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Putin’s “Reset” since the Rise of Protest Movement
Soo?Heon Park 한국슬라브유라시아학회 2017 슬라브학보 Vol.32 No.3
After a decade of post‐Soviet transformation in the 1990s, the Russian political regime established under Putin’s leadership in the 2000s had shown certain features of “electoral authoritarianism” (close to a “competitive” version), in which despite shortage of democratic essence, elections played a central role in Russian politics dominated by the Kremlin. Faced with a serious challenge by the mass political protests caused by massive electoral frauds in the December 2011 Duma elections, the Kremlin made a variety of efforts to suppress the protest movement and build a new formula of rule for maintaining and strengthening its power. First, the Putin regime took strenuous endeavors to make its victories in the national and regional elections much more certain by making various legal rearrangements (e. g., the restoration of direct election of governors, lowering of the requirements for party registrations, and return to the mixed electoral system for the Duma with the 5% threshold rule) and by diversifying the methods of manipulating the elections (e. g., obstructing opposition candidates’ entering the elections, gerrymandering the electoral districts, providing illegal fund to the ruling party’s candidates, strengthening control over election monitors). In order to make these moves for electoral victories more successful, the Kremlin tried to weaken further the position of the opposition by increasing arrests of and legal charges on opposition figures, holding smearing campaigns against them, and using violence in certain cases. At the same time, it also made Russian society more submissive to the regime by introducing a series of repressive measures that restricted political and civil rights of citizens and tightened its control over Russian media and internet communication. In the process of making a new formula of rule, a new political regime was being formed under Putin. It was getting close to a “hegemonic” type of “electoral authoritarianism” with the ruling power’s absolute domination in the national and regional elections. In those elections, real democracy was not there. Level of contestation between the Kremlin and the opposition was very low on the uneven electoral playing field, and certainty in the victory of the ruling party in the elections got extremely high.
이헌정,최낙경,김린,이민수,김용구 대한신경정신의학회 2000 신경정신의학 Vol.39 No.6
연구목적 : 낮은 혈청 콜레스트롤 농도와 자살과 같은 폭력적 행동에 관한 관련성에 관한 논란이 있어왔다. 본 연구는 자살 시도 후 응급실로 내원한 환자에서 혈청 총 콜레스테롤 농도만이 아닌 전반적인 혈청 지질 농도의 저하 여부를 조사하였으며, 자살 시도 상황을 평가하는 객관적 척도를 통하여 자살 시도 상황에서 자살 시도의 심각도와 혈청 지질 농도의 관계에 대하여 연구하였다. 방 법 : 1998년 7월부터 1999년 6월 사이에 자살 시도후 고려대학교 의료원 응급실로 내원한 50명의 자살 시도자를 연구대상으로 하였다. 이들은 정신과 의사의 면담을 통하여 정신과적 진단을 받았으며 동시에 위험-구조척도(RRR). HDRS, BPRS 등이 평가되었다. 또한 동 기간에 본원 정신과에서 입원 치료를 받은 자살 시도가 없었던 환자중, 대상군과 나이, 성별, 진단을 맞추어서 50명의 환자를 선정하여 정신과 환자 대조군으로 하였다. 자살 시도군과 대조군의 혈청 지질농도가 t-test를 통하여 비교되었으며, RRR점수와 혈청 지질 농도, HDRS,BPRS와의 사이의 연관성 Spearman순위 상관계수로 분석되었다. 결 과 : 자살 시도자중 주요우울증이 29명, 정신분열병이 2명, 인격장애가 19명이었으며, 자살 시도군의 혈청 총 콜레스트롤 농도(t=---3.29, p=.001). 총 지질 농도(t=-2.62, p=.01), LDL농도(t=-2.64, p=.011)가 대조군보다 유의하게 낮았다. 진단별로는 주요우울증에서는 총 콜레스트롤 농도, 총 지질 농도, LDL 농도가 대조군에 비하여 낮았으나, 인격장애에서는 혈청 콜레스트롤 농돤이 대조군보다 낮았다. 자살 시도군에서 RRR 점수는 혈청 콜레스테롤 농도와 부적 상관관계를 보였으나 (γ=.-293,p=.039), BPRS(γ=.544, p<.001)와 HDRS(γ=.488, p=.001)와는 정적 상관관계를 보였다. 결 론 : 자살 시도군에서 혈청 지질 농도 중 총 콜레스테롤, 총 지질, LDL농도가 유의하게 저하되어있음을 확인하였다. 