世界的理论研究进路, 也进入了中国的政治学学科的视野, 这两者相互结合, 形成了“政治现象学”这一新兴的学科领域。本文就旨在讨论, 政治现象学作为一个理论范式, 可以首先以身体为切入点, 来探讨我们规训身体的过程中所存在的性别规范、性别政治的问题, 因为身体是在政治科学研究之中被悬置起来的一个“前科学假设”。身体首先作为个体的身体, 但作为一个种群的人类的身体总和, 就不再是仅仅属于每一个活生生的个体所有, 而是变成了政治的主体、国家的权力对象, 政治发展和管控的目标, 制度安排的客体, 从而进入了政治学研究的视野。故此, 政治现象学可以从身体出发, 来揭示这一现象背后所被隐藏的政治诉求和制度安排, 并从新的学术视角理解和解释一个互联互通的世界中中国特殊条件下公共政策形成过程、社会资源配置和国家与社会关系的互动关系的历史变迁和政治现实。 As a theoretical paradigm, phenomenology may be seemingly distant from political science, which focus on the research of the political in human society. The wedding of phenomenology, an experience-oriented approach of philosophical inquiries, with the study of the political may avail for us a new theoretical lens to examine human activities. This so-called “political phenomenology” may start from “human body” as its entry point, to discuss the gendered norms and politics in the disciplining of human body. This human body is not merely in singular terms; on the contrary, there may be double or multiple bodies that intersect and form a shared community, namely the world of our daily life. Moreover, there is a tertiary level which points to the multiplication of bodies or body in its multitude. The dimension of “global imaginary” shall be duly added to our discussions, bringing near those distant “others” and enabling their presence to motivate those sentiments of the ethics of responsibility. The introduction of phenomenology into political science, as a new theoretical paradigm, can be rendered politically productive by tapping into the pools of both phenomenological inquiries and politico-scientific research.

Conversion of osteoporotic-like vertebral fracture severity score to osteoporosis T-score equivalent status: A framework study for older Chinese men

Yì Xiáng J. Wáng,Jason C.S. Leung,Patti M.S. Lam,Timothy C.Y. Kwok 대한골다공증학회 2023 Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia Vol.9 No.1

Objectives: To define what portion of older community men with what severity of radiographic osteoporotic-like vertebral fracture (OLVF) correspond to what low T-score status. Methods: There were 755 community Chinese men (age: 76.4 ± 6.7 years) with thoracic and lumbar spine radiographs, and hip and lumbar spine bone mineral density measures. For each vertebra in a subject, a score of 0, -0.5, -1, -1.5, -2, -2.5, and -3 was assigned for no OLVF or OLVF of <20%, ≥ 20 -25%, ≥2 5%-1/3, ≥ 1/3-40%, ≥ 40%-2/3, and ≥ 2/3 vertebral height loss, respectively. OLVFss was defined as the summed score of vertebrae T4 to L5. OLVFss and T-scores were ranked from the smallest to the largest values. Results: OLVFss of -2, -2.5, -3, corresponded to a mean femoral neck T-score of -2.297 (range: -2.355~- 2.247), -2.494 (range: -2.637~ -2.363), and -2.773 (range: -2.898~-2.643), a mean hip T-score of -2.311 (range: -2.420~-2.234), -2.572 (range: -2.708~-2.432), -2.911 (range: -3.134~-2.708), a mean lumbar spine T-score of -2.495 (range: -2.656~-2.403), -2.931 (range: -3.255~-2.664), and -3.369 (range: -3.525~-3.258). The Pearson correlation value of OLVFss and T-score of femoral neck, hip and lumbar spine was r = 0.21, 0.26, and 0.22 (all P < 0.0001). Conclusions: A single severe grade radiological OLVF (≥ 40% height loss) or OLVFss ≤ -2.5 suggest the subject is osteoporotic, and a single collapse grade (≥ 2/3 height loss) OLVF or OLVFss ≤ -3 meets osteoporosis diagnosis criterion. The results highlight the difficulty of diagnosing osteoporotic vertebral fractures among Chinese older men.

