大和地域 出土 煙筒土器에 대하여

木下 亘(Kinoshita WataruㆍTranslated),山本孝文(번역자) 효원사학회 2006 역사와 세계 Vol.- No.30

A Proposal of Pictures Sharing Network Using Multicast with NAK

Wataru UEMURA,Masashi MURATA 제어로봇시스템학회 2008 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2008 No.10

At the wireless network, it is effective to decrease the packets in order to use the efficiency of the wireless band. We propose the multicast with NAK instead of the unicast in order to share the pictures which the cameras survillance system took at the parking lot.

Distribution and cold hardiness of the Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama in Japan

Wataru Ashihara 한국원예학회 2006 한국원예학회 기타간행물 Vol.- No.-

Properties of W-Tree

Wataru Mayeda,Hua An Zhao 대한전자공학회 1990 JTC-CSCC : Joint Technical Conference on Circuits Vol.- No.-

CO-BRANDING BETWEEN PRIVATE LABELS AND NATIONAL BRANDS: DOES A CO-BRANDING STRATEGY IMPROVE CONSUMERS’ ATTITUDES TOWARD PRIVATE LABELS IN JAPAN?

Wataru Kamiya 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07

Introduction A private label (PL) is defined as a brand owned, sold and distinguished by retailers (Lincoln & Thomassen, 2009). Therefore, most PLs display only their brand name on their product labels or packages. However, in the Japanese consumer goods market, an increasing number of manufacturers’ names are now being displayed on PL product packages. For example, the “Seven Premium” PL, by Seven & I Holdings, displays the manufacturer’s name on its product labels using the phrase “This product is a joint development product with manufacturer X.” This indicates that retailers are utilizing the brand of the national brand (NB). This type of branding strategy can be classified as co-branding or a brand alliance. In Japan, expansion of PL co-branding may have improved consumers’ attitudes toward PLs and contributed to their development. Theoretical Background Most prior research on co-branding has focused on brand alliances between two NBs. Therefore, studies on alliances between PLs and NBs are very limited. Vaidyanathan and Aggarwal (2000) focused on ingredient branding, which merged elements of PLs with NB ingredients. Based on the combination theory (Park, Jun, & Shocker 1996), attitude accessibility theory (Fazio, 1986), and attribution theory (Heider, 1958; Kelly, 1973), they found that the association of brand name ingredients with private brand products could positively impact consumers’ evaluations of unfamiliar products. Also, the use of a brand name ingredient in a PL did not negatively affect consumers’ evaluations of this product. Arnett, Laverie, and Wilcox (2010) focused on brand alliances of retailers and manufacturers in the clothing category. Based on the attitude accessibility theory and the information integration theory (Anderson, 1971; Smith, 1993), they found that consumers’ attitudes toward alliances can influence retailer equity, manufacturer brand equity, and shopping intentions. They also found that pre-alliance retailer equity significantly affects attitudes toward alliances. Except for post-alliance retailer equity, perceived fit moderates all relationships between consumers’ attitudes toward the outcome of an alliance. Prior research on co-branding indicates that the attitudes and attributes of co-brands are influenced by the attitudes and attributes of constituent brands. In addition, a constituent brand’s familiarity moderates the effect (Park et al., 1996; Simonin & Ruth, 1998). As another notable finding, attitudes about co-brands influence constituent brand attitudes, with the effect being moderated by brand familiarity (Simonin & Ruth, 1998). Based on prior findings, this study examines whether co-branded PLs are influenced by their constituent NBs and by the familiarity of constituent brands in the case of Japanese co-branded PLs. This study also examines whether a spillover effect exists for constituent brands. Methodology An Internet survey of 798 women living in the Greater Tokyo area was conducted in August 2017. Subjects were assigned to one of four groups, grouped by PL and NB brand familiarity (Figure 1). The familiar “salad dressing” category was selected. While this category includes several large and popular manufacturers, many small, unknown manufacturers also exist within it, a fact that is relevant to the purpose of this study. High-familiarity PLs and NBs were selected based on their market shares in the category. However, Seven Premium, the most popular PL in Japan, was not selected as it had already adopted a co-branding strategy. Aeon’s Topvalu was chosen as a high-familiarity PL. While Topvalu is one of the most popular PLs in Japan, it has not yet taken a co-branding strategy. All measures were assessed through a seven-point, semantic, differential scale. Attitudes toward constituent brands (PLs and NBs), co-brands, perceived quality of constituent brands, and brand familiarity of constituent brands were measured. Using covariance structure analysis, we examined factors influencing attitudes about co-branding and the spillover to constituent brands after considering co-branded formations. Regarding familiarity, a multi-group analysis was conducted. Results Attitudes toward constituent brands (PLs and NBs) positively influenced attitude toward co-branded PLs. In addition, the influence on the co-branded PLs was greater for PLs (Table 1). From the multi-group analysis, the influence of familiarity on the attitude toward co-branded PLs can be found in some cases (Table 2). In the case of high-familiarity PLs with high-familiarity NBs (Group 1), the attitudes about co-branding by NBs were not significant. On the other hand, a positive co-branding attitude by NB was found in other cases. In cases of low-familiarity PLs with low-familiarity NBs (Group 4), the co-brand’s influence was greater for NBs. Moreover, since the attitude toward co-branding positively influenced differences of attitude between post-alliance and pre-alliance toward PLs and NBs, the spillover effect is confirmed (Table 3). Discussion Our results, which suggest that co-branding with NBs can be an effective strategy if PLs have low familiarity, are consistent with prior research. PLs in Japan, which have a lower penetration ratio than those in Europe and the United States, are still in a developmental stage (Kumar & Steenkamp, 2007). Since PLs in Japan are less familiar than leading NBs, co-branding with an NB can be an effective strategy for a PL. On the other hand, when a PL is already established as a brand and has high familiarity, co-branding with a NB might have little effect. In this case, it might be necessary to devise a different strategy, such as changing a PL’s brand name. Seven Premium, the most popular PL in Japan, was introduced in 2007. From the beginning, when its brand had low familiarity, it opted for a co-branding strategy, and our findings suggest that this decision significantly improved overall attitudes toward PLs.

