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Alumina fi lm sputter deposition on mold steel by large-area electron beam irradiation
Togo Shinonaga,Masashi Takata,Motohiro Inoue,Akira Okada 한국정밀공학회 2021 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.8 No.5
During the large-area EB irradiation, plasma generation is confirmed by collision of electrons with vaporized workpiece materials above the substrate surface due to its high energy density. This phenomenon would cause the sputtering of target material when it is set near the substrate surface. Thus, there is a possibility for coating a target material on the substrate surface by the large-area EB irradiation. The simultaneous sputter deposition of target material with melting and resolidification of workpiece surface by the large-area EB would improve the adhesion strength between the coated fi lm and the workpiece surface. In this study, a new ceramics coating method with sputtering of target tube by large-area EB irradiation is proposed. Ceramic target tube made of alumina is put on the substrate surface of mold steel, and the large-area EB is irradiated to the substrate surface. The alumina fi lm with thickness of several micro meter can be formed on the substrate surface. Moreover, the fi lm formation mechanism is discussed by changing material property of a jig supporting the alumina target tube. The spectrum of plasma generated on the substrate surface during the EB irradiation is also analyzed. It is made clear that the magnetic property of jig greatly influences on the fi lm formation. Furthermore, main components of plasma generated on workpiece surface during the process are components of steel in the case of low number of EB irradiation, while much more alumina component as a fi lm is detected in the case of high number of EB irradiation.
( Kazuhiko Togo ) 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2014 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.38 No.2
In this analysis of the Senkaku/Diaoyu, including the US role, I employ the framework of Western theories of international relations (IR). The analysis turns to the prisoner`s dilemma to find a possible solution to the present impasse. The key task for negotiators and IR theorists is to find an equation that satisfies three factors simultaneously: China does not enter Japan`s territorial waters; Japan continues the three nos of "not to land, not to investigate, and not to build"; and confidence-building measures are instituted to avoid direct military collisions. So far, the prisoner`s dilemma has not succeeded in finding that equation, so perhaps more attention should be paid to the Eastern concept of face saving or giving face, which in addition to the other three factors might enable the two sides to reach a modus vivendi.
( Kazuhiko Togo ) 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2011 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.35 No.3
How a nation fights a war, and loses it, then forms an understanding of historical memory is a matter of great complexity. This article analyzes the postwar evolution of historical memory in Japan. The San Francisco Peace Treaty, and its acceptance of the judgment given by the Allies` tribunal, was a major event in shaping Japan`s understanding and memory of World War II. But the Japanese had to go through their own process of self-recognition and understanding of the effect of their deeds in other countries. This culminated in the 1995 statement of Prime Minister Murayama. Although that statement played a key role in promoting government-to-government reconciliation, it resulted in a backlash in conservative politics. Japan is now at the third stage of identifying the next path in responding to its historical responsibility and at the same time contributing to the creation of a more integrated East Asian regional framework.
Low phonon conductivity of layered BiCuOS, BiCuOSe, and BiCuOTe from first principles
Ji, Hyo Seok,Togo, Atsushi,Kaviany, Massoud,Tanaka, Isao,Shim, Ji Hoon American Physical Society 2016 Physical Review B Vol.94 No.11
<P>Combining the effect of layer mixing, mass mismatch, and intrinsic defects, we have investigated the origin of very low phonon conductivity k(p) in thermoelectric (TE) BiCuOQ (Q: S, Se, Te) compounds. Based on the first-principles anharmonic, lattice dynamics calculations, we use the single-mode relaxation time approximation of the linearized phonon Boltzmann equation, which shows good agreement with experiments. Here, we found that the most important parameter for low k(p) is the interlayer interaction between the BiO and CuQ layers. By analyzing the phonon linewidth distribution, which indicates the phonon scattering rate, we propose that the interlayer interactions play a critical role on suppressing k(p), i.e., the heterolayered crystal controls these interlayer interactions, achieving low k(p) and optimal TE properties.</P>
Katsuyoshi Matsuoka,Kanae Togo,Noritoshi Yoshii,Masato Hoshi,Shoko Arai 대한장연구학회 2023 Intestinal Research Vol.21 No.1
Background/Aims: Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) are at an increased risk of certain infections and malignancies compared with the general population. Incidence rates (IRs) of hospitalized infections, herpes zoster (HZ), and malignancies in patients with UC, stratified by treatment, in Japan were estimated. Methods: This retrospective study identified patients with UC treated with corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, or tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) from 2 administrative databases (Japan Medical Data Center [JMDC] and Medical Data Vision [MDV]). IRs (unique patients with events per 100 patient‐years) were estimated for hospitalized infections, HZ, and malignancies, between June 2010 and May 2018. Results: Among 6,033 MDV patients with UC receiving corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, or TNFi, IRs (95% confidence intervals) were: hospitalized infections, 1.73 (1.52–1.93); HZ, 1.00 (0.85–1.16), and malignancies, 1.48 (1.29–1.66). Among 958 JMDC patients with UC receiving corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, or TNFi, IRs (95% confidence intervals) were: HZ, 1.82 (1.27–2.37) and malignancies, 1.35 (0.87–1.82). In both cohorts, IRs of malignancies were generally similar among patients receiving immunosuppressants, TNFi, or combination therapy (immunosuppressants and TNFi); this was also true for IRs of hospitalized infections and HZ in the MDV cohort. IRs of hospitalized infections, HZ, and malignancies were higher in patients receiving calcineurin inhibitors compared with immunosuppressants or TNFi, in both cohorts. Conclusions: IRs of hospitalized infections, HZ, and malignancies among patients with UC were generally similar regardless of UC treatment, except for calcineurin inhibitors.
Sergey V. Mikhailenko,Yusuke Oguchi,Togo Shimozawa,Takashi Ohki,Adrian O. Olivares,Enrique M. De La Cruz,Shinichi Ishiwata 한국물리학회 2008 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.53 No.3
The interaction between actin and myosin V has been probed by measuring the unbinding force of individual actomyosin complexes using optical tweezers. Surprisingly, we found that in both the nucleotide-free and ADP-bound states single- and double-headed binding occurs with approximately the same probability. Estimation of the spring constant of individual actomyosin complexes confirmed that in each of the nucleotide states two distinct populations exist. These results confirm that optical nanometry can be used to reliably study the mechanism of how cytoskeleton molecular motors interact with their associated polymer lattices under solution conditions more closely resembling the intracellular environment.