AUTOMA TIC ACQUISITION OF TRANSLATION EQUIVALENCES FROM BILINGUAL CORPUS

Chun-xiαng Zhang,Tie-jun Zhao,Sheng Li 한국어정보학회 2005 국제학술대회 Vol.2005 No.08

Rapid Increase in Marrow Fat Content and Decrease in Marrow Perfusion in Lumbar Vertebra Following Bilateral Oophorectomy: An MR Imaging-Based Prospective Longitudinal Study

Yi-Xiáng J Wáng,James F Griffith,Min Deng,David KW Yeung,Jing Yuan 대한영상의학회 2015 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.16 No.1

Bilateral oophorectomy leads to reduced bone mineral density (BMD), and reduced BMD is associated with increased marrow fat and reduced marrow perfusion. Purpose of this study was to investigate how soon these changes occur following surgical oophorectomy. Six patients who underwent hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were studied. At baseline, mean patient age was 49.5 years (range: 45–54 years). Third lumbar vertebral body BMD measurement using quantitative CT, marrow fat fraction (FF) using MR spectroscopy and marrow perfusion using dynamic contrast enhanced MRI were conducted immediately prior to surgery and at 3, 9, and 21 months after surgery. Reduced BMD, increased marrow FF, and reduced marrow perfusion occurred synchronously post-oophorectomy. There was a sharp decrease of 12.5 ± 7.2% in BMD (n = 6), a sharp increase of 92.2 ± 46.3% (n = 6) in FF, a sharp decrease of 23.6 ± 3.9% in maximum contrast enhancement (n = 5), and of 45.4 ± 7.7% for enhancement slope (n = 5) during the initial 3 months post surgery. BMD and marrow perfusion continued to decrease, and marrow FF continued to increase at a slower rate during the following 18 months. Friedman test showed a significant trend for these changes (p < 0.05). Bilateral oophorectomy leads to a rapid decrease in lumbar BMD, an increase in marrow fat content, and a decrease in marrow blood perfusion.

Test Study on the Air Permeability of Remolded Q3 Malan Loess

Jia Liu,Xi’an Li,Zeze Guo,Quan Xue,Li Wang,Jinyang Liu 대한토목학회 2021 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.25 No.8

Gas permeability is an important parameter in the determination of the pore structure characteristics of loess, especially in engineering fields such as earthwork and landfill cover treatment. With an improved ZC-2015 air permeameter, the air permeability (ka) testing under different water contents (w), dry densities (ρd) and wetting paths was conducted on remolded Q3 Malan loess from the Chanhe River area in Xi’an, Shaanxi, China. The results indicate that the ka of the remolded loess decreased rapidly as ρd increased and exhibited a relatively complex pattern as w increased. When w was less than the plastic limit (wp) and ρdwas relatively low (1.35 g·cm−3, 1.45 g·cm−3), ka decreased as we increased. When ρd reached a certain value (1.50 g·cm−3, 1.65 g·cm−3), the ka–we curve exhibited a notable turning point. When ρd continued to increase 1.70 g·cm−3, ka decreased as we increased. The results of microscopic analysis, suggested that under the action of different water content and compaction, levels of aggregates and pore structures were formed. A Poulsen model was used to predict the ka and the test results were in relatively coincident with the calculation results, demonstrating that the Poulsen model is applicable.

