比較憲法에 관한 硏究 : 民主主義國家의 憲法과 共産主義國家의 憲法을 中心으로

金水暎,黃革周,權光植,吳再煥,崔聖俊,金益鉉,金永休,王任東 朝鮮大學校 法政大學 1977 法政大論文集 Vol.4 No.-

This paper aims to make clear the fundamental differences between the constitutions of two political systems, constitutional democracy and communism. (1) Fundamental Human Rights The recognition and the protection of fundamental liberties are the essences of the political system of constitutional democacy. The reality of individual liberties is the only reliable criterion that differentiates the two political systems, since the institutional apparatus of both government, assemblies, elections, parties, bureaucracies have become stereotyped to the point of identity. Recognition or nonrecognition of fundemental guaranties are closely related to the ideological telos of either system. In the constitutional democracy they crystallize the supreme values of human self-realization and dignity. In the communist states they are denied legitimacy not only because they may function as foci of opposition against monolithic power but also because they could obstruct the ideology of economic planning under collectivism. The idelolgical foundation and functional purpose of classical fundamentalism underwent a fa -reaching transformation in the Marxian society. The Russian Revolution preaches and practices the primacy of the collectivity over the individual. Instesd of being "inalienable" interpreted as obligations of the state toward the laboring masses. The attitude of Marxism in the U.S.S.R. and the so-called "People's Democracies" toward fundamental liberties is altogether different. All constitutions in the Soviet orbit contain elaborate statements on fundamental rights of the citizens, characteristically coupled with provisions concerning their duties toword the state and the community. Civil liberties in the classical sense, which the constitution of communist states merely summarizes, are overshadowed by the new social and economic rights. The guaranty of the civil rights proper is hedged in by the rubber clause that they are guaranteed " in conformity with the interests of the working class" and "in order to strenghthen the socialist system". Especially political rights of the suffrage are converted into compulsory mass participation in the political process directed by the party hierarchy. And its single party (communist party)was the straight negation of all political liberty. (2) Patterns of Governament In the modern democratic-constitutional state the essence of the power process consists in the attempt to establish an equilibrium between the various competitive plural forces within in state society, with due regard to the free unfolding of the human personality. In communist state, social control and political power are monopolized by a single power holder, subordinating the individual to the ideological requirements of the group domination the state. The basic difference between the two political systema conists in whether, in the various stages of the governmental process, political power, is distributed among and shared by several independent power holders or whether political power is concentrated in and monoploized by a single power holder, be it an individual person, and assembly, or a party. Assembly government system revived in the Stalin constitution of 1936 in the U.S.S.R. from where it spread, after the Second World War, to all satellite states, as well as East Germany, Red China, North Korea. No communist state fails to conform to this standard pattern. Assembly government, by its own biological laws. easily transforms itself into a regime in which a single power holder exercises the monopoly of political power. This may well be the intrinsic reason for the communist preference. By necessity the communist state is a plice state. Another indispensable instrument of social control is the single party. The governmental techniques of a communist regime are necessarily authoritarian. But the regime does much more than exclude the power addressees from their legitimate share in the formation of the will of the state. It attempts to mold the private life, the soul, the spirit and the mores of the citizens to a dominant ideology that the various instrumentalities of the power process force on the non-conformists.

