알콜의존 환자에서 음주욕구를 유발하는 조건화자극에 대한 연구

한귀원,김명정,김성곤,변원탄 大韓神經精神醫學會 1996 신경정신의학 Vol.35 No.4

DSM-IV에 의하여 알콜 의존으로 진단되어 입원 중인 18세에서 65세 사이의 남자로서 과거 3주이상의 단주 경험이 있는 환자 110명을 대상으로 음주 욕구를 유발하는 조건화 자극의 종류와 빈도를 조사하였다. 먼저 예비조사를 통하여 환자들로부터 수집한 알콜연관자극들 중에서 흔한 내적 및 외적 자극 각각 25가지씩, 모두 50가지를 선정한 후, 대상 환자로 하여금 50가지의 알콜연관자극 중에서 자신에게 해당하는 자극을 모두 선택하게 하였다. 그 후 각 알콜연관자극의 빈도와 유형별 빈도를 조사하고 환자의 인구학적 특성, 음주력, 불안 및 우울 척도 등과 관련하여 검토하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 조건화 자극을 내적 및 외적 알콜연관자극으로 분류하였을 때, 내적 자극은 신체 상태, 긍정적 기분 상태 그리고 부정적 기분 상태로, 외적 자극은 즐거운 상황, 불쾌한 상황, 알콜과 연관된 상황 및 기타 상황으로 분류되었다. 2) 1인당 선택한 문항의 평균 수는 14.1±8.6개로 내적 자극이 7.5±4.8개, 외적 자극이 6.5±4.4개이었으며 각 자극을 하나라도 선택한 사람은, 내적 자극은 대상군 모두가 선택하였고 외적 자극은 대상군의 99.1%가 선택하였다. 부정적 기분 상태와 불쾌한 상황은 각각 97.3%, 88.2%로서 가장 높은 빈도를 보였고 긍정적 기분 상태와 즐거운 상황도 각각 42.7%, 71.8%로서 높은 빈도를 보였다. 신체 상태에 관한 자극은 대상군의 68.2%가, 알콜과 연관된 상황에 관한 자극은 68.2%가, 그리고 기타 상황에 관한 자극은 49.1%가 선택하였다. 3) 음주 욕구를 증가사켰던 내적 자극 중 높은 빈도로 선택된 문항들은 화가 날 때(71%), 외로울 때(47%),고민이 될 때(45%), 시장기가 돌 때(45%), 잠이 안올 때(45%) 등이었고, 외적 자극 중에서 높은 빈도로 선택된 문항들은 가족이나 친척들과 갈등이 있거나 다투는 경우(53%), 잔치, 초상, 계 등 사회적인 모임이 있을 경우(52%), 하는 일이 잘 되지 않을 때(49%), 직장에서 혹은 친구와 갈등이 있거나 다투는 경우(42%)등이었다. 4) 환자의 나이와 신체 상태의 알콜연관자극 간에는 유의한 정상관관계가 있었고, 문제 음주로 인해 처음 정신과에 입원한 나이와 신체 상태의 알콜연관자극 간에도 유의한 정상관관계가 있었으며, 교육 수준과 신체 상태의 알콜연관자극 사이에는 유의한 역상관관계가 있었다. 그리고 입원횟수와 부정적 기분 상태의 알콜연관자극 사이에는 유의한 정상관관계가 있었다. 그러나 첫 음주 시작 나이, 문제 음주 시작 나이, 문제 음주 지속 기간, 최대 단주 기간, 병원 치료 후 평균 단주 기간, 개인의 특성 불안과 우울 점수 등과 알콜연관 자극의 유형 간에는 유의한 상관관계가 없었다. 또한 직업 유무별, 사회경제 상태별, 음주가족력 유무별, 결혼 상태별, 종교별 및 음주 양상별로 본 알콜연관자극의 유형별 선택 문항 수에 있어서도 통계적으로 의미있는 차이는 없었다. Conditioned stimuli provoking alcohlol craving in the alcoholics were surveyed in 110 hospitalized male patients with the diagnosis of alcohol dependence according to DSM-IV who had had 3 weeks or more of successful periods of alcohol abstinence after the onset of alcohol dependence. A preliminary study of preparing a list of 50 alcohol related cues(ARCs) was performed by collecting ARCs from 50 alcoholic patients, choosing the more frequent stimuli and rearranging those into 25 internal and 25 external ARCs. And then, each of the 110 subjects was asked to choose all the ARCs which provoked alcohol craving in the past to survey the frequency of the ARCs and their relevance with regards to a number of variables such as certain demographic data, alcohol history and anxiety and depression. The results were as follows ; 1) The ARCs were divided into internal and external ARCs ; the internal ARCs were categorized into positive affects, negative affects and somatic conditions and the external ARCs into pleasant situations, unpleasant situations, alcohlol-related situations and other situations. 2) Total mean number of ARCs per person was 14.1±8.6, that of internal ARCs being 7.5±4.8 and that of external ARSc being 6.5±4.4. All the subjects chose at least one of the internal ARCs and 99.1% chose one or more external ARCs. ARCs of negative affects and unpleasant situations were chosen by 97.3% and 88.2% of the subjects respectively, whereas, those of positive affects and pleasant situations were chosen by 42.7% and 71.8% respectively, showing unexpectedly high frequency. ARCs pertaining to somatic conditions were chosen by 68.2% of the subjects, those of alcohol-related situations were chosen by 68.2% and those of other situations by 49.1%. 3) Frequently chosen items of internal ARCs were when I was angry (71%),' when I was lonely'(47%), 'when I was distressed'(45%), 'when I was hungry'(45%) and 'when I had trouble sleeping' (45%). Those of external ARCs were 'when I had an argument or conflict with a relative' (53%), 'when I was at a social meeting such as party or funeral ceremony'(52%), when the things were not going to work out' (49%), 'when I met a friend whom I liked'(49%) and 'when I had an argument with a friend or people at work' (42%). 4) Positive correlations were seen between age and ARCs of somatic conditions and between age at the first psychiatric hospitalization and ARCs of somatic conditions. However, negative correlation was found between educational level and ARCs of somatic conditions. Number of psychiatric hospitalization was positively correlated with ARCs of negative affects. But there were no significant correlations in age at the first drink, age of onset of alcohol related problems, duration of alcohol related problem drinking, maximal length of abstinence, usual duration of abstinence after hospital treatment and score of trait anxiety and BDI. No significant difference was noted in the mean number of ARC subtypes between different groups divided by other demographic or clinical variables such as status of job, social class, family history of alcohol dependence, status of marriage, religion and drinking patterns.