또한 자살의 심각도를 평가한 RRR 정수가 혈청 총 콜레스테롤 농도와 유의하게 상관성이 있음이 확인되었다. 이는 낮은 혈청 총 콜레스테롤 농도가 심각한 자살 시도와 연관이 있음을 보여주는 것이다. Objectives : Many studies have demonstrated that suicide is related to low serum cholesterol level, whereas conflicting results have also reported. The aims of the present study are to determine whether suicidal attempters have low lipid concentration and to identify the relationship between suicidal attempt severity and serum lipid levels. Methods: Subjects were 50 suicidal attempters who visited the emergency room in Korea University Medical Center between July 1998 and June 1999. All subjects had been interviewed by psychiatrist and evaluated with Risk-rescue rating, HDRS and BPRS. They were diagnosed as major depressive disorder(n=29), personality disorder(n=19), and schizophrenia(n-=2). Serum lipid levels in 50 suicidal attempters were compared with those in 50 nonsuicidal psychiatric inpatients corresponding to the age, sex and diagnosis of the suicidal attempters. We also examined the Spearman's rank correlations between serum lipid levels and risk-rescue score. Results : The serum total cholesterol level(t=-3.29, p=.001), total lipid level(t=-2.62, p=.01), and LDL level(t=-2.64, p=.011) in suicidal attempters were significantly lower compared with nonsuicidal controls. In major depressive patients, total cholesterol level, total lipid level, and LDL level in suicidal attempters were significantly lower than those of nonsuicidal controls. In personality disorder patients, however, only serum total cholesterol level was significantly lower. Risk-rescue rating score was negatively correlated with serum total cholesterol level(p=.-293, p=.039), and positively correlated with BPRS(p=.544, p<.001), and HDRS(p=.488, p=.001). Conclusion : The lipid levels in suicidal attempter were significantly lower. Suicidal attempt severity was also significantly correlated with serum total cholesterol level. These findings suggest that low serum cholesterol should be related with severs violent suicidal attempt.
신헌수,갈원모,함효준 설비관리학회 2001 설비관리학회 학술논문집 Vol.7 No.-
Most studies are focused on the single component or a equipment itself consisting of multiple components. But these policies are not applicable to multi component. If some components are economically independent of all other components of the equipment, replacements policies which assume a single component can be used for those components. However, if the cost of replacement of several parts simultaneous is less than the sum of the costs of separate replacements. the optimal replacement policy can not be applied by the use of a single component model. In this study, therefore, a mode! for determining economical replacement policies for multicomponent equipment is developed.
자기교시훈련과 자기진술훈련의 적용이 최종목표행동 성취도와 비판적 사고력에 미친 영향
김헌수 圓光大學校 1996 論文集 Vol.31 No.1
본 연구는 자기교시 훈련과 자기진술 그리고 토의법을 기초로 하는 수업설계를 교실수업에 적용하는 것이 비판적사고력과 최종목표 행동성취도의 향상에 도움이 될것인가의 여부를 규명하기 위해 수행되었다. 실험대상은 연구자가 강의하는 특정교과목(교육과정)을 수강하고 있는 대학생 41명을 대상으로 실험집단 20명, 비교집단 21명을 배정하였다. 실험에 적용한 과제는 대학의 교육과정(이론)이었으며, 자기교시훈련과 자기진술훈련 그리고 토의법의 지침에 따라 수업을 설계하여 매주 3시간, 8주동안 실험집단에 실시하였으며, 통제집단에는 같은 기간동안 같은 과제내용을 종래의 전달위주의 방법(강의)으로 수업하였다. 나타난 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 자기교시훈련 그리고 토의법의 이론에 따라 수업을 설계하여 실시하는 것은, 1) 최종목표 행동 성취을 향상시키는 효과도 있었다. (F(1,39)= 10.68< P <.002) 2) 비판적 사고력을 향상시키는 효과는 없었다. (F(1,39)= 1.43< P >.05) The purpose of this experimental study is to find out the differential influences by the self-Instruction and the self-statement traing of the terminal behavior achi eve-ment and critical thinking. The subjects of this experimental study are 41students in my subject, the curri culum study in Wonkwang University. 