Is Openness Good for Stagnation?

( Wataru Johdo ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2008 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.23 No.1

Using a symmetric multi-country model that allows for the possibility of stagnation, this paper analyzes the effects of openness on effective demand. A regime shift from autarky to free trade boosts the value of consumption utility by expanding the range of consumption goods available to people in every country. However, under stagnation, the rise in value of consumption utility lowers the time preference rate through a decline in the inflation rate, while not affecting the liquidity premium that represents the desire to hold money. Therefore, openness causes realized consumption to decrease and saving to increase. Consequently, effective demand decreases.

Improvement of ECM Characteristics by Applying Ultrasonic Vibration

Wataru Natsu,Hisashi Nakayama,Zuyuan Yu 한국정밀공학회 2012 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol. No.

In this study, a technique to remove the byproducts from the interelectrode area of an electrochemical machining (ECM)tool was investigated. Our goal was to improve both the processing speed and replicating accuracy of the ECM process. This technique involves the application of ultrasonic vibration to the tool electrode. The influence of the direction and the amplitude on the processing speed and the replicating accuracy was experimentally investigated. It was found that both the processing speed and the replicating accuracy had improved. In addition, the largest processing speed and the highest replicating accuracy were obtained by applying complex ultrasonic vibration. Next, an experimental hole was drilled to remove byproducts, via machining with tool feeding in the normal direction to the workpiece surface. In addition, we experimentally investigated the influence of the feed rate on the processing speed and the replicating accuracy. It was found that a higher feeding rate improved both the processing speed and the replicating accuracy.

Two Sides of Environmental Governance: Conflict Resolution and/or Problem Solving

Wataru Sano 경희대학교 사회과학연구원 2010 社會科學硏究 Vol.36 No.2

Recently “governance” is recognized as a means or a kind of system for conflict resolution. Some argue that representative democracy is not necessarily a good procedure for resolving social conflicts. Especially in many environmental conflicts a lot of stakeholders involve and the boundary of the problem does not coincide with the political one. That is why some insist that an alternative system (“environmental governance”) is needed. Not only the central government and the congress but also some local governments, NGOs, expert groups, special committees and so on should tackle the problem coordinately and in most cases citizen participation is thought to be essential for conflict resolution to make broad consensus. But I think environmental governance is not just for conflict resolution, but for problem solving. Conflict resolution does not always mean problem solving. In truth even if conflict was settled the fundamental problem might not be solved at all. So we must pay attention to two sides of governance, conflict resolution and problem solving. Of course all the governance has both sides and it is often difficult to distinguish them. But theoretically we should distinguish them. If conflict resolution is more important than problem solving, we must design a governance system to settle the conflict better. If problem solving is more important we must establish a system to solve the problem better. For example the scope and scale of citizen involvement, the way and degree of expert participation and the procedure of decision making must be different.

A Novel Multicast Protocol for Avoiding ACK Conflictsin an Ad-hoc Network

Wataru UEMURA,Yumiko NAKAKUBO,Masashi MURATA 제어로봇시스템학회 2009 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2009 No.8

Recognizing Facial Expression for Man-machine Interaction

Wataru Hirata,Joo Kooi Tan,Hyongseop Kim,Seiji Ishikawa 제어로봇시스템학회 2009 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2009 No.8

In this paper, we propose a positive face expression recognition method based on the image around the mouth. We also estimate the direction of the face of a person to examine whether or not he/she has interest toward this side. In the proposed method, estimation of the position and the direction of a face is realized by using particle filter and FAST operator. The image around the mouth is detected based on the estimated face position. The feature is calculated by Gabor Filter and the facial expression is recognized by support vector machine. In the recognition of positive expression like smile or laugh, we confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed method.