주산기 백서에서 혈중 에스트로겐 농도와 공간 기억력과의 상관관계

박민성,박제민,신성현,한귀원,김명정,김성곤 大韓神經精神醫學會 2006 신경정신의학 Vol.45 No.5

Objectives : This study was designed to find possible effect of pregnancy and parturition on spatial memory, especially in relation to levels of estrogen during the third trimester and postpartal period in rats. Methods : 25 female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into pregnant group (N= 14) and control group (N= 11). Changes in spatial memory during 6 weeks including third trimester and postpartal period were measured using Morris water maze. Time to reach the platform in the maze was indicator of spatial memory. Serum estrogen level was measured on 1 week before delivery, postpartal day 1, and day 14. Results : Both groups showed gradual improvement in performance by trial days and weeks, but no significant difference was found between the two groups. However in the third trimester, pregnant group showed a trend of less achievement on 3 days of learning than control group. Serum estrogen levels did not differ significantly between groups over the 6 weeks of period. However there was positive correlation between serum estrogen level on postpartum day 1 and time to reach platform on postpartum week 2, and negative correlation between estrogen level on postpartum day 14 and latency to the platform on postpartum week 5. Conclusion : These results imply that changes in the serum estrogen level may have dual effects on the spatial learning in peripartal period. It is suggested that decline in cognitive function might occur either by failure of rapid decrease of estrogen, immediately after parturition, or retarded restoration of estrogen in later postpartal period.

신경회로망을 이용한 시변 동적 시스템의 적응제어

이상관,박영식,최부귀 東亞大學校 附設 情報通信硏究所 1995 情報通信硏究所論文誌 Vol.3 No.1

본 논문에서는 시변 동적 시스템의 적응제어를 위한 신경회로망의 응용에 대해 제안한다.플랜트를 제어하기 위하여 역동적 신경회로망 모델을 사용하는 학습이 필요하다. 제안된 시스템은 제어회로망과 학습회로망으로 구성된다. 제어회로망은 제어된 플랜트와 직렬로 구성한다. 학습회로망은 회로망이 동작하는 동안 역 동적 학습을 하기 위해 플랜트와 병렬로 구성한다. 제어회로망은 궤환오차와 원하는 플랜트의 출력을 입력으로 하여 제어 신호을 발생한다. 시뮬레이션 결과를 통해서 본 연구에 제안된 적응 추적제어 문제의 응용 가능성을 확인한다. In this paper an application of neural networks to the adaptive control of time-varying dynamic systems is proposed. The essence of the approach adopted was to use a neural network model of the inverse dynamics of a plant to control that plant. The proposed control system comprises a control network and a training network. The control network is placed in series with the controlled plant. The training network is positioned across the plant to learn its inverse dynamics during operation. The control network generates control signals to the plant, taking as its inputs the desired plant output and the feedback error. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the applicability of the proposed scheme to adaptive tracking control problems.

