An optimality-theoretic account of vowel harmony in Korean ideophones

Chin-Wan Chung 한국음운론학회 2000 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.6 No.2

Chung, Chin Wan. 2000. An optimality-theoretic account of vowel harmony in Korean ideophones. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 6.2, 431-450. This study provides an account of vowel harmony in Korean ideophones within the theoretical framework of Optimality Theory. We show that vowel harmony process is achieved by employing two high ranked alignment constraints. We address the issue of misalignment at the right edge of the harmonic domain arguing that it is the result of the interaction between the featural identity and Align-Right constraints. The harmonizing behavior of the high back round vowel /u/ and its variation in a same morpheme are analyzed by using a conjunctive constraint and reranking relevant constraints repectively. We also argue that we should make a distinction between two /u/s in nonintial syllable positions. (Hannam University)

漢代 勞動刑에 對하여

梁玩喆 東亞大學校 1969 東亞論叢 Vol.6 No.-

The penalty of Han Dynasty generally succeeded to the system of Qin(秦) Dynasty until the emperor wen(文帝) reformed the punitive law of his country. After the Emporer Wen changed the punitive law, the physical punishment which took an important situation between punitive systems drew back entirely in the law system, and flogging and labor penalty appeared on the contrary. Although labor penalty appeared, it was nothing but spread the scope of labor penalty, and among labor penalties kun Qian Cheng Dan was not only applied instead of physical punishment, but also applied in place of reducing death sentence. The labor penalty of male prisoners-Kun Qian Cheng Dan( 鉗城旦) Wan Cheng Dan(完城旦), Gui Xin(鬼薪), Si Kon(司寇), Shu Fa Zui(戍罰作), and Li Chen-was different in the term of imprisonment. Kun Qian Cheng Dan was five years, Wan Chen Dan four years, Gui xin three years, Si Kon two years, and Shu Fa Zuo from three months to one year; according to Han Shu(漢書) and Hhu Han Shu(後漢書), howevor, Li Chen (隸臣) only five examples before the days of the Emperor Wu(武帝). So Li Chen, one of labor Penalties, was lighter than Gui Xin and heavier than Si Kon though it is hard to presume. That is to say, I think the penal servitude of Li Chen was over two years or within three years. And by each labor penalty they were forced to do the labor which came under the name of a crime. As stated above, among the whole labor penalty there was the labor of each punishment according to the meanings of penalty in itself. However, the labor given to the accused didn't actually coincide with the meanings of the penalty in itself.

