Irregularities in English Phonology : Licensed Paradigm Identity

Jee, Soo Wook 대한언어학회 2000 언어학 Vol.8 No.1

Jee, Soo-Wook. 2000. Irregularities in English Phonology: Licensed Paradigm Identity. Linguistics 8-1, 297-316. In the paradigmatic identity-based theory, pairs of morphologically-related surface outputs are phonologically identical by output-to-output (OO) identity constraints. One of the purposes of this present study is to demonstrate that this paradigmatic identity-based theory can provide more explicit explanation of some irregular phenomena Sof English phonology which have been treated as mere exceptions. Another is to argue that the traditional affix-controled dichotomy of OO_1- and OO_2-Identity constraints should be modified or extended to that of OOW(eak)- and OOs(trong)-Identity constraints in order to cover more phonological processes in English. And the third is to suggest that some factors such as parts-of-speech, (in)direct semantic-relatedness, or etymology should licence OOw- and OOs-Identity constraints. (Dong Yang University)

당뇨병 환자에서 혈장 Thrombin-Antithrombin Ⅲ 및 Plasmin-α_2-Plasmin Inhibitor 복합체의 임상적 의의

김경욱,김은숙,정상수,윤수지,박우일,이준희,남수연,안철우,문병수,김경래,차봉수,송영득,임승길,이현철,허갑범 대한당뇨병학회 2002 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.25 No.5

