브라질 깡동블레(Candomblé)의 형성과 종교-문화적 저항

이성재 ( Lee¸ Sungjae ) 한국서양사학회 2021 西洋史論 Vol.- No.148

‘노예들의 종교’라는 깡동블레는 브라질 역사의 흐름을 이해할 수 있는 주요 열쇠이다. 깡동블레의 형성 및 정착 시기가 바로 브라질의 대서양 노예무역 시기, 근대화 시기에 해당되기 때문이다. 깡동블레의 발전 과정은 순탄치 않았다. 16세기 이후 깔룬두, 가톨릭의 성인숭배와 형제회 활동을 통해 깡동블레가 서서히 형성되었는데 이러한 과정에서는 브라질 사회의 이목을 어느 정도 피할 수 있었다. 그러나 19세기 초반에 발생했던 노예 반란이 깡동블레와 관련이 있다고 여겨지자 물리적 탄압이 시작되었다. 19세기 후반기에는 근대국가 건설 과정에서 공중위생에 위협을 주는 비유럽적인 아프리카 종교를 용납할 수 없다는 사회 분위기 속에서 다시 탄압을 받았다. 그럼에도 깡동블레는 계속해서 성장했는데 그 이유는 무엇보다도 인종, 민족, 성별이라는 틀을 넘은 개방성 덕분이었다. 한편 20세기 들어서는 깡동블레에 대한 브라질 및 외국 학자들의 진지한 학문적 연구가 시작되고 그 성과가 발표됨에 따라 점차 깡동블레에 대한 긍정적 인식이 확산되었다. 대중적 인기와 신도들의 헌신적 노력을 통해 깡동블레는 1970년대에 드디어 합법화되었다. 현재는 아프리카 사람들이 자신들의 조상신을 찾기 위해 바이아를 방문하는 흥미로운 현상도 나타나고 있다. 그들이 깡동블레를 찾는 이유는 깡동블레가 종교의 차원을 넘어 아프리카 사람들의 문화적, 역사적 정체성을 되찾게 해주는 역할을 하기 때문이다. 즉 로마 가톨릭과 혼합되었으나 아프리카 종교의 원형을 잘 보존하고 있다는 것이다. 일부 신도들은 로마 가톨릭으로부터 받은 요소를 줄임으로써 깡동블레를 더욱 순수한 아프리카적인 것으로 만들어야 한다고 주장한다. 그러나 깡동블레는 아프로-브라질 혼합종교 그 자체로 남아야 할 것이다. 혼합종교라는 특징 자체가 브라질의 정체성을 이루는 중요한 구성요소이기 때문이다. 브라질로 끌려 온 아프리카 노예들은 자신들의 종교가 사라질 위기에 처하자 깡동블레라고 하는 새로운 혼합종교를 만들어냄으로써 정체성의 일부를 지킬 수 있었다. 그런데 깡동블레가 흑인 노예들의 후손만이 아니라 백인까지 신자로 받아들이고 브라질의 합법적 종교가 됨에 따라 깡동블레는 이제 아프리카뿐만 아니라 유럽과 아메리카 문화까지 포함하는 보편적 종교로서의 지위를 확보하게 되었다. Candomblé, which is ‘the religion of slaves’ is key to understanding the major factors affecting the flow of Brazilian history, as the formation and settlement of Candomblé came about as a direct result of Brazil’s Atlantic slave trade and modernization period, though the development of the ideology itself was not smooth. From the 16th century onwards, through Calundu, the cult of saints and Catholic brotherhood activities, Candomblé gradually formed over time, avoiding the attention of mainstream Brazilian society. However, due to the perceptions that the early 19th century slave revolt was related to the influence of Candomblé, the religion was subject to oppression. During the second half of the 19th century, Candomblé was repressed again under the guise of public health advocacy efforts by emerging governmental organizations that were unwilling to tolerate non-European African religions during the process of building a modern state. Nevertheless, Candomblé continued to grow, most of all thanks to its open tolerance beyond the usual dividing social lines of race, ethnicity and gender. Not merely black individuals, but also many white individuals became believers of Candomblé. Meanwhile, during the 20th century, serious academic interest and research on Candomblé began, which was led by Brazilian and foreign scholars, thereby leading to a positive shift in popular perceptions of Candomblé. Due to public popularity and the widespread efforts of scholars, Candomblé was finally legalized in the 1970s. Some believers also demand that the ideology of Candomblé be made more purely African by reducing the influence which it has received from Roman Catholicism. However, others argue that it is necessary to accept Candomblé as an Afro-Brazilian hybrid religion, which stems from Brazil’s colorful identity that embraces not only African, but also European and American cultures. (Chungbuk National University / capsoclee@naver.com)

