China Virtual and Real: Minzu Spaces

Stéphane Gros 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2019 Cross-Currents Vol.0 No.31

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The Studies on the Impact of Tailored DCA Treated Ethanol Blends on Engine Emissions

Stępień Zbigniew,Urzędowska Wiesŀawa 한국자동차공학회 2021 International journal of automotive technology Vol.22 No.6

The basic criterion in using alternative fuels, specifically ethanol blends, consists in its pro-ecological properties. However, like in the case of conventional hydrocarbon fuels, the use of blended ethanol in combustion engines can result in formation of harmful engine deposits. The addition of DCA (Deposit Control Additive) type fuel improvers is the most effective approach to prevent harmful deposit formation. However, such additives, although widely used in engine petrol types, are usually not fully compatible and hence effective in the case of ethanol fuels. Because of this, an effective DCA was developed under the carried out project, dedicated to ethanol fuels. The project was aimed at carrying out a comparative assessment of the impact of the developed DCA additive to ethanol fuels on engine emission and fuel consumption. Using a chassis dynamometer test with exhaust gas analyzers and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, regulated emissions of CO, NMHC, HC, THC, NOx and PM, PN were investigated, as well as CO2, and unregulated emissions of CH4, HCHO, MeCHO, NH3, ETOH. This allowed evaluating, whether the use in ethanol fuels of a new DCA, of effectiveness confirmed in tests, creates a threat in the field of increased emission of a combustion engine supplied with so improved fuel.

Effectiveness of anchorage with temporary anchorage devices during anterior maxillary tooth retraction: A randomized clinical trial

Stéphane Barthélemi,Alban Desoutter,Fatoumata Souaré,Frédéric Cuisinier 대한치과교정학회 2019 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.49 No.5

Objective: This study evaluated the efficiency of anchorage provided by temporary anchorage devices (TADs) in maxillary bicuspid extraction cases during retraction of the anterior teeth using a fixed appliance. Methods: Patients aged 12 to 50 years with malocclusion for which bilateral first or second maxillary bicuspid extractions were indicated were included in the study and randomly allocated to the TAD or control groups. Retraction of the anterior teeth was achieved using skeletal anchorage in the TAD group and conventional dental anchorage in the control group. A computed tomography (CT) scan was performed after alignment of teeth, and a second CT scan was performed at the end of extraction space closure in both groups. A three-dimensional superimposition was performed to visualize and quantify the maxillary first molar movement during the retraction phase, which was the primary outcome, and the stability of TAD movement, which served as the secondary outcome. Results: Thirty-four patients (17 in each group) underwent the final analysis. The two groups showed a significant difference in the movement of the first maxillary molars, with less significant anchorage loss in the TAD group than that in the control group. In addition, TAD movement showed only a slight mesial movement on the labial side. On the palatal side, the mesial TAD movement was greater. Conclusions: In comparison with conventional dental anchorage, TADs can be considered an efficient source of anchorage during retraction of maxillary anterior teeth. TADs remain stable when correctly placed in the bone during the anterior tooth retraction phase.

Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Hexaphenylbenzene-Pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrroles

Stę,ż,ycki, Rafał,Reger, David,Hoelzel, Helen,Jux, Norbert,Gryko, Daniel Georg 2018 Synlett Vol. No.

<P>Methods for the synthesis of pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrroles containing hexaphenylbenzene moieties at the 2- and 5-positions or the 1- and 4-positions have been developed. It was shown that placing a hexaphenylbenzene moiety at the 2- and 5-positions requires a Diels-Alder reaction between an alkyne-substituted pyrrolopyrrole core and a 2,3,4,5-tetraphenylcyclopenta-2,4-dien-1-one. The resulting dyes show a strong blue fluorescence that was hypsochromically shifted by chlorination at the 3- and 6-positions. The overall conjugation between the hexaphenylbenzene moieties and the pyrrolopyrrole core is limited, as evident from their photophysical properties. The hexaphenylbenzene moieties attached to the pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole core could not be transformed into hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenes through intramolecular oxidative aromatic coupling.</P>

Schizophrenia: From the brain to peripheral markers. A consensus paper of the WFSBP task force on biological markers