연구배경:당뇨병 환자에서 혈액응고 및 섬유소용해 체계의 이상경향이 있어 그 결과로 여러 혈관합병증의 발생위험이 높다는 사실은 널리 알려져 있다. 그 기전은 아직 확실히 밝혀지지 않았으나, 고혈당으로 인한 혈장 단백질들의 비효소성 당화작용이나 산화성 스트레스로 인한 유리 라티칼 작용으로 응고항진이나 섬유소용해 활성의 저하를 유발하는 것으로 생각되고 있다. 최근 응고 및 용해인자와 그 억제자의 복합체들의 증가가 이 상태를 비교적 예민하게 반영한다고 알려져 있다. 방법:본 연구에서는 당뇨병 환자 101명과 정상 대조군 20명에서 혈장내 thrombin­antithrombin complex(TAT)와 plasmin­α₂­plasmin inhibitor complex(PIC)를 측정하여 비교하고, 당뇨병 환자에서 미세혈관 합병증과 대혈관합병증의 유무에 따른 차이와, 이미 혈관 질환의 위험인자로 알려져 있는 인자들간의 상관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 결과:1. 환자의 분포를 살펴보면 혈관합병증이 있는 군은 85명, 혈관합병증이 없는 군은 16명이었고, 평균연령은 각각 57.9±14.1세, 49.9±16.6세로 혈관 합병증이 있는 군에서 더 나이가 많았고, 체질량지수는 23.2±3.4㎏/㎡, 24.1±3.4㎏/㎡로 두 군간 유의한 차이는 없었다. 또 두 군간의 혈압 및 HbA1c, 공복혈당 및 인슐린과 C­peptide, 총 콜레스테롤, 중성지방, HDL­콜레스테롤, Lp⒜는 유의한 차이가 없었고, 미세혈관합병증이 있는 군에서 당뇨병의 유병기간이 길었다. 2. TAT 및 PIC의 농도는 정상 대조군에서는 2.8±1.2 ng/mL, 240.4±69.7 ng/mL이었고, 당뇨병 환자군에서는 9.5±22.6 ng/mL, 472.2±258.7 ng/mL이었다. TAT와 PIC 모두 당뇨병 환자군에서 정상 대조군에 비해 유의하게 증가되어 있었고(p<0.001), TAT/PIC ratio는 두 군간 차이가 없었다. 3. 당뇨병 환자의 혈관합병증에 따른 TAT 및 PIC, fibrinogen 농도는 합병증이 없는 군은 각각 4.1±2.4ng/mL, 362.2±272.0ng/mL, 322.7±102.4mg/mL으로 PIC와 fibrinogen의 증가를 보였으나, 연령을 보정한 후에는 통계학적 유의성은 없었다. 또 대혈관 합병증군에서는 각각 6.0±4.9 ng/mL, 507.4±321.6 ng/mL, 427.1±194.7 mg/dL이었으며 미세·대혈관 합병증군에서는 10.4±6.4 ng/mL, 484.8±269.7 ng/mL, 388.4±132.4 mg/dL으로 TAT의 증가를 보였으나 역시 연령을 보정한 후에는 통계학적 유의성은 없었다. 4. 미세혈관합병증군에서 HbA1c(>8%)가 높은 군의 PIC 농도가 유의하게 높았고(p=0.049), 대혈관합병증군에서 HbA1c(>8%)가 높은 군의 총 콜레스테롤 농도가 유의하게 높았다(p=0.042). 5. 총 당뇨병 환자군에서 PIC는 fibrinogen과 HbA1c와 양의 상관관계를, BMI와 음의 상관관계를 보였으며(r=0.47, 0.31,-0.25), 혈관 합병증이 없는 당뇨병 환자군에서만 TAT는 HbA1c와 양의 상관관계를 보였다(r=0.67). 결론:이상의 결과에서 혈장 TAT 및 PIC 농도는 당뇨병 환자에서 정상 대조군에 비해 의미있게 증가되어 있었고, 당뇨병 환자군에서는 연령의 증가와 유병기간이 혈액응고항진 및 용해의 장애에 큰 역할을 함을 알 수 있었으며, 총 당뇨병 환자군에 PIC와 HbA1c와 양의 상관관계를, BMI와 음의 상관관계를 보였으며 혈관 합병증이 없는 당뇨병 환자군에서만 TAT는 HbA1c와 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 따라서 당뇨병 환자에서 혈액응고 및 용해의 장애가 동반되어 있다고 볼 수 있으며, 혈장 TAT 및 PIC는 혈관합병증으로의 진행을 예측하는 지표로서 유용하리라 생각된다. 또 혈당조절정도와 상관성이 있으므로 혈당조절후에 추적검사를 시행하여 합병증의 예방이 가능한지 추후 연구가 필요하리라 생각된다. Background : Abnormality of coagulation and fibrinolystic system is known as a predisposing factor of vascular complication in diabetes. Although the pathogenesis is not well known, non-enzymatic glycation reaction and the increase in production of free radicals due to an increased oxidative stress may be linked to the hypercoagulibility and hypofibrinolytic activity. As indices of abnormality in coagulation and firinolysis in peripheral blood, plasma thrombin-antithrombin Ⅲ complex (TAT) and plasmin-α_2-plasmin inhibitor complex (PIC) were measured. The purpose of this study was to clarify whether hypercoagulability exists in diabetic patients with or without vascular complication. Methods : In our study, we measured plasma thrombin-antithrombin Ⅲ compelx (TAT) and plasmin-α_2-plasmin inhibit or complex (PIC) in 101 diabetic subjects and 20 controls. Comparing TAT and PIC levels in diabetic microvascular complication group, diabetic macrovascular complication group and controls, we examined correlation between risk factors associated with diabetic vascular complication. Results : 1. The group with diabetic vascular complication was older than group without complication. There was no significant difference in BMI, blood pressure, HbA_ic, blood sugar level, insulin, C-peptide, serum creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, Lp (a) between two groups. The group with diabetic microvascular complication had longer duration of diabetes. 2. Concentration of TAT and PIC were 2.8±1.2 ng/ mL, 240.4±69.7 ng/ mL in controls and 9.5±22.6 ng/ mL, 472.2±258.7 ng/ mL in diabetic patients, respectively. TAT and PIC were significantly higher in diabetic patients than in control (p<0.001). But TAT/PIC ratio was no significant difference between two groups. 3. In diabetic patients, concentration of TAT and PIC and fibrinogen were respectively 4.1±2.4 ng/ mL, 362.2±272.0 ng/ mL, 322.7±102.4 mg/ dL in group without vascular complication and 5.3±4.1 ng/ mL, 529.5±258.7 ng/ mL, 374.9±106.2 mg/ dL in group with microvascular complication, which group had increase in PIC and Fibrinogen but no significance after correction of age. Concentration of TAT and PIC and Fibrinogen were 60.±4.9 ng/ mL, 507.4±321.6 ng/ mL, 427.1±194.7 mg/ dL in macrovascular complication, and 10.4±6.7 mg/ mL, 484.8±269.7 ng/ mL, 388.4±132.4 mg/ dL in combined vascular complication which group showed increase of TAT but also had no significant increase after correction of age. 4. In diabetic microvascular complication patients, group of high HbA_1c (>8%) (p=0.049) had significant high PIC concentration. In diabetic macrovascular complication patients, group of high HbA_1c (>8%) (p=0.042) had significant high total cholesterol concentration. 5. In all diabetic patients, PIC was positively correlated with fibrinogen and HbA_1c and negatively correlated BMI (r=0.47, 0.31, -0.25). Only in daibetic patients without angiopathy, TAT was positively correlated with HbA_1c (r=0.67). Conclusion : In this study, plasma TAT and PIC concentration significantly increased in diabetic patients compared with controls, and PIC was increased in group with microvascular complication, TAT were increased in group with combined micro macrovascular complication. However, there was no significance relationship existed when correctinf for age. PIC was correlated with HbA_1c. TAT was correlated with HbA_1c only in the group without angiopathy. Abnormality of coagulation and fibrinolysis were combined in diabetes, plasma TAT and PIC can be used as an index of vascular complication. Also we found the correlation with the degree of the blood glucose control. Therefore we need follow up study for the possibility of prevention of vascular complication after controlling the blood glucose to age-matched patients (J Kor Diaabetes Asso 25:354~363, 2001).