항혈청으로 처치된 질트리코모나스(Trichomonas vaginalis) 미세구조의 변화

민득영,류재숙,안명희,박승정,조휘율 한양대학교 의과대학 1994 한양의대 학술지 Vol.14 No.2

Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic flagellate found in the urogenital tract of humans. The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of antiserum from rat and rabbit on fine structure of T. vaginalis. Trophozoites were subcultured in TPS-1 medium(Diamond, 1968) at 37℃, CO₂incubator. T. vaginalis were inoculated in mixed medium containing of antiserum for 10 and 30 minutes, then observed with transmission and scanning electron microscope. The results are as follows: 1. T. vaginalis was ellipsoidal or ovoidal in shape with 4 flagella, an undulating membrane and an axostyle. The plasma membrane of body surface was smooth and furrowed. Pseudopodia(filopods) were often observed by SEM. Ultrastructure of trophozoites consisted of an elliptical shaped nucleus, RERs and Golgi complex around the nucleus, hydrogenosomes, glycogen granules, polysomes and vacuoles in cytoplasm. As the organelles for supporting and movement, an axostyle, kinetosomes, flagella, undulating membrane, costa and parabasal filaments were observed. 2. T. vaginalis treated with antiserum, its surface appeared destruction of plasma membrane, alteration and/or disappearance of axostyle, flagella and undulating membrane under the SEM and showed fine structural changes such as the nucleus surrounded by many vacuoles, decreased ribosomes, which attached to nuclear membrane and RER, vesiculated RER and Golgi complex. The area of filamentous cell coat and a number of coated vesicles were increased on plasma membrane with partial damage. According to going by the incubation time, the progressive destructions of cytoplasmic organelles, nuclear membrane, hydrogenosomal membrane, kinetosome and rootlet fiber were noted. With above results, it is presumed that specific antiserum induced the disturbance of protein systhesis and the damage of cytoplasm resulting lysis of T. vaginalis.

원형 Cavity를 이용한 펄스형 Nb:YAG 레이저의 출력특성 및 병렬메쉬 회로의 최적화

홍정환,송금영,양동민,김휘영,김희제 부산대학교 생산기술연구소 2001 生産技術硏究所論文集 Vol.60 No.-

본 연구에서는 기존의 타원형 cavity가 아닌 원형 cavity를 설계 및 제작하여 그 동작특성에 관하여 연구하였다. 그 결과 타원형 cavity 보다 다소 적은 레이저 출력 효율 2.1%를 얻었다. 원형 cavity는 타원형 cavity 보다 컴팩트하며 제작하기가 용이하고, 제작 단가가 저렴하다는 장점이 있다. 입력에너지, 입력전압 및 펄스 폭을 동일하게 했을 경우 주회로 병렬 메쉬회로수를 최적화하고자 한다. PFN 회로를 1단에서 8단까지 PSPICE로 모의시험한 전류파형과 실제 실험한 전류파형이 거의 일치하였다. 그 결과 500㎲이상의 펄스 폭에서 6단 메쉬가 최적의 병렬 메쉬라는 결론을 얻었다. In this study, we have deigned and manufactured not only a present elliptic cavity but also a circular cavity, and experimented the operational characteristics. As a result, we obtained the maximum efficiency of 2.1% that was not less than that of an elliptic cavity. A circular cavity is much more compact and is easier to be manufactured than an elliptic cavity. And it can be made at a low cost. When the input energy, input voltage, and pulse width were in the same condition, we tried to decide the optimization of the mesh number of a parallel-mesh circuit which was connected with main power supply. The PSPICE simulation waveform of PFP(Pulse Forming network) circuit ranging from 1-mesh to 8-mesh nearly corresponded with the real current waveform obtained through a practical experiment. From these experimental results, we obtained the result that 6-mesh was the optimal parallel-mesh circuit in case that the pulse width was more than 500㎲.

두 펄스 중첩법에 따른 펄스형상과 레이저 출력과의 상관관계

김희제,홍정환,김휘영 釜山大學校生産技術硏究所` 1998 生産技術硏究所論文集 Vol.54 No.-

본 연구에서는 주펄스 및 중첩펄스로 구성되는 두 펄스 중첩 회로망을 설계하여, 그에 따른 펄스형상과 레이저 출력과의 상관관계를 조사하였다. 즉, 원 숏 멀티바이브레이터와 두 개의 SCR를 이용하여 펄스형 Nd : YAG 레이저의 계단펄스를 만드는 기술을 개발하였다. 먼저, 주펄스(6단메쉬)에 중첩펄스(3단메쉬)를 중첩시킨 실험을 통하여 레이저의 출력특성을 파악하였다. 두 펄스의 인가시간차인 지연시간 230μS이하의 범위 내에서 두 펄스 중첩법을 적용한 결과, 지연시간 0μS에서 최대출력(약 4.5%의 효율개선)을 얻었다. 따라서, 지연시간을 0μS로 고정하고, 전체 인가에너지를 50J로 하여, 주펄스 및 중첩펄스 3단-1단, 4단-2단, 6단-3단으로 구성하였으며, 그 각각에 대하여 펄스형상을 구하고, 출력특성을 비교하였다. 그 결과, 상승시간이 짧고, 피크치가 크며, 펄스폭이 짧을수록 더 높은 레이저 출력을 얻었다. In this study, it was designed two-pulse superposition network consisting of the main pulse and the superposition pulse, and it was investigated the relationship of pulse shapes and laser output. Namely, we developed a technique forming the step-pulse shape of pulsed Nd : YAG laser by using one shot multivibrator and two SCRs. First, we have been carried out experiments which was superposed superposing pulse(three-mesh) upon main pulse(six-mesh) within 230μS of delay time (time lag of two pulses). We have obtained maximum output(efficiency improvement about 4.5%) in delay time 0μS. Therefore, we have fixed delay time 0μS and applied 50J as the whole energy, consisting of a one/three, two/four, three/sis(superposing pulse/main pulse), we have obtained pulse shapes respectively and compared output characteristics with one another. Consequently, the shorter rising time, the higher peak value, and the shorter pulse width are, the more laser output obtains.