안면거상술시의 하악각 교정

조성태,황귀환,차동섭 大韓成形外科學會 1999 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.26 No.3

Many people want to receive facial rejuvenation with surgical treatment, but the post operative result is not always satisfying following classic soft tissue surgery. The reasons for dissatisfaction are many. We were particularly interested in the skeletal disharmony which is frequent in orientals. Since many orientals have flat and quadrangular facial contours, they often don't obtain the harmony of the facial skeleton and soft tissue despite successful surgery. So, to correct facial contour, mandibular angle contouring can be performed at the time of face lift. Seven patients had mandibular angle resection performed during facial rhytidectomy from October of 1996 to October of 1998 at Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, and they were followed from 4 months to 24 months. At the time of face lift, we tried the retromandibular approach for mandibular angle resection when it was indicated, instead of the intraoral approach which does not leave a noticeable scar and does not have the risk of facial nerve injury. Because of a restricted operative field, the intraoral approach has the disadvantages of a long operation time and a high risk of complications. The retromandibular approach with rhytidectomy incision showed neither noticeable scar nor developed a facial nerve injury. In conclusion, we found that mandibular angle contouring by retromandibular approach is easy and the result is more normal with a shorter recovery time. There were no complications and aesthetic results were quite satisfactory.

대전지역 대학생들에 의한 대학 급식소의 급식평가

박상욱,하귀현 한국식품영양학회 1998 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.11 No.5

대전지역 대학생들에 의한 대학급식소의 급식평가를 조사하기 위하여 3개 대학의 남녀 대학생 309명에게 설문 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 학생들이 대학급식소를 평가한 것 중 음식 및 메뉴의 특성에 대해서는 음식의 양, 영양가는 대체로 적절하다고 평가되었으나 온도, 신선도, 계절음식의 이용성, 식단의 변화, 메뉴선의 다양성은 만족하지 못하고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 학교별로는 B학교가 맛, 외관, 영양가, 신선도, 식단의 변화, 가격 등에서 낮은 점수평가를 하여 불만족한 것으로 나타났다. 2. 위생 및 종업원의 태도에 대한 평가에서는 전체적으로 종업원의 위생, 배식시 신속함, 용모의 단정함, 친절함은 보통으로 평가되었으나 음식의 위생, 식기의 청결은 만족하지 못한 것으로 평가되었으며 A, B학교는 음식의 위생에서 낮게 평가되었고 B학교는 식기의 청결에서 낮게 평가되었다. 3. 식당시설에 대한 평가에서는 전체적으로 식탁 및 의자배치, 반납구의 위치, 카운터의 위치, 메뉴판 사용, 환기시설 등은 보통 정도라고 평가하였으나 실내장식, 난방시설은 낮은 평가점수를 나타내었다. 학교별로는 A학교는 식탁 및 의자배치, 카운터의위치, 난방시설, 실내장식 등에서 낮은 점수를 보여 불만족한 것으로 나타났으며 B학교는 메뉴판사용에서 평가 점수가 낮았다. 4. 식당분위기 및 편리성에 대한 평가에서는 전체적으로 조용함, 편안함에서 불만족하게 나타났고, 식당의 위치, 식당 운영시간, 줄서는 시간은 적절하다고 평가되었으며, 휴식공간은 평가점수가 낮았다. 학교별로는 A학교가 줄서는 시간, 휴식공간에서 낮은 평가점수를 나타내 개선해야 할 것으로 생각되며 C학교는 줄서는 시간에서 낮은 평가점수를 나타냈다. 줄서는 시간이 길어 학생들에게 불편함을 주는 요인은 배식시간의 짧음, 식권의 제한 판매, 카운터의 위치, 강의시간표의 영향 등이 관계하고 있었다. 전체적으로 볼 때 음식의 온도와 신선도, 계절음식의 이용성, 식단의 변화, 메뉴선택의 다양성, 음식의 위생, 식기의 청결, 실내장식, 난방시설, 휴식공간 등은 낮은 평가점수를 나타내 대학급식에서 만족하지 못하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 이상의 결과를 살펴볼 때 대전지역 대학급식소에 대한 학생들의 급식평가는 전반적으로 만족하지 못하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 앞으로 더욱더 급식의 품질향상을 위해 노력해 나가야 할 것으로 보며 이를 위해서는 음식의 맛, 위생, 식단의 다양화, 급식시설 등에 더욱 개선을 하여 보다 나은 급식을 제공할 수 있어야 하고, 또한 급식 대상자들이 만족한 급식을 할 수 있도록 급식관리자들은 적극적이고 다양한 급식평가를 통해 문제점을 재검토하여 보다 효과적인 급식운영을 해야 할 것으로 사료된다. This study was conducted to provide some basic information for promoting efficiency in university food services. Subjects were 309 students of A,B and C university. The survey was done by questionaires, and the data were analyzed by SAS program. The quantity and nutritional value of food was evaluated as appropriate but temperature and freshness of food, use of seasonal food, variety of menu were indicated as unsatisfactory. Male students marked lower points on the price but female students gave lower scores for variety of menu and use of seasonl food. Employee hygiene fast service and neatness and kindness of workers were evaluated as appropriate but food sanitation and cleanness of dishes were indicated as unsatisfactory. A and B university students scored low marks on food sanitation. Female students scored higher marks on the employee's neatness. Arrangement of tables and chairs, location of returning utensils, location of counter use of menu board and ventilation facilities were scored as average but interior decoration and heating facilities were scored as low level. Students of a school scored low mark on the arrangement of tables, location of counter, heating facilities and interior decoration but students of B school scored low mark on the use of menu board. Calmness and comfortableness of dining hall was unsatisfactory but location of dining hall, serving time and waiting time were evaluated as appropriate. In conclusion improvements for temperature and freshness of food, use of seasonal food, variety of menu, food sanitation, cleanness of dishes, interior decoration, heating facility and resting area were indicated as necessary.

