語形上으로 본 英語 單語의 强勢型

黃彦澤 제주대학교 1977 논문집 Vol.9 No.1

The step toward the prediction of the pronunciation of English words may be divided intotwo parts: the prediction of stress patterns based on word forms, and that of the phonetic value of each segment of stressed and unstressed syllables. In other words stress patterns are to be used as stepping-stones to the prediction of the pronunciation of words. The reason why the stressing system of present-day English is complicated is that the originally simple rules governing English stress are somewhat obscured with a mixture of French and Latin stresses. In Germanic languages including English the main stress is chiefly placed on the first syllable of each word, whereas in French on the last syllable and in Latin on the penultimate or antepenultimate syllable. In this article the following suffixes are examined to predict the location of the stress in the majority of English words. The first suffixes to be considered are those which do not affect the position of the main stress. If a word has one of these kind of suffixes, the learner may remove it from the word and find the stress in the remaining part of the word. The next suffixes to he examined are those which themselves have the main stress. These kind of suffixes, chiefly from French, have peculiar forms, as -eer, -ette, etc. hardly reducible to weak-stressed vowels. The final suffixes to be dealt with are those, chiefly from Latin, which generally cause the stress to be put on the antepenultimate syllable. If a word does not have one of the three kind of suffixes above, then we will safely predict that the word will have the main stress according to the native system of English stress. The prediction, based on stress patterns, of vowel values is considered from two different angles: the values of strong-stressed vowels and those of weak-stressed. The strong-stressed vowels are divided into typical and special values, the former being a[æ], e[ε], i[i], o[q], u[Λ] and the latter a[ei], e[ii], i[ai], o[ou], u[(j)uu], etc. The weak-stressed values are [∂, i, u] irrespective of vowel letters. Although it is often said thet language is speech, not writing, writing has its own position and significance in the English language. Even if the beginner may learn English pronunciation solely through sound, he will find himself among books after the early stases of learning if he hopes to improve his English. This is one of the reasons why this article tries to make use of word forms to predict the pronunciation of English words.

英韓辭典의 發音表記

黃彦澤 제주대학교 1980 논문집 Vol.12 No.1

English pronunciation transcribed in English-Korean dictionaries should be the representation of the everyday unconscious speech of cultivated people both in England and in the United States. However, when we consider the transcription of the headwords in English-Korean dictionaries we use, we find that our dictionaries still leave some room for Improvement regarding the transcription. The following are some of the improvements on the pronunciation and its transcription. 1. The Received Pronunciation diphthong contained in such a word as home should be transcribed as [∂u], not as [ou], since the diphthong is shown as [∂u] in the 13th edition of Daniel Jones' Everyman's English Pronouncing Dictionary, which was published in 1967, that is, some fourteen long years ago. 2. As the pronunciation of the t(t) of such a word as letter, the voiced flap consonant [d·] must to shown in additen to [t], since the pronunciation with [d·] is much used in the everyday unconscious speech of cultivated people in the United States. 3. The pronunciation with the omission of the t contained in such a word as writer should be included in addition to the pronunciation with t, since it also represents the everyday unconscious speech of most American people. 4 The pronunciation with [∂] in the unstressed syllable of such a word as visit should be included in addition to the pronunciation with [i], since, as an informal pronunciation. [∂] appears to be commoner than [i] in General American. 5 . The pronunciation with the insertion of [w] immediately after the unstressed back vowel in such a word as situalion should be regarded as normal, since it is the actual representation of the pronunciation of the word. 6. The pronunciatinn with the insertion of [t] between [n] and [s] and between [n] and [∫] in such words as dance and mansion should be regarded as normal, since it represents the actual speech of most American people. 7. In the pronunciation of such a word as feel, in which the last vowel is front, [∂l] should he regarded as common for the pronunciation of the final l especially when a pause or a consonant follows, since, in such a case, a very clear [∂] often results while the tongue is in transition between the front vowel and [l]. 8. In the transcription of such a word as garden the syliabicityof the consonant (in this case, [n]) should be marked, as [^∂n], since, if garden is transcribed as [-dn] as in most English-Korean dictionaries, most Korean students will probably pronounce [-dn] as if [-dn] were the same as [-d∂n].