20 students of the subjects are the experim ental group and the other 21students are the contrel groupl. The Instruments in this includ-ed critical thinking test and terminal achievement test. Learning tasks were chosen from the subject of curriculum study. Experimental treatments in this study are as follows : The control group were taught the given caterial by means of the delivery-centered instruction; explanation and instruction, rules and critical ideas by means of the self-instruction and self-statement method, discussion method and question & answer. The verified reslts through this study are ; 1) The self-instuctional training enhanced the academic achievement(F(1,39)=10.68<P<0.002) 2) The experimental treatments were not positive for the development of critical thinking(F(1,39)=1.43<P<0.05)
Gilbert 증후군에서 열량 제한 시험과 Phenobarbital 자극 시험의 의의(14예)
이헌영,채경훈,정재훈,강윤세,김연수,문희석,박기오,이엄석,김선문,김석현,성재규,이병석,이강욱 충남대학교 의학연구소 2003 충남의대잡지 Vol.30 No.2
Gilbert 증후군은 인구의 7%에서까지 나타날 수 있는 매우 흔한 증후군으로서 비진행성인 양성의 만성적 경과를 치하며, 간질환의 증상과 징후가 없는 경한 비포합형 고빌리루빈혈증이 특징인 일종의 체질적인 증상으로서 혈장 빌리루빈 농도에 대한 사춘기의 영향 때문에 10대와 20대에 자주 진단이 된다. 따라서 임상적인 중요성은 미약하지만 높은 빈도가 예상되는 점에 그 중요성이 부여되어야 할 것이다. 따라서 적정한 임상적 진단법으로 기왕에 소개된 열량제한 시험과 phenobarbital 유도 시험을 시행하고 이들의 진단적 가치를 알아보기 위하여 본 연구를 시행하였다. 1990년 7월부터 1999년 4월까지 충남대학교병원에 내원하여 HBsAg, IgG anti-HBc 및 anti-HCV가 음성이고, 간 초음파 스캔에서 이상이 없으며, 혈청 AST, ALT 및 AP가 정상인 비음주자에서 경한 비포합형 고빌리루빈혈증이 있는 14예의 환자들을 대상으로 ^(99m)Tc-DISID 스캔을 시행하였으며, 기저 치 총빌리루빈 및 포합형 빌리루빈 치를 측정한 다음에 하루에 400Kcal로 48시간동안 제한한 열량 제한 시험을 시행하였고, phenobarbital을 하루 60mg씩 5일간 투여한 후에도 각각 총빌리루빈과 포합형 빌리루빈 치를 검사하여 비포합형을 구하였다. 대상 환자들은 모두 14예로서 남자가 11예(78.6%)였고 여자가 3예(21.4%)여서 3.7:1로 남자에서 많았으며, 20대가 6예(42.9%), 30대가 역시 6예(42.9%) 및 40대가 2예(14.2%)로서 2,30대가 대부분(85.8%)이었다. 열량 제한 시험 후의 총빌리루빈 치, 비포합형 및 포합형 빌리루빈 치들은 평균 각각 5.5±2.7, 4.2±2.3 및 1.3±10mg/dL 로서, 시험 전 치들인 3.0±0.8, 2.2±0.8 및 0.7±0.4mg/dL 보다 유의하게(p=0.001, p=0.001, p=0.023) 상승하였다. 포합형 빌리루빈 치도 유의하게 상승하였으나 비포합형의 상승보다는 훨씬 낮아서 주로 비포합형이 증가하였다. phenobarbital 투여 중 설사가 발생하여 중단한 1예를 제외한 13예에서 열량 제한 시험 후에 상승하였던 총, 비포합형 및 포합형 빌리루빈 치가 phenobarbital 유도 시험후에는 2.0±1.1, 1.5±0.8 및 0.5±0.4mg/dL로서 열량 제한 시험 결과보다 유의하게 낮아졌고(p=0.00, p=0.000, p=0.001), 열량 제한 시험 전의 기초치들인 3.0±0.8, 2.2±0.8 및 0.7±0.4mg.dL 보다도 더욱 낮아졌으며 유의한 차이(p=0.001, p=0.02, p=0.005)를 나타내었다. 14예에서 시행한 ^(99m)-Tc DISIDA 스캔에서 9예(64.3%)가 정상이었고, 5예(35.7%)에서는 심장 및 신장으로의 간외 섭취가 3예였고, 60분까지 소장 배출이 없는 배설 지연 예와 담낭 수축 불량 예가 각각 1예 씩 발견되었다. Phenobarbital 투여시험에서 민감도가 열량제한시험에 비해 더 높았다(92.3%와 50.0%). Gilbert 증후군에서 1일 400 Kcal로 48시간의 열량제한 시험과 1일 60mg의 phenobarbital을 5일간 투여하는 유도 시험은 편리하고 유용한 임상적인 진단법으로 이용할 수 있다고 생각된다. 그러나 열량 제한 시험에서는 증가 기준의 통일이 필요하다고 유추되며 phenobarbital 유도 시험이 민감도가 더 높은 것으로 생각된다. Gilbert's syndrome is very frequent and benign chronic process characterized by mild, intermittent, unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia without any symptom and sign of liver disease. Previously intoduced caloric restriction test and phenobarbital stimulation test as two appropriate clinical tests had been examined and their diagnostic values were reevaluated. Fourteen patients with mild, persistent, unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia were included. Subsequently caloric restriction has been applicated by 400 Kcal/day for 48 hours and phenobarbital has been prescribed by 60 mg/day for 5 days. Therafter