인지적 도덕발달이론의 단계이행과정에 대한 분석

문경상,나귀옥 순천향대학교 1994 논문집 Vol.17 No.1

The purpose of this study is to re-examine the differences between traditional modes of Kohlberg's moral developmental theory and the assumption of Kim Sang-yun. Kim's moral developmental theory is that stage 2 and P are of cognitive features whereas stage 3 and 4 are noncognitive, and there are differences between boys and girls in moral development. The hypotheses set up in this study are as follows. In the stage of morality related to cognitive characteristics Hy.1-1 Morality of stage 2 will reveal differences with increasing age. Hy.1-2 Morality of stage P will reveal differences with increasing age. In the stage of morality related to noncognitive characheristics Hy.2-1 Morality of stage 3 will reveal no differences with increasing age. Hy.2-2 Morality of stage 4 will reveal no differences with increasing age. In the trend of moral development between the sexes Hy.3-1 There will be no sex differences in morality of stage 2 and stage P. Hy.3-2 There will be sex differences in morality of stage 3 and stage 4. This study covered the period from February 8 to 13, 1993. The object of this study sampled at random are 6th graders of a primary school. 2nd graders of a middle school, and 1st graders of a high school in Sosan in Chunguam. The number of whole sampling was 412. The 186 samples were meaningless and without consistency. At last 226 samples were used on this study. This study used Rest's DIT translated by Kim and Park. The average score of the groups was analyzed by One-Way ANOVA and the differences between the groups by Tukey test. The result of this study is that there was a meaningful difference in the average score between the age groups in stage 2 and 3, and that there was a trend in which the score gets lower with increasing age. On the other hand, moral development of stage 4 didn't reveal any meaningful difference in the average score between the age groups. And morality of stage P reveals the meaningful difference of the average score in the different age groups and the average score increased with age. In moral development, there is no sex difference in stage 2, 3, and 4, but the girls are different from the boys in stage 4. This corresponds with Kim's study. The following conclusions are derived from the result. First, Kim suggests like this : morality contains both cognitive and noncognitive characterstics, and in the developmental trend related to cognitive characteristics, stage 2 and P can be replaced, whereas stage 3 and stage 4 related to noncognitive characteristics are adopted at the very early age and last without regard to age. But Kim's assumption can not be proved validity. Second, Kim's assumption that the developmental trend in stage 2 and P reflecting cognitive charcteristics will reveal sex differences has no validity. The cognitive theory of moral development that the sex differences have no influence on moral development can be more valid.