유튜브 동영상 뉴스채널 브랜드 리뉴얼 디자인 개발사례 연구 - 채널e뉴스 브랜드 개발 사례를 중심으로 -

김성재 ( Kim¸ Sungjae ) 커뮤니케이션디자인학회 2021 커뮤니케이션 디자인학연구 Vol.76 No.-

본 연구는 2019년도에 창간한 채널e뉴스의 브랜드 리뉴얼 디자인 개발에 관한 사례연구이다. 채널e뉴스는 온라인 신문과 동영상 플랫폼을 기반으로 지역사회 균형발전 및 부산 경남 지역문화 창달을 위해 창간한 인터넷 언론사이다. 채널e뉴스의 창간취지에 부합하는 채널의 운영을 위해서는 조직의 구성원을 비롯한 뉴스콘텐츠를 이용하는 이용자들에게 채널e뉴스를 알리는 시각적 정보 가운데 가장 강력한 요소가 브랜드디자인이다. 채널 개국 1주년을 맞이한 채널e뉴스의 브랜드디자인 리뉴얼을 통해, 타 온라인 뉴스 채널과 차별화된 브랜드디자인리뉴얼에 그 목적을 두고 브랜드디자인 리뉴얼개발을 진행하였다. 본 연구는 브랜드디자인 리뉴얼에 관한 선행연구를 바탕으로 채널e뉴스의 기존의 브랜드디자인 분석을 통해 새로운 브랜드 리뉴얼 디자인을 최종적으로 제시하였다. 그 결과 기존의 채널e뉴스의 브랜드디자인 선호도보다 새롭게 제시한 리뉴얼 브랜드디자인의 선호도가 뉴스채널 이용자로 하여금 더욱 긍정적인 브랜드디자인 선호도가 있는 것으로 나타나 성공적으로 브랜드디자인 리뉴얼 개발이 되었음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 브랜드디자인 리뉴얼 개발을 위한 활발한 연구와 논의가 이어지길 바라며, 실무에서 적용할 수 있는 브랜드디자인 리뉴얼 개발에 도움이 되길 바란다. This is a case study about the brand renewal design development of channel enews launched in 2019. Channel enews is an internet media company founded to promote the balanced development of local communities and progression of local culture in Busan and Gyeongnam, based on an online newspaper and video platform. In order to operate a channel that meets the inauguration of the channel enews, brand design is the most powerful element among visual information that informs the members of the organization and users who use the news content. Through the brand design renewal of channel enews, which marks the 1st anniversary of the opening of the channel, the brand design renewal development was carried out with the aim of brand design renewal differentiated from other online news channels. This study finally presented a new brand renewal design through the analysis of the existing brand design of channel enews, based on prior research on the brand design renewal. As a result, it was found that the newly suggested brand design preference showed more positive brand design preference than the existing channel enews one by news channel users, indicating that the brand design renewal was successfully developed. We hope that this study will lead to various researches and discussions for the development of brand design renewal, and it is hoped that it will help in the development of brand design renewal that can be applied in practice.

PanoNetVLAD: Visual Loop Closure Detection in Continuous Space Represented With Panoramic View Using Multiple Cameras

Sungjae Shin,Yeeun Kim,Byeongho Yu,Eungchang Mason Lee,Dong-Uk Seo,Hyun Myung 제어로봇시스템학회 2023 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2023 No.10

The Motion Analysis about the Balance Recovery Mechanisms against the Forward Perturbation

Sungjae Hwang,Hueseok Choi,Kisik Tae,Youngho Kim 대한전자공학회 2007 ITC-CSCC :International Technical Conference on Ci Vol.2007 No.7

In this paper, biomechanical aspects of dynamic postural responses against forward perturbations were experimentally determined by simultaneous measurements of joint angles, linear accelerations, EMG activations, CoP movements and ground reaction forces(GRF). The sequence of joint motions due to the forward perturabation was in the order of ankle dorsiflexion, knee flexion and then hip flexion during the second half of the acceleration phase. Forward accerlerations were found both at the heel and the sacrum during the second half of the acceleration phase and the early, constant speed phase. Tibialis anterior(TA) for ankle dorsiflexion and biceps femoris(BF) for knee flexion, the primary muscle to recover balances against the forward perturbation, was activated during the half of acceleration phase. Ankle strategy was used for slow-speed perturbation, but mixed strategy of both ankle and hip used for the fast-speed perturbation. In addition, speed and magnitude of the perturbation influenced the postural response.