serum levels of total and direct bilirubin were measured. Most of the patients were third and fourth decade(85.8%) and male predominant. Each basal serum levels of total, indirect and direct bilirubin were 3.0±0.8, 2.2±0.8 and 0.7±0.4 mg/dL. After caloric restriction test, each levels were increased significantly to 5.5±2.7, 4.2±2.3 and 1.3±1.0 mg/dL(p=0.001, p=0.001, p=0.023). After phenobarbital stimulation test for 13 patients had been practiced, increased levels of each bilirubin after caloric restriction test were decreased significantly to 2.0±1.0, 1.5±0.8 and 0.5±0.4 mg/dL(p=0.000, p=0.000, p=0.001) and these levels were significantly lower than basal levels(p=0.001, p=0.02, p=0.005). The sensitivities of caloric restriction test were 85.7%, 50.0%, and 71.4%, 35.7%(1.0, 1.5 mg increase of total bilirubin and 1.0, 1.5 mg/dL increase of indirect bilirubin). The sensitivities of phenobarbital stimulation test were 93.2% and 92.3% at criteria of 1.5 mg/dL increase of total bilirubin and indirect bilirubin. On the diagnosis of Gilbert syndrome, caloric restriction test and phenobarbital stimulation test are convenient and useful diagnostic tools in clinical face. And also phenobarbital stimulation test has higher sensitivity than caloric restriction test. Furthermore, standardization of bilirubin increment would be necessary in caloric restriction test.
먹이의 색깔과 맛이 조류(鳥類)의 먹이선택에 미치는 영향
박헌우,김수일 한국교원대학교 환경과학연구소 2004 환경연구논문집 Vol.- No.8
조류는 먹이에 대하여 색과 맛, 냄새로 먹이의 안전성을 확인하고 선택적으로 섭식하므로 먹이의 선책은 경험에 의해 달라질 수 있다. 본 연구는 조류가 먹이의 선택에 있어 맛과 색을 구별하고 이들의 학습능력의 정도를 곤줄박이(Parus varius), 되지빠귀(Turdus hortulorum), 멧새(Emberiza cioides), 바다직박구리(Monticola solitarius)4종을 통하여 알아본 결과이다. 실험 결과 색깔에 대한 반응은 종류마다 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 가장 선호도가 높은 색으로 곤줄박이는 노란색, 되지빠귀는 녹색, 멧새는 무처리였고, 바다직박구리는 분홍색을 선호하였으며, 효과는 시간이 지날수록 더 강화되었다. 먹이의 색에 맛을 첨가한 실험에서는 곤줄박이와 바다직박구리는 쓴맛을 회피하였으며, 2주 후에는 회피정도가 더 심한 것으로 나타났다. 되지빠귀와 멧새는 초기 먹이를 주로 섭식 하였으나, 시간이 지날수록 단맛의 먹이를 먹는 비율이 높아졌다. 따라서 조류는 먹이의 색과 맛에 대하여 섭식 선호도를 나타내며, 먹이의 맛은 색보다 우위를 차지였고, 맛에 대한 경험의 효과는 시간이 지날수록 심화되는 것으로 나타났다. Most birds tend to forage their foods selectively checking the safety by color, taste or smell of items. Birds' food selection behavior may be therefore, learned and changed by the previous experiences of individual. This study is designed to test the effects of food color and taste on the choice of several passerine species: Varied Tit(Parus varius). Gray-backed Thrush(Turdus hortulorum). Meadow Bunting(Emberiza cioides) and Bine Rockthiush(Monticola solitaius). The color choice experiment was performed with food tablet with four different colors(red, scarlet, yellow, green), and no color added as a control. Food taste experiment was performed with bitter taste and sweet taste. The results showed that each species had different color choices: the best choice of Varied Tit was yellow. Meadow Bunting was control, and Blue Rockthrush was scarlet. The best choice on a specific color by each species sustained at least for two weeks. Results for taste added on colored foods showed that Varied Tit and Blue Rockthrush tend to avoid bitter taste and the tendency increased as days passed for two weeks. Gray-backed Thrush and Meadow Bunting favored firstly selected food choice, but the choice level gradually increased to sweetened food. This results indicate that birds take food selectively, taste take precedence over the color, and the effect of taste experience increase and persisted at least two weeks period.