Stö,ber, Gerald,Ben-Shachar, Dorit,Cardon, M.,Falkai, Peter,Fonteh, Alfred N.,Gawlik, Micha,Glenthoj, Birte Y.,Grü,nblatt, Edna,Jablensky, Assen,Kim, Yong-Ku,Kornhuber, Johannes,McNeil, Thomas Informa UK (TaylorFrancis) 2009 The world journal of biological psychiatry Vol.10 No.2

<P>Objective. The phenotypic complexity, together with the multifarious nature of the so-called 'schizophrenic psychoses', limits our ability to form a simple and logical biologically based hypothesis for the disease group. Biological markers are defined as biochemical, physiological or anatomical traits that are specific to particular conditions. An important aim of biomarker discovery is the detection of disease correlates that can be used as diagnostic tools. Method. A selective review of the WFSBP Task Force on Biological Markers in schizophrenia is provided from the central nervous system to phenotypes, functional brain systems, chromosomal loci with potential genetic markers to the peripheral systems. Results. A number of biological measures have been proposed to be correlated with schizophrenia. At present, not a single biological trait in schizophrenia is available which achieves sufficient specificity, selectivity and is based on causal pathology and predictive validity to be recommended as diagnostic marker. Conclusions. With the emergence of new technologies and rigorous phenotypic subclassification the identification of genetic bases and assessment of dynamic disease related alterations will hopefully come to a new stage in the complex field of psychiatric research.</P>

Tricks of the Trade: Debt and Imposed Sovereignty in Southernmost Kham in the Nineteenth to Twentieth Centuries

Stéphane Gros 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2016 Cross-Currents Vol.- No.19

Southernmost Kham, which borders Burma and Yunnan Province, remained at the juncture of several mutually competing political centers until the first half of the twentieth century. On the fringes of Tibetan, Naxi, and Chinese expansion and increasing political control, several Tibeto- Burman–speaking groups such as the Drung and Nung gradually became integrated into their neighbors’ polities. Their political dependency often arose from trading with and accepting loans from commercial agents and from the intermediaries of local rulers, Naxi and Tibetans alike. This article addresses this practice of providing credit, which was developed at the expense of impoverished groups who were often obliged to accept the terms of the transaction. The author particularly emphasizes the connections between this system of debt dependency, the relationship between creditors and debtors that has to be considered in terms of exchange and reciprocity, and the question of political legitimacy. Within this broader context of regional interethnic relations, the article provides a detailed analysis of the concrete terms of the political relationship that existed between Drung communities and Tibetan chiefs of Tsawarong, which contributes to an understanding of the workings of this relationship and its economic, territorial, and even ritual components.

Fabrication and characterization of oxide nano-needles formed by copper passivation in sodium hydroxide solution

Stę,pniowski, Wojciech J.,Yoo, Hyeonseok,Choi, Jinsub,Norek, Małgorzata,Jó,ź,wik, Paweł,Misiolek, Wojciech Z. Elsevier 2019 THIN SOLID FILMS - Vol.671 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Electropolished copper foil was passivated in aqueous solution of 1.0 M NaOH at negative potential range vs. silver chloride electrode at room temperature. The passivations were performed at −50, −100, −150, and −200 mV for 1, 5 or 15 h. The resulting nano-needle layers were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and band gaps derived from UV–Vis spectroscopy evidencing coincidence of Cu(OH)<SUB>2</SUB>, CuO and Cu<SUB>2</SUB>O phases. Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed that the diameter of nanoneedles was not influenced by the passivation potential, however, the nanoneedles diameter was decreasing with extension of the passivation time (the smallest diameter obtained was 60 ± 17 nm). Additionally, the as-prepared oxide nano-needles were found to be polycrystalline, without any post treatments. All together, chemical compositionand physical properties (band gap) show that the inner part of the grown nano-needles is rather made of Cu<SUB>2</SUB>O, while outer part, there where the passivation reaction takes place, is made of CuO and Cu(OH)<SUB>2</SUB>.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Copper was passivated in NaOH. </LI> <LI> Formed oxide was crystalline and made of nanoneedles. </LI> <LI> X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy shows presence of Cu<SUB>2</SUB>O, CuO and Cu(OH)<SUB>2.</SUB> </LI> <LI> Optical bandgap was found to be ca. 2.2 (Cu<SUB>2</SUB>O) and 1.4 eV (CuO). </LI> </UL> </P>