소비자의 친환경 제품 평가에 특징 중심성의 영향: 혜택 유형과 회사 의도의 조절 효과

두정완(Doo, Jeong-Wan) 한국경영교육학회 2021 경영교육연구 Vol.36 No.1

[연구목적] 본 연구는 친환경 제품에 대한 인식에 어떤 요인이 영향을 미치는지 밝히고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 친환경 특성의 중심성에 초점을 맞추고 제품의 전반적인 친환경성 평가에 혜택 유형과 회사 의도의 조절 효과를 검토하였다. [연구방법] 특징 중심성에 따른 소비자의 평가와 관련한 연구가설의 검증을 위하여 총 네 번의 실험이 이루어졌다. 실험1에서는 아기용 샴푸와 자동차용 샴푸를 실험제품으로 선정하여 총 183명의 피 실험자가 실험에 참가하였다. 실험2에서 4까지도 연구목적에 부합하는 적정 실험설계가 이루어졌다. 연구가설의 검증을 위해 t-test와 ANOVA가 적용되었다. [연구결과] 제품의 중심적 특징이 친환경적인 것으로 인지될 때가 주변적 특징이 친환경적인 것으로 인지될 때 보다 제품에 대한 선호도는 낮아졌다. 중심성이 낮아질 경우 제품에 대한 선호도는 높아졌고, 자기 관점보다는 타인관점의 선호도가 더 높았다. 제품의 강함 정보가 없는 경우보다 있는 경우가 제품에 대한 선호도는 더 높았다. 의도된 친환경 향상의 경우 회사가 제품 품질 향상 이외의 다른 요소로 더 많은 자원을 돌린 것으로 추론하는 경향이 있었다. 혜택이 제품과 분리될 때 소비자들은 회사가 제품 품질 이외의 다른 요소로 자원을 돌린 것으로 더 이상 추론하지 않았다. [연구의 시사점] 지금까지 소비자들이 친환경 제품을 평가할 때 특징 중심성(feature centrality)의 영향을 타진한 연구는 거의 없다. 이에 본 연구는 소비자가 인지하는 친환경 제품에 대한 특징 중심성이 제품 평가에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지와 친환경 제품으로부터 소비자가 추구하는 혜택의 유형에 따른 소비자의 평가를 연구하였다. 연구 결과에 의한 이론적․실무적 시사점을 제시하였다. [Purpose] This study aimed to find out what makes a product more or less environmentally friendly. To this end, we focused on the centrality of green characteristics, reviewed the mode of benefit and the moderating effect of firm intention in evaluating the overall greenness of products. [Methodology] A total of four experiments were conducted to verify the established research hypotheses. In Experiment 1, baby shampoo and car shampoo were selected as experimental products, and a total of 183 subjects participated in the experiment. Appropriate experimental designs were done from Experiments 2 to 4. To verify the research hypotheses, t-test and ANOVA were applied. [Findings] The preference for the product was lower when the central feature of the product was perceived as environmentally friendly than when the peripheral one was perceived as so. When the centrality is lowered, the preference for the product increases, and the preference for others is higher than that of the self-perspective. The preference for the product was higher in the case where there was no strong information about it. The intended green improvement tended to deduce that the company turned more resources into factors other than product quality improvement. When benefits were separated from products, consumers no longer reasoned that the company turned resources into factors other than product quality. [Implications] This study investigated how the feature centrality of green products perceived by consumers influences product evaluation and consumers’ evaluation according to the types of benefits consumers seek from green products. Theoretical and practical implications based on the research results were presented.

경쟁법상 동의의결제도의 문제점과 개선방안

정완 ( Choung¸ Wan ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2021 홍익법학 Vol.22 No.3