용접공들의 면역능에 관한 연구

이수일,조봉수,김영욱,고광욱,조원근,김영실,강수용,황인경,조병만,김돈균 大韓産業醫學會 1997 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.9 No.1

The authors examined human immunity indicators such as CD4, CD8, Natural Killer(NK) cell, IgG, IgA, and IgM, and heavy metals such as Pb, Cr, Cd to evaluate the health hazard of welders. We selected total 126 male subjects, 60 welders who had more than 5 year working history as an exposure group, and 66 office workers and medical college students as a control group. This immunity evaluation approach is the first newly designed study that has never been tried in past studies on welder's heath evaluation. And the results were as follows. 1. Total lymphocyte count of peripheral blood was significantly higher in welder group, 2,615±650 ea/㎕ compared with 2,368±681 ea/㎕ in control group(p>0.05). 2. The proportion of CD4, CD8, NK cell in welder group was 37.5±9.4%, 24.0±8.8%, and 21.0±9.5%, respectively, and 35.5±6.5%, 25.0±6.9%, and 19.6±8.8% in control group. CD4 and NK cell were slightly higher, and CD8 was slightly lower in welder group. but there was no statistical significance between two groups(p≥0.05). 3. IgG, IgA, and IgM in welder group were 15.9㎎/㎗, 2.7㎎/㎗ and 1.5㎎/㎗, respectively, and 15.6㎎/㎗, 2.9㎎/㎗ and 1.7㎎/㎗ in control group. There was no statistical significance between two groups(p≥0.05). 4. Blood lead, cadmium and chromium concentrations were 4.2±1.8㎍/㎗, 0.4±0.38㎍/㎗, 1.2±0.6㎍/㎗ in welder group and 3.2±1.7㎍/㎗, 0.44±0.29㎍/㎗, 1.1±0.6㎍/㎗ in control group, respectively, and these value were within normal ranges.

語形變化의 同一性 根據로 分析한 英語 摩擦音化

지수욱 동양대학교 2002 동양대학교 논문집 Vol.8 No.1

이 小考는 生成音韻論과 語彙音韻論(Lexical Phonology)의 돌출적 규칙기반 모델(derivational rule-based models)에서 중시되어온 週期性(cyclicity)의 문제점을 지적하고 음운적 제약을 기반(constraint-based)으로 하는 最適理論(Optimality Theory)을 토대로 출력물(output)사이의 相應理論(output-to-output correspondence theories or trans-derivational correspondence theories)을 이용하여 영어에 나타는 摩擦音化(spirantization)현상에 재분석을 시도하고, 이러한 분석 방법이 기존의 설명 방식보다 더욱 優越하다는 점을 主張하려는 데에 그 目的이 있다. 이러한 논의를 위해 相應理論(correspondence theory)을 비롯한 最適理論의 기본 개념들을 고찰해 보았고, 표면 출력물 사이의 相應理論(output-to-output correspondence theories)을 검토해 보았다. 어형변화를 이루는 출력물 사이의 相應理論은 Lieber(1980)의 하위범주(sub-categorization)방식을 채택하여 어형변화를 이루는 단어들 사이에는 어형변화의 유형에 따라 1격 상응관계(OO₁- correspondence relation)와 2격 상응관계(OO₂- correspondence relation)를 이룬다는 점을 근거로 어형 변화를 보이는 출력물간의 동일성 포착을 중심으로 음운 현상에 대한 분석을 시도하고 있다. 가장 두드러진 점으로써, 2격 출력물간에는 同一性(OO₂- Identity)을 유지하려는 경향이 강한 반면에 1격 출력물간의 同一性(OO₁- Identity) 유지 경향은 상대적으로 약하다는 차이점이 음운 현상의 차이를 초래하고 있다는 점이 지적되었다. 이러한 새로운 각도의 분석은 음운 변화에 공통적 나타나는 陰謀效果(conspiracy effect) 까지 포착이 가능하므로, 記述的 妥當性(descriptive adequacy)만을 갖춘 이전의 週期性을 근거로 한 분석보다는 說明的 妥當性(explanatory adequacy)을 갖추고 있다고 주장될 수 있다.