Hagiography in the West and the Bollandists : An Overview

Stéphane Mercier 수원교회사연구소 2014 교회사학 Vol.0 No.11

이 논문은 서양 성인전기학(聖人傳記學)의 발전에 볼랑디스트(Bollandists)가 기여한 업적들과 그들의 활동 역사를 집중적으로 소개하는 짧은 글이다. 이와 관련해서, 이글은 1,600여 년에 걸쳐 만들어진 성인전 관련 문헌들과 17세기 초 로스웨이드가 내놓은 시발적인 작업 이후에 볼랑이 영성 전기 총서를 집성하는 과정에서 저 유명한 《성인 열전》(Acta Sanctorum)을 어떤 방식으로 기획했는지를 밝혔다. 이 글은 크게는 가톨릭의 영성 신학의 맥락 안에서 과학으로서 성인전기학에 대한 몇 개의 주석에 해당하는 해명을 덧붙였다. 아쉽지만, 총서의 운명에 대해서는 이 글에서는 다루지 못했다. 이는 후속 연구에서 상세하게 소개하겠다. This short essay focuses on the work of the Bollandists and their contribution to the evolution of hagiography in the Western world. It shows how Bollandus himself, after sixteen centuries of hagiographical literature and Rosweydus’ initial draft, planned the famed Acta Sanctorum series in the wake of previous collections of spiritual biographies. The fate of the collection is examined next; and the paper concludes with a few notes about hagiography qua science within the larger framework of Catholic spiritual theology.

Quantitative fast Fourier transform based arrangement analysis of porous anodic oxide formed by self-organized anodization of FeAl intermetallic alloy

Stę,pniowski, Wojciech J.,Choi, Jinsub,Yoo, Hyeonseok,Michalska-Domań,ska, Marta,Chilimoniuk, Paulina,Czujko, Tomasz North-Holland 2016 Materials letters Vol.164 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>FeAl intermetallic alloy was anodized in 20wt% sulfuric acid at 0°C for 1min at the voltage ranging from 5 to 20V with a step of 2.5V. Based on the FE-SEM images, fast Fourier transformed (2D-FFT) quantitative arrangement analysis of the porous oxide was performed for the oxide formed after the first and the second step of anodization. It was found that for voltages below 15V FFT-derived regularity ratio values for both steps are comparable. For 15V and greater voltages regularity ratio of the obtained anodic oxide is much better while a two-step procedure is employed. Conducted research revealed that two-step self-organized anodization improves regularity of the porous oxide formed on FeAl intermetallic alloy. Moreover, regularity ratio increases rapidly with the anodizing voltage for the second step of anodization.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> FeAl intermetallic alloy was anodized in sulfuric acid. </LI> <LI> Porous oxide was obtained. </LI> <LI> Fast Fourier Transform based arrangement analysis was done. </LI> <LI> Since 15V, two-step anodizing improves arrangement. </LI> <LI> The greater voltage the better final arrangement of the pores. </LI> </UL> </P>

Defaultable bond pricing using regime switching intensity model

ST´EPHANE GOUTTE,Armand Ngoupeyou 한국전산응용수학회 2013 Journal of applied mathematics & informatics Vol.31 No.5

In this paper, we are interested in finding explicit numerical formulas to evaluate defaultable bonds prices of firms. For this purpose, we use a default intensity whose values depend on the credit rating of these firms. Each credit rating corresponds to a state of the default intensity. Then, this regime switches as soon as one of the credit rating of a firm also changes. Moreover, this regime switching default intensity model allows us to capture well some market features or economics behaviors. Thus, we obtain two explicit different formulas to evaluate the conditional Laplace transform of a regime switching Cox Ingersoll Ross model. One using the property of semi-affine of the model and the other one using analytic approximation. We conclude by giving some numerical illustrations of these formulas and real data estimation results