동의의결제도는 미국의 동의명령제도를 받아들인 것으로, 사업자의 법위반행위에 대해 사업자 스스로 시정방안을 마련하여 공정위에 신청하면, 공정위가 검토하여 그 타당성이 인정되는 경우 동의하는 의결을 내림으로써, 위반행위를 제재하지 않고 신속히 시정하게 하여 사건을 종료시키는 제도이며, 우리나라뿐 아니라 여러 나라에서 활발히 이용하고 있다. 그러나 동의의결제도는 그 도입 취지에도 불구하고 동의의결에 관한 공정거래위원회의 광범위한 재량 및 위반사업자에 대한 면죄부 등의 문제가 계속 지적되어 왔을 뿐 아니라 이행관리조차 부실하여 제도의 실효성에 의문이 제기되어 왔다. 동의의결제도는 경쟁법 위반에 대해 신속하게 조치함으로써 이해관계자 모두에게 도움을 준다는 판단하에, 2011년 공정거래법에 도입되고 2014년 표시광고법에 도입되었지만, 활발히 이용될 것이라던 예상과 달리 현재까지 동의의결 신청건수는 단지 12건에 불과하다. 이러한 상황을 개선하기 위하여 공정거래위원회는 시정방안에 따른 사업자의 이행상황에 대하여 공정하게 평가하고 관리함으로써 동의의결제도의 활용 증대와 신뢰도 제고를 목적으로 ‘동의의결 이행관리제도’를 도입하여 2021년 5월부터 시행하고 있다. 본 논문은 현행 동의의결제도의 운영상황과 약간의 문제점을 살펴보고 그 개선방안을 제시하였다. 아울러 공정거래법과 표시광고법에 국한되어 있는 동의의결제도를 여타 경쟁법과 소비자법에도 광범하게 도입할 필요가 있음을 강조하였는바, 현행 동의의결제도의 운영실적을 바탕으로 향후 전자상거래법, 약관법, 대리점법 등 각종 소비자법에도 동의의결 제도를 도입함으로써 제도의 실질적 활용도를 제고하고 실질적 소비자권익 보호에 기여할 수 있도록 도모할 필요가 있다. 특히, 전자상거래법에 도입될 동의의결제도는 향후 디지털 경제 시대에 매우 중요한 역할을 하게 될 것이므로, 최근 전자상거래법 전부개정 작업이 시도되는 상황에서 개정법률안, 즉 가칭 ‘온라인플랫폼 공정화법안’에도 동의의결제도가 도입되어야 함은 물론, 동의의결제도 도입을 통해 소비자와 소상공인의 피해를 신속하고 실효적으로 구제하여 플랫폼사업자의 법적 불안정을 해소해야 할 것이다. In this paper, various issues have been examined regarding the operation status and prospects of the so-called ‘'Consent Decrees'’ system, its problems, and improvement plans. To re-emphasize the important details, based on the contents of the Fair Trade Act entrusting the management of the implementation of the 'Consent Decrees' to the Korea Fair Trade Commission and the Korea Consumer Agency, the details of the entrustment of the management of the implementation of the 'Consent Decrees' should be confirmed. Guidelines for the initiation and finalization of 'Consent Decrees' in order to provide predictability of the 'Consent Decrees' procedure for business operators and implementers, etc., in order to secure the expeditiousness of the Fair Trade Commission's execution of the 'Consent Decrees' and to enhance the reliability of the operation of the 'Consent Decrees' system. It is necessary to enact this, and it would be appropriate for the Korean Fair Trade Commission and the Korean Consumer Agency to carry out this task as well. In addition, it is necessary to review measures to close the case by including consumer damage relief in the 'Consent Decrees' correction plan so that business operators can use their 'Consent Decrees' through actual damage relief and removal of the risk of litigation. In addition, it is necessary to broadly introduce the 'Consent Decrees' system, which is currently introduced in both the Fair Trade Act and the Labeling and Advertising Act, to other competition laws and consumer laws. In other words, based on the operation of the 'Consent Decrees' system under the Fair Trade Act and the Labeling and Advertising Act, the 'Consent Decrees' system will be introduced in the Consumer Act such as the Electronic Commerce Act, the Terms and Conditions Act, and the Agency Act in the future, thereby enhancing the practical utility of the system and contributing to the protection of actual consumer rights and interests. The 'Consent Decrees' system, which will be introduced in the E-Commerce Act, will play a very important role in the digital economy era in the future. Not only should a 'Consent Decrees' system be introduced, but also the legal instability of platform operators should be resolved by quickly and effectively relieving damages to consumers and small business owners through the adoption of the 'Consent Decrees' system.

The behavior of velar nasal and syllabification

Chin Wan Chung 한국음운론학회 2001 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.7 No.1

Chung, Chin Wan. 2001. The behavior of velar nasal and syllabification. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 7.1, 177-189. This study provides a Correspondence- Theoretic analysis for the behavior of velar nasal [?], which normally occurs after the alveolar nasal /n/ is inserted, a variant realization in Korean, with respect to syllabification and related phenomena in Korean and Japanese. Normally syllable internal consonants are syllabified as the onset of the following syllable, but the velar nasal does not follow this normal syllabification. We analyze this peculiar behavior by using Onset Condition constraint plus other relevant constraints. The velar nasal also shows other different acts than the other consonants in that it shows intraspeaker variation and interdialectal variation between SD and KD. These are rather readily analyzed by reranking the constraints offered in this analysis. The analysis of Korean case may be extended to Japanese case where it shows variation between young and old Japanese speakers regarding [g] and [?] variation. This paper illuminates the specific behaviors of the velar nasal in syllabification in general.(Hannam University)

Hypoxia-induced PLOD2 regulates invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in endometrial carcinoma cells

Junhui Wan,Junli Qin,Qinyue Cao,Ping Hu,Chunmei Zhong,Chunhua Tu 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.3