International Practices of Naming Undersea Features and the Implication for Naming Those in the East Sea

Sungjae Choo(주성재) 대한지리학회 2006 대한지리학회지 Vol.41 No.5

이 논문에서는 해저지명소위원회(SCUFN)를 중심으로 하여 해저지명 제정의 국제적 관례를 검토하고, 동해중부지역에 새롭게 제정ㆍ고시된 해저지명을 국제적으로 표준화하는 데 있어 시사점을 찾고자 한다. 한국에서 해저지명 제정활동의 역사는 길지 않으나, 최근 몇 년간 해저지형을 확인하고 지명을 제정하는 데 있어 큰 진전을 보이고 있다. SCUFN이 규정하는 해저지명제정 지침의 기준에서 볼 때, 이들 지명은 대부분 적절하게 선정된 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 역사적 인물을 사용하거나 상징적 의미를 갖는 고유명칭, 그리고 해저지명목록집에 이미 등재되어 있는 두 개의 이름에 대해서는 더욱 정교한 정당성 부여과정이 필요하다. 향후 해저지명 제정의 후속작업을 위하여 세 단계의 전략이 제안된다. 첫째, 해저지형에 대한 지속적 조사 수행과 자료 축적, 둘째, 새롭게 발견된 지형에 대한 지명 부여, 고시 및 홍보, 셋째, 국내적으로 고시된 지명의 국제적 표준화 및 국제기구 등록 추진이 그것이다. This paper reviews international practices of naming undersea features, centered on SCUFN (Sub- Committee on Undersea Feature Names), and draws some implications for the newly announced undersea feature names in East Sea. Even though the history of the activities of naming undersea features in Korea is not long, recent years have witnessed considerable progress in finding and naming undersea features. In view of the guidelines for naming undersea features by SCUFN, it is evaluated that most of these names have been appropriately selected. But more justification should be made for specific terms using historical persons, symbolic term, and for two names proposed for those already listed in the Gazetteer. For further works on naming undersea features, three steps are suggested: first, conducting surveys and accumulating data on undersea features, second, naming and announcing newly found features and publicizing them, and third, making attempts to achieve international standardization of domestically announced names.

Biomechanical Effects of Heel Wedges on the Knee Varus Torque during Walking

Sungjae Hwang,Imsook Jeong,Sunwoo Park,Ohyoun Kwon,Youngho Kim 대한전자공학회 2007 ITC-CSCC :International Technical Conference on Ci Vol.2007 No.7

In the present study, knee varus torque and mediolateral accelerations were compared using the threedimensional motion analysis system and a linear accelerometer in order to determine biomechanical effects of heel wedges during walking. Wedges were inclined with 10° and 15° in medial and lateral directions respectively. Both knee varus torques and mediolateral accelerations showed two distinct positive peaks in loading response and pre-swing. Medial wedges resulted in significantly increased both knee varus torque and lateral acceleration in loading response, compared with barefoot walking (p<0.05). On the other hand, lateral wedges decreased them in loading response (p<0.05). This became more significant in more inclined wedges. However, no significant correlations were found between knee varus torque and lateral acceleration in preswing with respect to the wedge angle. From this study, it was found that a lateral wedge would be helpful to treat osteoarthritis, decreasing knee varus torque in loading response. In addition, lateral acceleration of the knee joint might be an alternative to determine the effect of wedges during walking, instead of measuring knee torque by the three-dimensional motion analysis.