肺結核患者의 難治化에 미치는 要因에 關한 調査硏究

沈雲澤,李棟培,曺永釵 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1987 충남의대잡지 Vol.14 No.2

To find out the factors affecting to the intractability of pulmonary tuberculosis, we analyzed the 1,047 pulmonary tuberculosis patients, registered and treated at the Clinic of Chungnam Branch of Korean National Tuberculosis Association for entire 8 years from January 1st, 1978 to the December 31st, 1985. Following variables were find out to be the affecting factors to the intractability of pulomonary tuberculosis. 1. General characteristics : age of patient, residential area, education, occupation, marital status and smoking status; above 30 years of age, rural area, low educational background, physical workers and heavy smokers were more apt to be intractable pulmonary tuberculosis patient. 2. Laboratory findings : chest P-A, direct sputum smear and culture, and rate of antituberculous drug resistance; moderately advanced and far advanced, smear and culture highly positive and higher occurrence rate of antituberculotic resistance. 3. Medical facility they treated : primary and retreatment; the patient who treated at the drug store and health center were find out: more easily become intractable pulmonary tuberculosis patient.

택시 운전기사들의 유병상태에 관한 조사 연구

심운택,이종연,오장균,조영채 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1991 충남의대잡지 Vol.18 No.1

A questionnaire survey was conducted on 572 taxi drivers in Taejeon City to investigate the prevalence rate which was derived from the subjective symptoms of respondents according to the working condition and daily life effected on health. The disease were classified the cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal disease, neurotic disease and musculoskeletal disease according to the subjetive symptoms. The results obtained were as follows : 1. Among the subjective symptoms. the complaint rate of latigability, eye strain, loss of appetite, irritability, dizziness on standing, stiffness on shoulder. and low back pain became decreased in that order. 2. The prevalence rates of cardiopulmonary and gastrointestinal disease were low in the old aged group, and the prevalence rates of all disease was proportional to the frequencies of accident experience. but no evident trend in job conditions. 3. The groups having regular meal time and rest after meal showed low prevalence rate in all disease. The sleeping time and smoking habit were related to the neurotic and cardiopulmonary disease. 4. The group of usual drug intake occupied 68% of all studied subjects, the age group of 40 or more and the group of having G-1 disease showed high rats of usual drug intake.

開業醫 硏修敎育에 關한 調査 硏究

沈雲澤,李棟培,曺永釵 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1984 충남의대잡지 Vol.11 No.2

For the purpose of analyzing the opinions of medical practitioners who already took lectures of medical practitioner training seminars, we conducted the surveys from April I through June 30, 1984. Total subjects were 472 nationwide medical practitioners and their opinion about present training seminar system and about improvement of that in the future were analyzed. Followings are the conclutions therefrom: 1. Of the lectures of medical practitioner training seminar, 47. 5% were sponsered by provincial medical society, 25. 5% were scientific lecture meetings of sectional society and 21.5% were professional chair of medical college. 61. 9% of subjects responsed "may be acceptable", 14.6% were "difficult to grasp the content of lecture" and "no interest", but 6. 9% responsed "interest" 2. About the effect of lectured training seminar, 40.2%, of subjects responsed "clinically" practicable", 34.8% were "modern knowledge but clinically cannot practicable" and 22:0%. were "too theoretical to clinical use" in that order. 3. Only 62. 7% of sudjects knew the scores acquired after training seminar. 59.7% of subjects didn't know the regulation on the shortage of aqcuired scores. 4. For the reason that obstacles about the lecture of training seminar, 47.5% were lack of time, 22. 1% were inappropriate lecture place and 16. 1% were not good details of seminar. 5. As for the opinion about the contributions of lectured seminar, the follow: Acquisition of knowledge about modern medicine and drug 44. 5%, reinforcement of knowledge about clinical medicine 20.1% helpful in the clinical use 12.9,% and promote mutual friendship 6.2%. 6. The places of training seminar wanted by subjects were as it is with 35.5%, lecturing tour to the Eup and Myon with 27.8%, university hospital and training hospital with 20.8%, establish the training course to the university hospital with 13. 3%. 7. Details and methods of training seminar were distribute the teaching material with 42.2%, for the practical technique with 30. 1%, theoretical lectures with 24.6%. And the fields of training seminar were without consideration of major field were 53.4%, consideration of major field only with 40.9%. 20. 4% wanted October for the time of training seminar, 16.3% on November, other months were revealed lower rate.