돼지의 골기질유도 골형성단백질의 골유도능에 관한 실험적 연구

박영욱,김수경,이종호 大韓顎顔面成形再建外科學會 1997 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.19 No.3

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of transforming growth factor beta(TGF-β)-related factors and multifunctional proteins , especially the only known biologic factors capable of inducing endochondral bone formation at an extraskeletal site. This study was performed to investigate the effect of the partially purified porcine BMP(pBMP) at an ectopic site. PBMP was partially purified from porcine bone matrix and its activity was monitored by an in vivo bioassay. The purification method utilized extraction of the bone-inducing activity with 4M guanidine, followed by chromatography on heparin-Sepharose. Active fractions were assayed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. And the fractions were reconstituted with inactive insoluble collagenous bone matrix from rats, acid soluble type I collagen from rat tail and chondroitin-6-sulfate sodium salt and implanted into the pectroralis muscle pouches of Sprague-Dawley rats. And the carrier complex was implanted on the opposite side as control. The rats were sacrificed at the day of 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 11th, 14th and 21st after implantation and examined histologically, radiologically and biochemically. And alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium content were used as indices of bone formation. The results were as follows; 1. Active fractions were localized in a zone between 31 and 40 KDa on SDS-PAGE. 2. The implanted 3.0㎎ of the partially purified pBMP induced cartilage and bone in the muscle tissue of rats through an endochondral ossification process. 3. Inactive insoluble bone matrix, type I collagen and chondroitin-6-sulfate have functioned as carriers for pBMP, but revealed some foreign body reactions. 4. Soft X-ray didn't reveal significant change between the experimental and the control group. 5. The alkaline phosphatase activities in the experimental group of 5th, 7th, 11th, 14th and 21st were increased significantly compared with control (p<0.01) with the peak in the group of 11th day. 6. With time, the calcium content of the experimental group increased. And the calcium contents in the experimental group of 11th, 14th and 21st were increased significantly compared with control (p<0.01).

韓國에 있어서 social casework의 用語使用 樣相과 槪念規定에 關한 硏究

윤욱,김수환 대구대학교 (한사대학) 사회복지연구소 1978 社會福祉硏究 Vol.7 No.-

It may be given as a conclusion that we make use of many forms of term social casework in Korea. This phenomenon is stemed is stemed from as follows: First, the theory and practice of social casework was invited of foreigns'. Secondly, the history of social casework are very short in our country, Thirdly, the endeavour. of learned man are in needy. In order to develop the theory and practice of social casework in Korea, above all the unified term must be used in social work literature.

우측 귓바퀴 뒷면에 발생한 혈관평활근종 1예

박수정,송현정,김주용,김창덕,김창욱,이규석 대한피부과학회 2006 大韓皮膚科學會誌 Vol.44 No.4

여우 빙의(憑依) 1례

이병욱,김무진,이수일 大韓神經精神醫學會 1989 신경정신의학 Vol.28 No.5

The authors experienced a 50 year-old female patient who manifested so-called fox possession syndrome of 3 days duration, showing fox-like behavior, idea of being possessed and auditory hallucination. She had a recent episode of transient hysteroid dream state with automatic behavior. She was a highly suggestible shamanistic believer, and recently suffering from emotieonal crisis accompanied by frustration, helplessness, loneliness and hostility. Her symptoms were spontaneously subsided without any specific therapeutic intervention.