Lipoxygenase Inhibitors Suppressed Carrageenan-Induced Fos-Expression and Inflammatory Pain Responses in the Rat

Sungjae Yoo,Shanshu Han,Young Shin Park,이장헌,오우택,황선욱 한국분자세포생물학회 2009 Molecules and cells Vol.27 No.4

Lipoxygenase (LO) metabolites are generated in inflamed tissues. However, it is unclear whether the inhibition of the LO activity regulates the expression of c-Fos protein, a pain marker in the spinal cord. Here we used a carrageenan-induced inflammation model to examine the role of LO in the development of c-Fos expression. Intradermally injected carrageenan caused elevated number of cells exhibiting Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) in the spinal dorsal horn, and decreased the thermal and mechanical threshold in Hargreaves and von Frey tests. Pretreatment with an inhibitor of phospholipase A2, that generates the LO substrate, prior to the carrageenan injection significantly reduced the number of Fos-(+) cells. A general LO inhibitor NDGA, a 5-LO inhibitor AA-861 and a 12-LO inhibitor baicalein also exhibited the similar effects. Moreover, the LO inhibitors suppressed carrageenan-induced thermal and mechanical hyperalgesic behaviors, which inidcates that the changes in Fos expression correlates with those in the nociceptive behaviors in the inflamed rats. LO products are endogenous TRPV1 activators and pretreatment with BCTC, a TRPV1 antagonist inhibited the thermal but not the mechanical hypersensitivity. Overall, our results from the Fos-LI and behavior tests suggest that LO products released from inflamed tissues contribute to nociception during carrageenan-induced inflammation, in-dicating that the LO pathway is a possible target for modulating inflammatory pain.

A Novel Powered Gait Orthosis using Pneumatic Muscle Actuator

SungJae Kang,Jei Cheong Ryu,In Hyuk Moon,Jae Wook Ryu,Mu Seung Mun 제어로봇시스템학회 2003 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2003 No.10

A Simplified Digital Closed-loop Current Control of Three-phase PV Inverter Operating in Triangular Conduction Mode

Sungjae Ohn,Nidhi Haryani,Rolando Burgos,Dushan Boroyevich 전력전자학회 2019 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.2019 No.5

An adoption of SiC device brings benefits on performances of three-phase photovoltaic (PV) inverters. As the switching loss of SiC devices is concentrated at a turn-on instant, triangular conduction mode (TCM) can be utilized to achieve zerovoltage switching (ZVS) for SiC-MOSFETs thus minimizing the switching energy. When the three-phases are coupled through a neutral point of the load, the dynamics of three-phases interact with each other. Such a coupling complicates conventional current-control methods based on a single-phase TCM inverter to be extended to the three-phase applications. In this paper, a simplified digital closed-loop control for three-phase TCM inverter has been presented. A new reference frame has been proposed based on the conduction-mode with a simple conductionmode decision method. Issues for the current control on the proposed reference frame are identified, and an architecture for the current controller has been investigated. The proposed control architecture has been experimentally verified with three-phase three-level 40 kW PV inverter with a digital control board with TMS320F28343.

3D Motion Analysis and Musculoskeletal Modeling on Changes in Muscle Length of Lower Limbs for Hemiplegic Walking

Sungjae Hwang,Jongsang Son,Yujin Shin,Jungmi Park,Youngho Kim 대한전자공학회 2007 ITC-CSCC :International Technical Conference on Ci Vol.2007 No.7

Many studies have been unsuccessful to classify biomechanical characteristics of pathological gaits in hemiplegic patients using joint motions of the lower extremity. In this paper, we analyzed changes in muscle length of lower limbs for hemiplegic walking by using the 3D motion analysis and the musculoskeletal modeling to determine gait patterns. Twenty young healthy volunteers and three hemiplegic patients participated in this study. 3D motion analyses were performed by using six infra-red cameras and four force plates. The musculoskeletal model was made based on subjects' anthropometric data and 3D motion capture data. The musculoskeletal model included twelve major lower extremity muscles based on the modified Hill-type muscle model in each lower limb. Results showed that insufficient push-off was found during pre-swing in hemiplegic walking, without showing enough contraction of gastrocnemius and soleus. Excessive ankle dorsiflexion was also found due the contracture of tibialis anterior. Semimembranosus was shown to be tighter and thus knee flexion was larger during loading response than those in the normal subjects. Changes in muscle length of extensor muscles were also very similar to joint motions in the sagittal plane. These results could be very useful to classify and to characterize various abnormal gait patterns.