綴字를 통한 英語發音의 豫言 : 母音字의 音價 The Values of the Vowel Letters

黃彦澤 제주대학교 1983 논문집 Vol.16 No.1

The long pronunciation of the simple vowel letters (except before r) is mainly found in the following word structures: (1) -VCe (e.g. base), (2) -VCle (e'.g. able), (3) -V (e.g. go), (4) -Ve (e.g. blue), (5) -VVC- (e.g. archaic), (6) CVCV- (e.g. crusade), (7) -VCrV- (e.g. fragrant), (8) -VCiV- (-VCeV-) (e.g. associate), (9) -VCal (e.g. final), (10) -ange (e.g. change), (11) -aste (e.g. chaste), (12) -ind (e.g. bind), (13) -ild (e.g. child), (14) -igh(t) (e.g. high, bright), (15) -ign (e,g. sign), (16) -oll (e.g. poll), (17) -old (e.g. bold), (18) -olt (e.g. colt), (19) -olk (e.g. folk). For the pronunciation of the complex vowel letters, the inter-spelling is used, that is, the conventional spelling is transformed into the intermediate form between the ordinary spelling and the real Pronunciation. The inter-spelling is constructed by raising one step upward the vowel letter in the vowel letter triangle. So formed, the inter-spelling comes nearer to the real pronunciation. The vowel letters before r are lowered toward the innermost part of the oral cavity (the position of [r]) owing to the lowering effect of the sound[r]. Through this lowering the vowel sounds followed by the[r] keep a comparatively stable status as compared with the simple vowel letters which do not occur beforer.

공단 근로자들의 혈증 중금속 농도에 관한 비교 연구

심운택,이동배,조영채,이영수,윤창규 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1991 충남의대잡지 Vol.18 No.1

For the purpose to estimate the exposure levels of heavy metals and to present a basis of occupational health managements to the industrial workers exposed to heavy metals, this study conducted to know the lead and chromium levels of whole blood of industrial workers. The study population were divided into three groups to the exposure levels ; directed exposure group, indirect exposure group and non-exposure group, and the sample number of workers who exposed to lead were 80, chromium were 77, and control group were 31. The contents of lead and chromium were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results were summerized as follows : 1. Sex distribution of studied group were 77.1 % in male, and 22.9 % in female. Age distribution were 74.4% in 30-49 age group. The work in years were 43.1 % in 5-10 years, 29.8% in 1-4 years. 2. Mean blood level of lead were 33.53㎍/㎗ in direct exposure, 23.84㎍/㎗ in indirect exposure group and 11.77㎍/㎗ in control group. 3. Mean blood levels of chromium were 1.9㎍/㎗ in direct exposure, 1.51㎍/㎗ in indirect groups and 0.95㎍/㎗ in control group. 4. Mean lead levels of direct exposure group was higher in male than female as 36.44㎍/㎗, 27.35㎍/㎗ respectively, but there was no difference in indirect and control group by sex. Mean chromium levels of direct exposure group were higher levels 2.26㎍/㎗ in female than 1.84㎍/㎗ in male, but there were no difference in indirect and control group by sex. 5. The age group of 29 or younger among the direct exposed had high level of lead and chromium as 35.7㎍/㎗ 2.41㎍/㎗ respectively, but that age group had no evident difference in the level of lead and chromium among the indirect exposed and non-exposed.

일부 농촌지역 노인들의 인식기능에 관한 조사 연구

심운택,배일훈,오장균,조영채 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1991 충남의대잡지 Vol.18 No.1

For the purpose of promotion of mental health in the rural elderlies, we surveyed 506 elderlies by means of Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE) for evaluation of cognitive functions. We assesed degree of cognitive function impairments and association between cognitive function and socio-environmental conditions. The results were as follows : 1. Proportion of severe and mild cognitive function impairments were increased as incresing age, and mean scores of MMSE became decreased significantly among them(P<0.001). 2. In female, rates of severe and mild cognitive function impairment were high and mean scores of MMSE were significantly lower than male(P<0.001). 3. In widow group, proportion of severe and mild cognitive function impairment were high and mean scores of MMSE were significantly low(P<0.001). 4. As decreasing familly numbers, proportion of severe and mild cognitive function impairment became high and mean scores of MMSE were significantly low(P<0.01). 5. In physical handicaped group, proportions of severe and mild cognitive function impairment were high and mean scores of MMSE were significantly low(P<0.001). 6. In low scores of physical ability group, proportions of severe and mild cognitive function impairment were high and mean scores of MMES were significantly low(P<0.001). 7. Most item-scores of MMSE were significantly correlated. 8. In stepwised multiple regression analysis, age, existence of physical disorder, sex and scores of physical ability were selected highly correlated variables and power of explanation was 0.1528.