明代朝鮮與女眞的關係硏究

朴喜鎭 韓國暻園大學校아시아文化硏究所 中國中央民族大學韓國文化硏究所 2002 亞細亞文化硏究 Vol.6 No.-

Nuchen is the ancestry of Manchu who built Qing Dynasty, the last feudal empire of China. Early two or three thousand year ago forefathers of Nuchen began to inhabit in the northeastern area of China. Manchu is the minority which has the second largest population next to Zhuanzu of all the 55 minorities of China, and occupies and important position in the history of Chian. Lee Dynasty of Korea, after its establishment, made great efforts to launch multi-directional diplomacy in order to guarantee domestic political stability, economical and cutural development. Especially at the beginning of establishment the rulers actively enhanced the relationship with Ming Dynasty for the purpose of gaining legisimism. Of course Nuchen, another neighboring nation, was also an important existence. At that time Jianzhou Nuchen (one of the three major tribes of Nuchen, i.e. Haixi, Yeren, Jianzhou) had the most inseparable relationship with Korea geographically. This thesis will discuss the relationship between Korea and Nuchen putting the relationship of Korea and Jianzhou Nuchen at the central point. With the relationship between Korea and Jianzhou Nuchen as a central topic, this thesis elaborates power relationship of Northeastern Asia at that historical period, and at the same time analyses power struggle that Nuchen carried out with Ming Dynasty and Korean Dynasty, and studies how Ming Dynasty and Korean Dynasty maintained their relationship in the period of transitional development of Nuchen. First of all it analyses the influence of south moving of Nuchen to the relationship between Ming Dynasty and Korean Dynasty and the influence caused to Nuchen itself, and at the same time analyses its route and cause. Secondly through studying historical situation of the era of Yongle Emperor of Ming Dynasty, it analyses all the efforts that Korean and Ming Dynasty had made to control Nuchen. In other words, it elaborates how Ming Dynasty, the leader of the Northeastern Asia, and Korean Dynasty just established contended for Nuchen, how Korea tried to control Nuchen in its diplomacy with strong Ming Dynasty, and how Nuchen developed into agricultural nation from a hunting tribe amidst the struggle between the two powers. Thirdly it analyes the policy on Nuchen of the Korean Dynasty dividing it into placate and punitive policies. This thesis discusses amicable policy of Korea to become reconciled with Nuchen and how she punished Nuchen with its tough policy by making punitive expedition. Finally it discusses cultural intercourse between Korea and Nuchen. Whatever displomacy they carried, there were not only cultural interchanges participated by governments, but also spontaneous interchanges of culture between the people in the border area, as they were neighboring countries. This thesis discusses the method of cultural intercourse between the two nations and its influence to both nations. Above is the summary of this thesis. Historically the relationship between Korea and Nuchen is of great significance, but it used to be hidden behind the large shade of the relationship of Korea and China, and failed to be studied fully. Regarding this point, as a student who learns about minorities in the northeastern area of China, I decided to select this theme. I am afraid my talent and study are not sufficient, and made a lot of mistakes and lacks in the thesis. I hope all the teachers attended give me encouragement and tell me how to supplement indufficient points.

소 뇌 조직으로부터 5'-Nucleotidase의 정제 및 특성규명

류희문,석대은 충남대학교 약학대학 의약품개발연구소 2002 藥學論文集 Vol.17 No.-

5'-Nucleotidase, bound to brain membranes as a glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol (GPI)-anchored protein, is responsible for the conversion of adenosine-5'-monophosphate into adenosine, which is an agonist in adenosine receptor signalling. Here, 5'-nucleotidase was isolated from bovine brain using PI-PLC treatment, and purified by concanavalin A sepharose chromatography, DEAE-sephacel chromatography, and finally AMP affinity chromatography. For higher yield of enzyme purification, Zn^2+ was Included in the elution buffer in DEAE-sephacel chromatography. Especially, NaCl was more favorable than MgCl_2 for the elution of 5'-nucleotidase, proper for inactivation study, from AMP affinity column. The purified 5'-nucleotidase was relatively pure on SDS-PAGE analysis, showing a specific activity of 30.27 μmole/min/㎎ (purification fold 19,000 fold). The purified enzyme, possessing a K_m value of 44μM and an optimum pH of 7.5, was inhibited competitively by ATP (K_i, 12 μM), and uncompetitively by cysteine (K_i, 0.32 mM). In addition, the enzyme was activated slighty (1.5-folds) by Mg^2+.

Cumene hydroperoxide에 의한 paraoxonase 1의 산화적 불활성화에 대한 보호 방안

스, 위엥쥐,류희문,김주령,석대은 충남대학교 약학대학 의약품개발연구소 2003 藥學論文集 Vol.18 No.-

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), an enzyme associated with high density lipoprotein (HDL), is known to protect low density lipoprotein (LDL) from lipid peroxidation involving copper ion. However, Paraoxonase 1 activity was observed to decrease during LDL oxidation. Here, the inactivation of PON1 by various peroxides was examined. Paraoxonase 1, purified from human plasma, was subjected to cumene hydroperoxide, hydrogen peroxide or tert-butyl hydroperoxide. PON activity, based on the hydrolysis of phenyl acetate, decreased by approximately 40 and 38 %, respectively, after the exposure to 2mM cumene hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide, while tert-butyl hydroperoxide had no remarkable inhibitory effect. Next, the compounds capable of preventing against cumene hydroperoxide-induced inactivation of PONl were screened. While quercetin or phenyl acetate failed to protect PON1, lauric acid or calcium chloride was found to protect PONl from cumene hydroperoxide-induced inactivation. Especially, lauric acid appeared to show the greater protection than the other fatty acids tested. In further study, lauric acid showed a dose-dependent protection with an E& value of around 35 μM. Based on these results, It is proposed that the alky hydroperoxide-induced inactivation of Paraoxonase 1 can be prevented by a proper fatty acid recipe.