아고용한 Zr-Nb 2원계 합금의 미세조직 및 부식특성
林潤洙,崔洋鎭,河憲永,魏明鏞 大田産業大學校 2000 한밭대학교 논문집 Vol.17 No.1
Effect of niobium content on the microstructure and corrosion characteristic of hypo-solubility in binary Zr-Nb alloys were studied. The specimens with 0.2 and 0.4wt.% of niobium were prepared under various annealing temperatures from 400℃ to 800℃ and times from 30 to 5.000 minutes after vacuum arc remelting. The microstructures behavior was observed by a polarized optical microscope. TEM and micro-vickers hardness tester. The recrystallization temperature of the alloys slightly increased with niobium content due to increase of activation energy. The grain growth of the alloys more 0.2 than 0.4 wt.% of niobium occured rapidly. The specimens for corrosion test were prepared by annealing with 590℃ for 2hr to be recrystallized and performed in distilled water at 360℃ using a static mini-autoclave and the corrosion characteristic was measured by weight gains with exposure time. With increasing Nb content from 0.2 to 0.4wt.% the corrosion resistance in Zr-xNb binary alloys decreased an d oxide structure was slowly transformed from tetragonal -ZrO2 to monoclinic-ZrO2.
이수일,유태혁,강종선,안석철,이병욱,김헌,석재호 大韓神經精神醫學會 1986 신경정신의학 Vol.25 No.1
404 nurses and nurse-aids rated their experiences of 45 symptoms(Moos' Menstrual Distress Questionnaire) of the menstrual, premenstrual and intermenstrual phase on a 4 point scale separately. The 45 symptoms were inter-related and factor analyzed separately for each phase. six common clusters of symptoms emerged from 3 phases, which were labeled concentration, motor tension, pain, pleasurable affect, autonomic reactions and water retention. Four clusters of symptoms emerged from premenstrual phase. These clusters were labeled instabillity, withdrwal reactions, depression and headache. The factor named unpleasurable affect emerged from intermenstrual and menstrual phase. Above findings were differed from the results of Moos' study in which eight basically replicated clusters of symptoms emerged from three phases. Through discussion of validity of this scale, and differences between results of Moos' and this study, we came to the conclusion that sampling of subjects, prospective longitudinal symptoms reporting, amount of variance in a symptom over the course of menstrual cycle and proper choice of factor analysis method would be salient variables to construct valid scale for measuring menstrual cycle symptoms.
무접점식 플래셔 유니트의 EMI 억제를 위한 노이즈 분석
정수복,이상일,김종헌 조선대학교 에너지.자원신기술연구소 1999 에너지·자원신기술연구소 논문지 Vol.21 No.2
This paper described to study that is non-contact flasher unit owing to predict the EMI occurring in the voltage up and down, operated by square wave in terms of component characteristics was directly concerning safety driving to flasher unit is applied. It was convinced that EMI noise is occurred from 150㎑~10㎒, resulting experienced analysis test in the frequency domain and time domain using spectrum analyzer and osilloscope for EMI noise analysis occurring in flasher unit. Filter design for EMI noise constraint is consist of filter circuit for measurement of noise source side and load side impedance, choice of capacitance value using cut-off frequency and filter attenuation quantity by design reference value and choice filter design and certificate that effect for filter attenuation characteristics in the 150㎑ Also EMI effect can minimized occurring in the non-contact flasher unit because of add the filter to transfer path, power supply line and load line of flasher unit inside circuit.