Background Procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2 (PLOD2) was induced in hypoxia and participated in cancer development. However, the role of PLOD2 in endometrial carcinoma remains unclear. Objective To explore the influences and regulation mechanism of PLOD2 in endometrial carcinoma under hypoxic condition. Methods The small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting to PLOD2 and pcDNA3.1-PLPD2 were transfected to endometrial carcinoma cells to alter PLOD2 expression. Cell proliferation ability was determined by colony formation assay. Wound healing assay used to detect cell migration ability. Transwell invasion assay was used to detect cell invasion ability. Results PLOD2 and Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) were induced by hypoxia. Down-regulation of PLOD2 did not affect endometrial carcinoma cell proliferation ability, while inhibited cell migration, invasion under hypoxic condition. Besides, down-regulation of PLOD2 increased the levels of γ-catenin and E-cadherin and decreased levels of Fibronectin and Snail under hypoxic condition. Down-regulation of PLOD2 also inactivated Src and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (Akt) signaling under hypoxic condition. The promoting effects of PLOD2 overexpression on migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of endometrial carcinoma cells were reversed by Akt inhibitor (MK2206) under hypoxic condition. Conclusion PLOD2 expression was increased in endometrial carcinoma cells under hypoxic condition. PLOD2 modulated migration, invasion, and EMT of endometrial carcinoma cells via PI3K/Akt signaling. PLOD2 may be a potential therapeutic target for endometrial carcinoma.

약관규제법상 약관의 명시 • 설명의무에 관한 고찰

정완(Choung, Wan) 경희법학연구소 2014 경희법학 Vol.49 No.4

오늘날 사업지들은 대량거래에서 개별고객과으| 계g떨차를 죠바화하고 그 획일적 처리를위해 ‘약관’을 시용하고 있다 그런데 약관은 사업자가 일방적으로 작성한 정형적인 계약조건이기 때문에 소비자의 권리를 침해할 기능성이 크므로 열악한 지위에 있는 고객을 보호하기 위하여 ζ댁은 이른바 ‘약표법’을 제정하여 시행하고 있으며 우리나라도 1986년 ‘약관규제에 관한 법률을 제정하여 시행해 용H과 약관규제법은 고객의 보호를 위하여 사업자에게 약표때| 대한 명시·설명의무를 부과하고있다. 약곤규제법 제3조는 특히 사업자가 약관의 ‘중요한 내용’을 고객에게 설명해야 효H파고 규정하고 있는데, 이 ‘중요한 내용’으| 기준에 대하여는 구체적으로 언급하고 있지 않다. 사업자으| 설명의무는 고객이 충분히 예상할 수 있는 사흔일 경우 면제될 수 있지만 그 기준은 고객별로 차이가 있으므로 계약의 전반적인 취지와 내용, 고객의 이해싣때 등에 기초하여 종합적으로 판단해야 한다 결국 객관적이고 확실한 사실로서 고객이 알고 있을 것으로 예상되는 경우에 한하여 이를 인정하는 것이 고객보호라는 약표F규제법 취지에 적합할것이다 약관은 오늘날 현대사회의 유용한 거래수묘떼지만 사업자가 일방적g로 작성한 정형적인 거래조건이므로 고객을 보호하기 우|하여 표뻐가 설시해온 여러 기준을 법률규정에 구체화시킬 필요가 있으며, 이러한 작업을 통하여 약관이 고객을 충실히 보호할 수 있는 유용한 제도가 될 수 있을 것이다 이 글에서는 약관의 명시·설명의무에 대하여 외국의 입법려|와 우리나라 표뻐|등을 검토하고 아울러 명시 설명의무규정의 유효성에 대하여도 검토해 보기로 한다. Nowadays, standardized contract clauses are so effective in the large transactions. However, clauses in standardized agreements may irnfrirnge ∞nsumer rights because they were written by one p았ty. So, General Standard Clause Act was enacted to protect customers in almost countries. This Act includes the duty of explning the clauses so that consumers may have a chance to listen to the full description from contract parties. But the problem is that laws don’t have concrete provisions that say what important information is. lis paper is focused on not only the duty of explanation of the c1auses but also the problem of the application. The contents of this per are as follows. Chap l . Introduction Chap2. αncept of the Duty of Explanation of Clauses Chap3. Cases Trend about the Duty of Explanation of Clauses Chap4. Comparative Study of the Duty of Explan때on of Clauses Chap5. Review of Effectiveness of the Duty of Explanation of Clauses Chap6. Conclusion

Social investment effects of public education, health care, and welfare service expenditures on economic growth