불필요한 조건 제거에 의한 규칙 Pruning

김상귀,윤충화 明知大學校 産業技術硏究所 2005 産業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.24 No.-

Memory-based learning algorithms showed satisfactory performance in classifying test patterns, but they simply utilize Euclidean distances between training patterns and a test pattern. They simply present the classification result to a user, but cannot explain the reasoning process how the result is obtained. In order to overcome this disadvantage, we propose a rule-extracting algorithm that produces IF-THEN rules from RPA (Recursive Partition Averaging), and a rule-pruning algorithm that removes useless conditions from IF part of the rules in order to enhance generalization capability.

직접극배치 PID 자기동조 알고리즘을 이용한 제어기 설계에 관한 연구

김성대,박선국,최부귀 동아대학교 공과대학 부설 한국자원개발연구소 1990 硏究報告 Vol.14 No.2

One of the advantage of the well-known PID controller is that it is a sufficients flexible controller for many applications. But, when the flant paramaters and distrubance are unknown or change with time, it is desirable to make automatic tuning of PID controller in order to achive an acceptable level of performance of the control system. In this paper, classical controller parameters are estimated by the recursive least square(RLS) identification algorithm, the pole placement method and Diopantine euqation. A series of simulations in which stationary stage and state with distrubance are subjected to a patten of system parameter changes is presented to show some of the features of the proposed control algorithm.

연시첨가가 김치의 발효와 기호성에 미치는 영향

하귀현,박상욱 한국식품영양학회 1998 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.11 No.5

연시를 배추김치에 0, 5, 10, 15% 첨가하여 4℃에서 20일간 저장하면서 pH, 산도, 염도, 환원당, Vit.C 및 관능적 특성을 분석하였다. pH는 저장기간에 따라 점차 낮아지고 시료간에는 거의 차이가 없었다. 산도는 숙성초기 pH의 변화가 급격히 낮아질 때는 균일하고 숙성후기에 점차 증가하였으며 제조당일부터는 20일 동안 0.3∼1.0%를 나타내었다. 염도는 1.2∼2.2%로 숙성이 진행됨에 따라 점차적으로 감소하였으며 대조군이 전반적으로 염도가 높았다. 환원당은 저장 2일째 함량의 감소를 보였다. 발효진행에 따라 점차 감소하였고 연시 첨가군의 함량이 대조군보다 전반적으로 높았다. Vit. C는 저장 4일경 가장 높은 함량을 보였고, 이후 점차적으로 감소하였으며 연시 첨가군이 대조군보다 함량이 높았다. 관능검사 결과는 저장기간동안 맛, 향기, 텍스처 및 전반적인 바람직성에서 연시 10% 첨가군이 기호도가 가장 높게 나타났다. 따라서 김치에 연시를 첨가하면 김치가 숙성됨에 따라 연시가 김치의 기호성에 중요한 역할을 할 수 있는 것으로 볼 수 있다. This paper presents an investigation of chemical and sensory properties of Kimchi with red-ripe persimmon. Kimchi with different levels(0, 5, 10, 15%) of red-ripe persimmon was fermented at 4℃ for 20days. During the fermentation, pH decreased in all Kimchi samples and pH of Kimchi with red-ripe persimmon was a little lower than that of Kimchi without red-ripe persimmon. Acidity increased continuously and saltiness was maintained at 1.2∼2.2% levels during fermentation. The reducing sugar of Kimchi with red-ripe persimmon was relatively higher than that of the other sample without red-ripe persimmon. Total vitamin C(Vit. C) in Kimchi added red-ripe persimmon increased in the early stage of fermentation and reduced gradually after 4days of fermentation. In the sensory evolution, Kimchi with 10% red-ripe persimmon recorded high scores in taste, flavor, texture and overall acceptability during all fermentation period.

CMAC 매핑 알고리즘의 학습능력에 관한 연구

韓昌勳,金聖大,崔富貴 東亞大學校 附設 情報通信硏究所 1995 情報通信硏究所論文誌 Vol.3 No.1

CMAC는 입력공간의 상태를 국부적으로 일반화하는 look-up table로서 on-line 학습 매니퓰레이터 제어를 위해 개발되었다. CMAC는 입력 벡터사이의 거리를 함수값이 내장된 주소 사이의 중첩정도로 변환시키는 매핑 알고리즘으로 유사한 출력을 생성하기 위해 유사한 입력을 일반화시키는 연상 메모리망(Associative Memory Network)으로 취급할 수있는데 이 경우 유사하지 않은 입력에 대해서는 독립적인 출력을 생성시킨다. 본 논문은 CMAC의 매핑 알고리듬의 동작원리를 분석하고 학습과 관련된 여러 매개 변수들을 조정하여 학습능력을 평가한다.