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Wen Liang,Qing Yuan,Sheng Liu,Guang Xu 대한금속·재료학회 2021 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.27 No.6
In order to reveal the formation mechanism of microstructural delamination in flange steel during punching, the microstructuralcharacteristics of flange steels with 0.064, 0.085, and 0.101 wt% carbon contents were analyzed by an opticalmicroscope, optical emission spectrometer, metal in situ analyzer, and electron probe microanalyzer. It was found that microstructuraldelamination occurred due to C and Mn segregation, especially the former. The intensive segregation degree ofC was dependent on its relatively smaller partition coefficient. Moreover, the segregation degree gradually decreased withthe decreasing carbon content. And the increased segregations of elements except carbon were related to the coupling effectbetween different alloying elements. Furthermore, C and Mn were prone to segregate at the 1/4th position along the transversedirection of the casting slab; hence, almost no segregation was noticed at the edge of the casting slab. The homogenizationtreatment had a substantial effect on the elimination of C segregation; however, Mn segregation was relatively hard to beremoved.
Analysis of differential proteins in two different wing‐types of female Nilaparvata lugens
An‐Wen Liang,Ting-Ting LIU,Zi-Qiang Liang,Fang-Hai Wang 한국곤충학회 2018 Entomological Research Vol.48 No.3
Nilaparvata lugens (stal) is a rice pest and contains long‐winged and short‐winged varieties, called the wing differentiation. This study compared the protein profiles of the two wing‐types in females and two wing‐disc types 5th‐instar females by two‐dimensional electrophoresis analysis. We detected 172 and 174 protein spots in adults and 5th‐instar nymphs, respectively. The number of proteins with higher content in the long‐winged (disc) individuals is much more than that in the short‐winged (disc) individuals. A total of 32 differential protein spots were found, of which 20 were successfully identified. Their main function is about catabolic process, fiber and nucleoside binding, and they constitute 52 protein–protein interactions, which is around the glycolysis as the core. These results enrich the research on the protein Level in wing development, and provide more references for future studies.
Wenliang Zhao,Fei Zhao,Lipo, Thomas A.,Byung-Il Kwon IEEE 2014 IEEE transactions on magnetics Vol.50 No.11
<P>This paper performs a study on the optimal design of V-type interior permanent magnet motors (VIPMMs), in which the rotor is equipped with assisted barriers for the improvement of average torque and torque ripple. The approach differs from the conventional interior permanent magnet motors, in which the reluctance torque due to saliency reaches a maximum value at a current phase angle located 45 electrical degrees with respect to the maximum value obtained from the magnetic torque produced by the rotor magnets. The adoption of assisted barriers is employed to improve the torque production by creating rotor asymmetry to allow the reluctance torque and the magnetic torque reach a maximum value near or at the same current phase angle. To evaluate the contribution, the frozen permeability method is utilized to segregate the torque into its reluctance and magnetic torque components. First, an iterative optimization is performed on a concept design of a 6/4 VIPMM for demonstrating the design principle based on finite element method. Then, the VIPMM is further optimized by algorithms, such as the kriging method and genetic algorithm for improving the torque characteristics and efficiency. As a result, the optimal VIPMM with assisted barriers shows the substantially improved performance compared with a conventional design.</P>
Wenliang Zhao,Lipo, Thomas A.,Byung-Il Kwon IEEE 2014 IEEE transactions on industrial electronics Vol.61 No.10
<P>This paper focuses on the design and analysis of a novel material-efficient permanent-magnet (PM) shape for surface-mounted PM (SPM) motors used in automotive actuators. Most of such applications require smooth torque with minimum pulsation for an accurate position control. The proposed PM shape is designed to be sinusoidal and symmetrical in the axial direction for minimizing the amount of rare earth magnets as well as for providing balanced axial electromagnetic force, which turns out to obtain better sinusoidal electromotive force, less cogging torque, and, consequently, smooth electromagnetic torque. The contribution of the novel PM shape to motor characteristics is first estimated by 3-D finite-element method, and all of the simulation results are compared with those of SPM motors with two conventional arched PM shapes: one previously reported sinusoidal PM shape and one step skewed PM shape. Finally, some finite-element analysis results are confirmed by experimental results.</P>
Wenliang Zhao(조문량),Thomas Anthony Lipo,Byung-il Kwon(권병일) 대한전기학회 2012 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2012 No.11
This paper presents a novel sinusoidal permanent magnet (PM) shape for Surface-Mounted PM (SPM) Motors to minimize cogging torque and torque ripple. Previous work has shown sinusoidal PM structure can produce sinusoidal back EMF for reducing torque pulsation. In this paper, the sinusoidal PM pole shape is designed symmetrically in the axial direction, providing balanced motor structure, which turns out to achieve much less cogging torque and torque ripple. Motor characteristics such as back EMF, cogging torque and electromagnetic torque are analyzed by 3-D finite element method (FEM). In order to highlight the advantage of proposed PM shape, all simulation results are compared to conventional square PM shape and previous sinusoidal PM shape SPM motors.
Wenliang Zhao,Lipo, Thomas A.,Byung-Il Kwon IEEE 2015 IEEE transactions on magnetics Vol.51 No.3
<P>This paper proposes an optimal design of a novel asymmetrical rotor structure for surface inset permanent magnet (PM) motors to obtain torque and efficiency improvement. Different from the conventional approach, the proposed design of asymmetrical rotor structures is employed to improve the torque production by creating rotor asymmetry to allow the reluctance torque and the magnetic torque to reach a maximum at the same current phase angle. To evaluate the contribution, the frozen permeability method is utilized to segregate the torque into its reluctance and magnetic torque components. For demonstrating the design concept and obtaining a criterion for improving torque by making full use of torque components, an optimal design by iterative computation is first to be performed utilizing the finite-element method. Based on the obtained criterion, the optimal design by algorithms, such as the Kriging method and genetic algorithm, is applied to further improve the torque and efficiency. As a result, the performance of the proposed surface inset PM motor by two-step optimization is dramatically improved compared with that of the conventional surface inset PM motor. Furthermore, a comparison between the optimized surface inset PM motor and a conventional surface-mounted PM (SPM) motor is also performed under the same operating condition, which demonstrates that the optimized surface inset PM motor can significantly save the magnet amount compared with the conventional SPM motor for producing the same output torque.</P>