경부 낭성종양의 전산화 단층촬영 소견 : 선천성 낭종을 중심으로 Congenital Cystic Masses

이연희,성기준,김영주,김명순,홍인수,조휘율,김응조 최신의학사 1991 最新醫學 Vol.34 No.11

컴팩트 루비 레이저의 제작 및 동작특성에 대한 연구

김희제,홍정환,김휘영 釜山大學校生産技術硏究所 1998 生産技術硏究所論文集 Vol.55 No.-

본 연구에서는 플라즈마 진단을 위한 측정용으로 소형 고출력 루비레이저를 설계·제작하였다. 필요한 목적을 달성하기 위한 광 여기 시스템으로서 직선형 제논 플래쉬램프와 단일 타원형의 공동을 채택하였다. 그리고 제작된 시스템에 대한 설계 파라메타 및 그 동작특성에 대하여 연구하였다. 최대 입력에너지 484J를 인가했을 경우 최대 출력 170mJ, 레이저 펄스폭 110㎲, 경사효율 0.09%를 얻었다. 이 레이저 장치에 Q 스위치 소자가 부착된다면, 플라즈마 진단용으로 사용될 수 있을 것이다. In this study, a compact high-power ruby laser has been fabricated for plasma disgnostics as a light source. In order to satisfy the required purpose, a linear Xe flashlamp and single elliptical cavity are adopted as optical pumping system. The desing parameters and operational characteristics have been investigated. It was found that the maximum output energy of 170 mJ, laser pulse-width of 110 ㎲ and the slope efficiency of 0.09% were obtained at the maximum input energy of 484 J. If Q-switch element is added to this laser system, this laser will be usd for diagnosing plasma.

연쇄상구균에서 최소 유전체 설계 프로그램을 위한 유전체의 특성에 대한 연구

이충세, 이세희, 홍휘주, 정세희, 정대현, 김영창 충북대학교 컴퓨터정보통신연구소 2013 컴퓨터정보통신연구 Vol.21 No.1

Synthetic biology has enormous scope and many application. In this study, we analyzed genome for minimal genome design using essential genes which is early stage of study in Synthetic biology. We build a database to presume specific gene and essential gene and analyzed genome characteristics in Streptococcus and validate it using statistical reliability test. The number of essential genes we found are 478 which is little larger than essential genes provided by DEG. In the future, the algorithm for essential gene presumption will be utilized to analyze all the sequences of the identified bacteria. 합성생물학은 범위가 방대하고 다양한 응용분야를 가지고 있다. 이 논문에서는 현재 초기 단계의 연구가 이루어지고 있는 합성생물학 분야에서 필수유전자들을 이용하여 최소유전체를 설계하기 위해 필요한 유전체의 특성에 대한 분석을 하였다. 특 히 합성생물학을 이용하여 연쇄상구균에서 필수 유전자와 특이 유전자를 유추하기 위하여 데이터베이스를 구축하고 또한 유 전체들의 특성을 분석하였으며 타당성을 입증하기 위하여 통계적 신뢰도 검사를 수행하였다. 이 연구에서 유추해 낸 필수 유 전자의 개수는 478개로 DEG에서 제공하는 필수유전자 수 보다 다소 많다. 앞으로 이 연구에서 밝혀낸 필수유전자 유추법은 앞으로 유전체 서열이 밝혀진 모든 박테리아의 필수 유전자를 생명정보학적으로 분석하는데 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Nd:YAG 레이저의 동작특성에 관한 연구 : 3단 병렬 순차 충·방전 방식 적용 3-mesh parallel sequence charge and discharge method