Kim Soo‐Wan,Ahn Sang‐Hoon 한국사회복지학회 2020 Asian Social Work and Policy Review Vol.14 No.1

The purpose of this study is to theoretically and empirically examine whether public spending in education, health care, and welfare service operates as a fruitful investment in welfare states, which has been implied in the literature of social investment arguments. Based on comprehensive review of existing literature, this study suggested a tripartite mechanism of social investment effect of such spending, that is “enhancement of human capital,” “support for labor force participation,” and “job creation.” To find the empirical evidence, a pooled time‐series cross‐section analysis was conducted with the data of 15 advanced welfare states from 1980 to 2015 using estimation technique of fixed‐effect model. The results confirmed that public spending in education, health care, and welfare service had a positive medium‐term as well as long‐term effect on economic performance, while cash‐type welfare spending had an obscure or no visible effect on economy. Government consumption that is a proxy and control variable of size of the welfare state showed a positive effect on real GDP in the medium term but a negative effect in the long run. In conclusion, this study suggests that reinforcing social services should be recognized and dealt with as essence of social investment strategy.

단양 지역의 한말 의병항쟁

구완회(Ku, Wan-hoe) 忠北大學校 中原文化硏究所 2010 중원문화연구 Vol.13 No.-

At the end of the Joseon Dynasty, Danyang was the important area for the movement of army that fought against the Japanese police and army. During the early movement, Jang Choong-sik and Jang Choong-sik who were father and son, Lee Wan-ha and others played major roles in the leadership of Hojwaeuijin. Especially, it could be seen in the area that Danyang militiaman troop turned into a combat troop. In late movement, Danyang became an important combat area where Lee Gangnyun, Kim Sang-tae, Lee Myung-sang who was the general of the army in Danyang, and Min Byung-pal who rose in rebellion with Lee Myung-sang were remarkable members. However, except some research about Lee Gang-nyun, even basic research has not been done yet because there has been no specific historical materials about others. Therefore, there is some necessity to push ahead the research based on Danyang area.

Effect of Developmental Lead Exposure on the Expression of Hippocampal NMDA Receptor Subunit mRNA

Kim, Tae-Wan,Chung, In-Sung,Bae, Jae-Hoon,Shin, Dong-Hoon,Lee, Mi-Young,Kim, Joon-Sik 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

목적: in vivo 및 vitro에서 해마 신경세포의 발생단계별 NMDA 수용체 아단위 mRNA 발현에 대한 연 폭로 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 흰쥐 해마 신경세포의 발생단계별 NMDA 수용체 NR2A, NR2B 아단위 mRNA 발현에 대한 연의 영향은 정상군과 연 폭로군의 출생 후 7일, 14일, 22일 흰쥐의 해마에서 in situ hybridization으로 mRNA 발현 정도를 densitometer로 측정하여 비교하였고, 연과 NMDA 의 세포독성은 해마 신경세포 일차배양 후 도립현미경을 이용한 형태학적인 관찰과 LDH 활성도를 이용하여 측정하였다. 결과: 연 과 NMDA 에 의한 세포독성에 대한 in vitro 실험에서 형태학적 소견과 LDH 활성도에서 해마 미성숙 신경세포와 성숙 신경세포사이의 차이가 있었으므로, 연과 NMDA 독성효과는 해마 신경세포의 발달 단계에 따라 차이가 있다. 정상군의 해마에서의 NR2A mRNA 발현은 출생 후 연령이 증가함에 따라 점진적으로 증가하였으나, NR2B mRNA 발현은 출생 후 연령이 증가함에 따라 점진적으로 증가하였으나 NR2B mRNA 발현은 연령의 증가에 따른 변화가 없었다. 연 폭로에 희한 NR2A mRNA 발현은 유의하게 감소하였으나(p<0.05), NR2B mRNA 발현은 변화가 나타나지 않았다. 만성적 연 폭로는 NR2A를 포함하는 NMDA 수용체를 감소시킬 수 있음을 알 수 있다. 결론: 연은 해마신경세포의 발생단계에서 NMDA 수용체 아단위 특히 NR2A mRNA 발현의 변화를 야기하여 시냅스 신호 전달에 영향을 나타냄을 알 수 있었다. Hippocampus