수 종의 도재 수복물에 부착된 세라믹 브라켓의 전단접착강도와 파절양상에 열순환이 미치는 영향

강상욱,손우성,박수병,김성식 대한치과교정학회 2009 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.39 No.4

본 연구는 도재 수복물에 부착된 단결정 세라믹 브라켓의 전단접착강도와 파절양상에 열순환과 도재 수복물의 종류가 어떤 영향을 미치는지 알아보기 위해 시행되었다. 도재전장관에 사용되는 재료들 중 Ceramco 3, Empress II, Zi-ceram/Vintage ZR 세 가지를 선택하여 각 20개씩 총 60개의 시편을 원반형태(두께 2 mm, 직경 12 mm)로 제작하였다. 동일한 접착 술식으로 세라믹 브라켓을 부착한 후 열순환을 시행한 실험군과 시행하지 않은 대조군, 두 군으로 나누어 전단접착강도와 파절양상을 평가하였다. 열순환을 하지 않은 대조군의 전단접착강도는 Ceramco 3는 7.06 ± 1.76 MPa, Empress II는 7.55 ± 2.38 MPa 그리고 Zi-ceram/Vintage ZR은 7.19 ± 1.38 MPa로 추천되는 전단접착강도(6 - 8 MPa)에 적합한 강도를 보였으나 열순환을 시행한 실험군은 전단접착강도가 유의하게 감소하였으며(p < 0.05) 열순환 후의 전단접착강도는 Ceramco 3는 4.88 ± 1.00 MPa, Empress II는 5.46 ± 1.35 MPa 그리고 Zi-ceram/ Vintage ZR은 4.84 ± 1.01 MPa로 임상적으로 추천되는 것보다 다소 낮은 값을 보였다. 도재의 종류에 따른 전단접착강도에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 파절양상은 대조군에서는 모두 브라켓 기저부와 접착제 사이에서 파절이 일어났으며, 실험군에서는 2개의 시편(Ceramco 3과 Zi-ceram/Vintage ZR군에서 각 1개)만이 접착제내 파절을 보였으며 28개의 시편은 브라켓 기저부와 접착제 사이에서 파절이 일어났다. 이상의 연구 결과에서 보았을 때 도재 수복물의 종류에 따른 차이는 없었으나 열순환에 의해 전단접착강도가 약화되므로 실제 임상에서 고려되어야 할 것이다. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of thermocycling and type of porcelain restoration on shear bond strength (SBS) and mode of failure of monocrystalline ceramic brackets. Methods: A total of 60 porcelain discs were made and divided into three equal groups as follows: Ceramco 3, IPS Empress II, Zi-ceram/Vintage ZR. ceramic brackets were bonded to the prepared porcelain surfaces in the same manner. Each group was divided randomly into two subgroups: thermocycled group and non-thermocycled group (control). All samples were tested in shear mode on an universal testing machine. Results: SBS of the non-thermocycled group was clinically acceptable (Ceramco 3: 7.06 ± 1.76 MPa, IPS Empress II: 7.55 ± 2.38 MPa, Zi-ceram/ Vintage ZR: 7.19 ± 1.38 MPa). But, SBS of the thermocycled group was significantly reduced (Ceramco 3: 4.88 ± 1.00 MPa, IPS Empress II: 5.46 ± 1.35 MPa, Zi-ceram/Vintage ZR: 4.84 ± 1.01 MPa, p < 0.05). There was no difference between the shear bond strength by type of porcelain restoration. All bonding failure occurred between bracket base and adhesive, except for 2 samples. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the type of porcelain restoration did not affect SBS, but thermocycling weakened SBS. Therefore, the effect of thermocycling should be considered when using ceramic brackets in practice.

간암세포에서 저산소증에 의해 유도되는 VEGF의 발현기작에 대한 연구

권유욱,배수경,김정애,김규원,박병채 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 1997 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 연구업적집 Vol.7 No.-

Puropse: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a typical hypervasculized tumor is very sensitive to hypoxia and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has previously been identified to be up-regulated in response to hypoxia in several cell types. However, the molecular mechanisms by which hypoxia is sensed by the cells remain enigmatic. To investigate whether calcium and AP-1 are involved in hypoxia-sensing mechanism, we performed following experiments. Materials and Methods: Hep3B cells were grown in hypoxic condition. To assess cell viability, MTT assay was performed. To investigate the effect of calcium and AP-1, northern blot analysis was performed after treatment with BAPTA/AM. Results: The expression of VEGF was significantly up-regulated by hypoxia in Hep3B, hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. The increased expression of VEGF induced by hypoxia was blocked by the addition of BAPTA/AM, a cytosolic calcium chelator to the media. In addition, we found that the expression of c-jun protooncogene was also up-regulated by hypoxia. Hypoxic increase of c-jun expression was also normalized by the treatment with BAPTA/AM. Conclusion: These results suggest that the increased expression of VEGF by hypoxia is mediated through the calcium and c-jun signalling pathway in the Hep3B human hepatoma cell lines.