김희제,홍정환,김병균,박구렬,이동훈,김휘영 釜山大學校生産技術硏究所 1999 生産技術硏究所論文集 Vol.56 No.-

펄스형 Nd:YAG 레이저는 가공물질과 쉽게 반응하고, 램프에 의해서 연속발진은 물론 정상발진, Q-스이치 및 모드동기 발진까지 다양한 발진 형태가 가능하며 재료가공 및 계측용으로 널리 사용되어지고 있다. 재료가공에 있어서는 가공목적에 따라 에너지 밀도를 제어하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 에너지 밀도의 제어는 레이저 출력의 펄스반복률을 제어하는 방법이 주로 사용된다. 본 연구에서는 펄스형 Nd:YAG 레이저의 펄스반복률을 제어할 수 있는 3단 병렬 순차 충·방전 방식의 레이저 전원회로를 설계 및 제작하여 반복율에 따른 플래쉬램프의 전류파형 및 레이저 출력의 안정도와 신뢰성을 확인할 수 있었고, 펄스반복율은 30∼150[pps]까지, 30[pps]씩 증가시켰을 경우, 레이저 출력 효율은 약 5% 씩 감소한 반면, 축력은 약 4W 씩 증가하였다. A pulsed Nd:YAG laser interacts with processing materials easily, having different kinds of oscillators, such as CW by lamp, Q-switching, mode locking and so on. A pulsed Nd:YAG laser has been used in a wide variety of fields : measuring, materrial processing, and so on. In a material processing, it's very important to control an energy density according to the processing purpose. It is mainly used to control the energy density to vary pulse repetition rate. In this study, we designed and fabricated the 3-mesh parallel sequency charge and discharge circuit of which the pulse repetition was to be controlled. As increasing a repetition rate, we could find the stability and the reliability of laser output as well as flashlamp current waveform. When increasing a repetition rate from 30 to 150[pps] by 30[pps], we also found that the efficiency of lase output decreased by about 5%, while the output increased by about 4W.

한국인 하악전돌증환자의 유전적 영향과 유전율에 대한 분석

김영호(Young Ho Kim),조한영(Han Young Cho),백채환(Chae Hwan Baek),이아영(Ah-Young Lee),김군종(Gunjong Kim),김휘영(Whi Young Kim),서영주(Young Ju Suh),백승학(Seung-Hak Baek),홍종락(Jongrak Hong),팽준영(Jun-Young Paeng) 대한구강악안면외과학회 2010 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.36 No.6

Introduction: This study examined the genetic influence of mandibular prognathism epidemiologically in Korean families. Materials and Methods: Over a 5-year period from 2005 to 2009, a questionnaire with a pedigree chart was given to 100 (male 51, female 49) probands with skeletal Class III mandibular prognathism, who had undergone orthognathic surgery in Samsung Medical Center. Results: The average age of the probands was 22.1. The average SNA, SNB and ANB angles of the probands were 81.2􀆆, 84.1􀆆and -2.9􀆆, respectively. A total of 2729 (male 1,354, female 1,375) family members were examined, and the affected ratio of the families was 3.5% with no significant difference between genders. 45% of families had at least one member with a Class III malocclusion other than the proband. The affected ratio of the first-degree relatives (10.9%) was significantly higher than those of the second-degree (3.3%) and third-degree (1.9%) relatives. The affected ratio of the total relatives from the male probands (4.2%) was significantly higher than that of the female probands (2.8%). Heritability (h2, Falconer’method) was estimated to be 29.8% (0.298±0.059) in first-degree relatives. Conclusion: These results showed the significant influence of mandibular prognathism with relatively low heritability in first-degree relatives in Korean families of probands, who had undergone orthognathic surgery to correct a skeletal Class III malocclusion.

VARIABLE PULSE GENERATION TECHNOLOGY OF PULSE ND

Whi-Young Kima 제어로봇시스템학회 2001 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2001 No.10