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정제명,왕순주,안무업,박재형,유기철,박준석,강재구,제프리 아놀드 대한응급의학회 1999 대한응급의학회지 Vol.10 No.4
Background : To assess the current level of development of emergency medicine (EM) systems in Asia. Method : Survey of EM professionals from 12 Asian countries during a 90-day period from August to November 1998. 12 EM professionals from 12 Asian countries completed the survey. All participants were physicians. 7 participants (58%) gave presentations at an international EM conference during the study period. Respondents completed a 103 question questionnaire about the status of EM specialty, academic, patient care, information and management systems and the factors influencing the future of EM in their countries. Results : 92% of respondents stated that their countries have hospital-based emergency departments (ED). More than 80% of respondents reported that their countries have EMS systems and ED systems for trauma care and patient transfer. More than 70% stated that their countries have national EM organizations, EM research, national EMS activation phone numbers, ED systems for pediatric emergency care, emergency physician (EP) training in ACLS and ATLS and peer review. More than 60% reported official recognition of EM as an independent specialty status, ED triage systems and systems for customer service. More than 50% reported EM residency training programs, EM journals and EP ability to perform rapid sequence intubation (RSI). 50% reported EP ability to perform thrombolysis for acute MI and 33% reported EP ultrasonography. 92% felt that a lack of funding posed a moderate or great obstacle to the future development of EM in their countries. Conclusions : Many essential systems of EM now exist throughout Asia. In the systems of administration and emergency medical information in many countries, there are some parts to be developed further.
A field study of colloid transport in surface and subsurface flows
Zhang, Wei,Tang, Xiang-Yu,Xian, Qing-Song,Weisbrod, Noam,Yang, Jae E.,Wang, Hong-Lan Elsevier, etc 2016 Journal of hydrology Vol.542 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Colloids have been recognized to enhance the migration of strongly-sorbing contaminants. However, few field investigations have examined combined colloid transport via surface runoff and subsurface flows. In a headwater catchment of the upper Yangtze River, a 6m (L) by 4m (W) sloping (6°) farmland plot was built by cement walls to form no-flow side boundaries. The plot was monitored in the summer of 2014 for the release and transport of natural colloids via surface runoff and subsurface flows (i.e., the interflow from the soil-mudrock interface and fracture flow from the mudrock-sandstone interface) in response to rain events. The water sources of the subsurface flows were apportioned to individual rain events using a two end-member model (i.e., mobile pre-event soil water extracted by a suction-cup sampler <I>vs</I>. rainwater (event water)) based on <I>δ</I> <SUP>18</SUP>O measurements. For rain events with high preceding soil moisture, mobile pre-event soil water was the main contributor (generally >60%) to the fracture flow. The colloid concentration in the surface runoff was 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than that in the subsurface flows. The lowest colloid concentration was found in the subsurface interflow, which was probably the result of pore-scale colloid straining mechanisms. The rainfall intensity and its temporal variation govern the dynamics of the colloid concentrations in both surface runoff and subsurface flows. The duration of the antecedent dry period affected not only the relative contributions of the rainwater and the mobile pre-event soil water to the subsurface flows but also the peak colloid concentration, particularly in the fracture flow. The <10μm fine colloid size fraction accounted for more than 80% of the total suspended particles in the surface runoff, while the colloid size distributions of both the interflow and the fracture flow shifted towards larger diameters. These results highlight the need to avoid the application of strongly-sorbing agrochemicals (e.g., pesticides, phosphorus fertilizers) immediately before rainfall following a long no-rain period because their transport in association with colloids may occur rapidly over long distances via both surface runoff and subsurface flows with rainfall.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Subsurface flow was apportioned into rainwater and mobile pre-event soil water. </LI> <LI> The duration of no-rain period affects peak colloid concentration. </LI> <LI> Rainfall intensity and its temporal variation govern colloid discharge dynamics. </LI> </UL> </P>
