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XMASS Collaboration,Takiya, H.,Abe, K.,Hiraide, K.,Ichimura, K.,Kishimoto, Y.,Kobayashi, K.,Kobayashi, M.,Moriyama, S.,Nakahata, M.,Norita, T.,Ogawa, H.,Sekiya, H.,Takachio, O.,Takeda, A.,Tasaka, S.,Y North-Holland 2016 Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research. Vol.834 No.-
We report the measurement of the emission time profile of scintillation from gamma-ray induced events in the XMASS-I 832kg liquid xenon scintillation detector. Decay time constant was derived from a comparison of scintillation photon timing distributions between the observed data and simulated samples in order to take into account optical processes such as absorption and scattering in liquid xenon. Calibration data of radioactive sources, <SUP>55</SUP>Fe, <SUP>241</SUP>Am, and <SUP>57</SUP>Co were used to obtain the decay time constant. Assuming two decay components, τ<SUB>1</SUB> and τ<SUB>2</SUB>, the decay time constant τ<SUB>2</SUB> increased from 27.9ns to 37.0ns as the gamma-ray energy increased from 5.9keV to 122keV. The accuracy of the measurement was better than 1.5ns at all energy levels. A fast decay component with τ<SUB>1</SUB>~2ns was necessary to reproduce data. Energy dependencies of τ<SUB>2</SUB> and the fraction of the fast decay component were studied as a function of the kinetic energy of electrons induced by gamma-rays. The obtained data almost reproduced previously reported results and extended them to the lower energy region relevant to direct dark matter searches.
Gardinal, R.,Calomeni, G.D.,Consolo, N.R.B.,Takiya, C.S.,Freitas, J.E. Jr,Gandra, J.R.,Vendramini, T.H.A.,Souza, H.N.,Renno, F.P. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2017 Animal Bioscience Vol.30 No.1
Objective: Two experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of coated slow-release urea on nutrient digestion, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen utilization, blood glucose and urea concentration (Exp 1), and average daily gain (ADG; Exp 2) of steers. Methods: Exp 1: Eight ruminally fistulated steers [$503{\pm}28.5kg$ body weight (BW)] were distributed into a d $4{\times}4$ Latin square design and assigned to treatments: control (CON), feed grade urea (U2), polymer-coated slow-release urea A (SRA2), and polymer-coated slow-release urea B (SRB2). Dietary urea sources were set at 20 g/kg DM. Exp 2: 84 steers ($350.5{\pm}26.5kg$ initial BW) were distributed to treatments: CON, FGU at 10 or 20 g/kg diet DM (U1 and U2, respectively), coated SRA2 at 10 or 20 g/kg diet DM (SRA1 and SRA2, respectively), and coated SRB at 10 or 20 g/kg diet DM (SRB1 and SRB2, respectively). Results: Exp 1: Urea treatments (U2+SRA2+SRB2) decreased (7.4%, p = 0.03) the DM intake and increased (11.4%, p<0.01) crude protein digestibility. Coated slow-release urea (SRA2+-SRB2) showed similar nutrient digestibility compwared to feed grade urea (FGU). However, steers fed SRB2 had higher (p = 0.02) DM digestibility compared to those fed SRA2. Urea sources did not affect ruminal fermentation when compared to CON. Although, coated slow-release urea showed lower (p = 0.01) concentration of $NH_3-N$ (-10.4%) and acetate to propionate ratio than U2. Coated slow-release urea showed lower (p = 0.02) urinary N and blood urea concentration compared to FGU. Exp 2: Urea sources decreased (p = 0.01) the ADG in relation to CON. Animals fed urea sources at 10 g/kg DM showed higher (12.33%, p = 0.01) ADG compared to those fed urea at 20 g/kg DM. Conclusion: Feeding urea decreased the nutrient intake without largely affected the nutrient digestibility. In addition, polymer-coated slow-release urea sources decreased ruminal ammonia concentration and increased ruminal propionate production. Urea at 20 g/kg DM, regardless of source, decreased ADG compared both to CON and diets with urea at 10 g/kg DM.