英語의 語强勢 : 接尾辭와 第一 强勢의 位置 The Influence of Suffixes on the Position of the Primary Stress

黃彦澤 제주대학 1978 논문집 Vol.10 No.1

In this paper 152 suffixes-31 suffixes are native, 121 foreign-are placed in five classes: 1. Suffixes of Class 0: those causing no alteration in the position of the primary stress of the stem; 2. Suffixes of Class -1: those throwing the primary stress on the last syllable of the word; 3. Suffixes of Class -2: those throwing the primary stress on the penultimate syllable of the word; 4. Suffixes of Class -3: those throwing the primary stress on the antepenultimate syllable of the word; 5. Suffixes of Class -4: those throwing the primary stress on the fourth syllable of the word; When suffixes are classified as above, all native suffixes belong to Class 0, suffixes of French origin to Class -1, and suffixes of Latin(including Greek) origin to Class -2, Class -3, and Class -4(in case of suffixes with stress on the penultlmate syllable in old French). This study is on the hypothesis that each suffix originally belongs to one of the five classes above. Some foreign suffixes, however, subject to the influence of the characteristic feature of native suffixes, that is, native suffixes are added to independent words and make no alteration in the position of their primary stress, not infrequently change their classes into Class 0, thus beiongiug both to their respective classes and Class 0. This indicates that most foreign suffixes are within the influence of the native suffix.

英語弱母音考

黃彦澤 제주대학 1975 논문집 Vol.7 No.1

This paper limits the number of English unstessed vowels to three, that is, [e], [i], and [u]. The decision on the kinds of English unstressed vowels has been reached on the basis of phonetic value. In other words, if the value of a vowel cannot be found in any vowel with primary stress, than the former vowel is an unstressed one. [∂] does not have the same value as that of the vowel of cut[kΛ't], [i] does not have the same value as that of the vowel of sit[si't], and [u] does not have the same value as that of the vowel of put[pu't]. One of the characteristic differences between stressed and unstressed vowels lies in the stability of phonetic value : the values of stressed vowels are stable and therefore have their own respective fixed points of articulation, while those of unstressed ones are unstable and therefore can only be shown with some spaces of articulation. [∂], [i], and [u] are pure unstressed vowels because they never occur in stressed syllables. This is why they are transcribed here in italics so as to be distinct from stressed vowels. The English unstressed vowel comprises two layers of weak stress. One is the deep layer which is represented by [∂]. This [∂] has two directions for more changes in one of which it may be absorbed into the following consonants to form syllabic consonants, And of the vowel letters a, e, i(y), o, u, when unstressed, may be turned into [∂]. In this sense [∂] may be called the center of weak stress. The other layer, the surface layer, is represented by two vowels [i] and [u]. These two vowels differ from [∂] in that [i] comes chiefly from /i/ or /e/ (or sometimes from /æ/) and [u] from [u]. They are slightly connected with the corresponding stressed vowels-[i] with [i] or [ii], and [u] with [u] or [uu]. Therefore this surface layer is influenced by both stressed vowels and the deep layer [∂]. Aside from occurrences of [i] or [u] in some syllables, all vowels in unstressed syllables are reduced to [∂]. As a general rule, [∂] does not occur before other vowels because [?] regularly inserted between [∂] and the following vowel breaks off the incessant flow of sounds. [i] comes primarily from the vowels in such unstressed suffixes as -y(including -ly, -ity, etc.), -ish, -ing (including -ling, etc.), -ic. From the vowel[i] in these suffixes develop the similar phonetic forms [-i], [-i∫], [iŋ], [-ik] as the basis for [i]. Any of these forms of closed syllables, when vowel letters are i or e, contains [i], whether it is final, medial, or initial. If we put aside such two-fold pronunciations as -age[∂d?? or id??], -ive [∂v or iv], we may say that [i] occurs finally, prevocalically, and before [∫], [ŋ], [k], [g] in closed syllables. The other unstressed vowel [u] occurs only before other vowels. As the perceptual distance between [u] and [∂] is rather short, [u] in other cases melts easily into [∂].