왕순주,박재형,정제명 大韓應急醫學會 1998 대한응급의학회지 Vol.9 No.4
Background. Infiltration of the skin and subcutaneous tissue with local anesthetic solutions may cause transient pain and discomfort. Heating local anesthetic solutions to body temperature has been suggested as a way of reducing the pain associated with injection. We designed a double blind crossover volunteer study to investigate the effect of warming lidocaine on the pain associated with subcutaneous injection. Methods. Participants were 40 healthy adult volunteers, 22 years of age and older, and they were the medical, nursing staff and medical students. They underwent 1ml subcutaneous injections of the study agent through 25-gauge needles. Following a standard crossover protocol, 'room temperature' lidocaine(20℃) was injected into one midvolar forearm and 'body temperature' lidocaine(37℃) into the opposite arm. Pain assessed by visual analogue pain scores and 'volunteer's comparison of pain on injection. Results. Twenty-six volunteers thought that lidocaine at 20℃ was more painful and four thought that lidocaine at 37℃ was more painful, ten volunteers did not express a difference. Median pain score for injection at 20℃ was 37 and at 37℃ was 35.5. Difference of two median scores was 6.5. Conclusion. The simple procedure of warming to body temperature reduced the pain associated with subcutaneous injection of lidocaine. It is an inexpensive and practical method that should be considered for routine use in the ED.
王霞,유재원 한국외국어대학교 외국학종합연구센터 중국연구소 2006 中國硏究 Vol.37 No.-
Like Laoqida(『老乞大』), Piaotongshi (『朴通事』)is a textbook used by the ancient Koryo (Korea) and Chosun people to study Chinese language. With the changes of the times and the linguistic patterns, it has been changed many times. If Laoqida could be regarded as an elementary textbook, Piaotongshi should be regarded as an intermediate or advanced textbook. It occupies an important position in the history of Chinese linguistics. Nowadays, there are four available editions: Fanyi Piaotongshi (『翻譯朴通事』about 1515), Piaotongshi Yanjie(『朴通事諺解』1677), Piaotongshi Xinshi(朴通事新釋』1765), Piaotongshi Xinshityanjie (『朴通事新釋諺解』1765). The earliest Piaotongshi has not been found yet. Among the three volumes of Fanyi Piaotongshi, only the first volume is available now. Though Piaotongshi Yanjie was finished more than 160 years later than Fanyi Piaotongshi, they are quite alike in linguistic visage. Fortunately, all the three volumes of the Piaotongshi Yanjie can be found by the researchers. In contrast, the linguistic visage of Piaotongshi Xinshi was quite different, able to reflect the changes of the Chinese language of that time. To the researchers, all the four editions are very important while the former two are more difficult, which explains the causal purpose of our translation.
흰쥐에서 염화비닐 폭로수준에 따른 소변내 thiodiglycolic acid 농도의 변화
왕승준,차봉석,노재훈,신동천,김명수,전근재 大韓産業醫學會 1999 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.11 No.4
Objectives : It is the objective of this research to identify the variation of thiodiglycolic acid(TdGA) in urine with vinyl chloride monamer(VCM) exposure levels through methylation. Methods : After rats were exposed to vinyl chloride monomer of 4 levels, 0㎎/㎥, 50㎎/㎥, 150㎎/㎥, 500㎎/㎥, respectively, of which urine was sampled in each sampling time of 0 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 16 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours. After urine had been methylated with diazomethane in the preliminary experiment and the peak of 146 m/z had been verified, the main experiment was done. Results : In the variation of TdGA with sampling times, concentration of TdGA increased rapidly in 4 hours and then decreased after 8 hours. When the variation of urinary TdGA concentration in urine according to exposure level of VGM was verified through Kruskal-Wallis statistical method at each sampling time, the significant increment with the exposure levels at 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours after exposure was clarified. Conclusion : TdGA concentration in urine with increment of VCM exposure level increased, especially significantly at 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours of sampling time.