鄕歌와 詞腦에 對하여

宋在周 朝鮮大學校 師範大學 國語敎育科 1981 國語敎育硏究 Vol.2 No.-

“오늘날 우리가 물려 받은 향가중에서 처용가만큼 조잡한 작품이 또 달리 있을 것 같지 않다. 「모죽지랑가」에서는 더욱 그러한 것이다. 「처용가」에서는 그런대로 일말의 humor나 eroticism이라도 발견할 수 있지마는, 「모죽지랑가」에서는 필부필부(匹夫匹婦)들이 늘어놓은 상청에서의 넋두리를 넘어서지 못한 조잡밖에 없기 때문이다”라고 하여 “일말의 humor나 eroticism의 인정으로서 ”처용가“의 문학성을 층정하는 요건중의 하나로 보아 아쉬운대로 무리하게 격상(?)시켜 보려고 한 듯하지만 삼국유사 ”처용랑, 망해사“ 조에 실려있는 이 처용가에 대한 연구 업적들과는 상당한 거리감을 느끼게 한다. 필자도 ”처용가의 형성연대에 대하여“(조선대학교 ”인문과연구“ 제3집 1681.2)에서 이삼국유사에 대한 문헌기록의 분석검토와 처용가 표기에 사용된 표기체계의 특징을 고찰한 바에 다라서, 아무래도 처용설화 및 처용가는 고려 광종후 충렬왕 이전에 형성되었으리라는 결론에 도달할 수밖에 없다고 하였었다. 또한 향가 표기 중 우리의 주목을 끌게 하는 것은 “東京暝期月良” 이라고 표기된 데에서 “동경”이라는 어사라고 할 것이다. 이 “동경”이 경주를 가리킨다는 것은 아직 움직일 수 없는 정설처럼 알려지고 있는데, 필자와 같이 고려초기 형성설을 가지고 본다면 더욱 더 문제거니와 삼국유사의 기록을 그대로 존신하여 신라 헌강왕대 작품이라 하더라도 “동경”이라고 표기된 이 어사는 이 처용가를 “조잡한 지방문학”이라고만 일축하기에는, 그 지방이 수도에 대립된 지방인진댄, 곤란한 문제라고 하지 않을 수가 없는 것이다. “동경”어사에 대한 새로운 해석 내지 처용가 전체 해석에 의한 “동경”의 해석이 합리적으로 처리되어야 할 것임은 물론이다. 충분한 고증에 의해서라는 뜻도 될 것이다. 여상한 필자의 주장은 집단적인 원시 제례 의식의 무도에서 발생한 시률에서 시가가 나오고, 그 제례에서 민요와 서정시가 파생되며, 민요는 목축자나 농민의 사이에 전하여지고, 서정시는 도시의 귀족 하이에서 육성된다는 계보나 원리에 위배되는 것이 아니라 함을 부언하여 두련다.

Enantioselective Synthesis of <i>anti</i>–<i>syn</i>-Trihalides and <i>anti</i>–<i>syn</i>–<i>anti</i>-Tetrahalides via Asymmetric β-Elimination

Tan, Yu,Luo, Shilong,Li, Dongmei,Zhang, Nan,Jia, Shiqi,Liu, Yidong,Qin, Wenling,Song, Choong Eui,Yan, Hailong American Chemical Society 2017 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.139 No.18

<P>Structural motifs containing contiguous halide bearing stereocenters are common in natural products as well as bioactive molecules. A few successful examples have been reported in the area of asymmetric vicinal dihalogenation of alkenes for accessing dihalogenated products; in this report, an alternative generation method of contiguous halide-bearing stereocenters alpha,beta,gamma,delta relative to carbonyl group in excellent enantioselectivity is proposed by utilizing a Song's oligoEG catalyst-catalyzed asymmetric beta-elimination. According to this methodology, a wide range of anti-syn-trihalides and anti-syn-anti-tetrahalides with high levels of enantioselectivity were synthesized. The synthetic utility of the contiguous halide-bearing stereocenters was demonstrated by several transformations. The results of high-resolution mass spectrometry indicated that the favorable interaction between catalyst and one of the enantiomers of racemic contiguously multihalogenated ketone contributed to the original enantioselectivity of dehydrohalogenation. A deuterium kinetic isotope effect experiment revealed that this beta-elimination reaction proceeds by the E2 mechanism. This strategy opens a new pathway for the asymmetric synthesis of contiguous halide bearing stereocenters of great complexity.</P>

Theoretical Study on the Point Defects in N-Doped Anatase TiO2

Song-You Wang,Fei Pei,Song Wu,Gang Wang,Ming Xu,Liang-Yao Chen,Yu Jia 한국물리학회 2008 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.53 No.4

In this work, first-principles calculations for the electronic and the optical properties of titanium dioxide (TiO2) with point defects are performed by using a plane wave pseudopotential method in the framework of the density functional theory and the generalized gradient approximation. The point defects, substitutional and interstitial nitrogen, in anatase TiO2 are investigated to understand the origin of the visible-light sensitivity of nitrogen (N)-doped TiO2. The results show that bands originating from substitutional N 2p states appear above the top of the valence band. These states tend to be delocalized and to mix with the valence band as the nitrogen concentration is increased. The optical absorption in the range between 400 and 700 nm is enhanced by the substitutional N impurities. The eect of interstitial N on the electronic and the optical properties of TiO2 depends on the interaction between the nitrogen dopants and the surrounding oxygen. The bonding between N and O introduces a series of localized occupied states under and above the upper valence band, and the electron transitions from these states improve the visible-light absorption of TiO2.

Dietary Mixed Cereal Grains Ameliorate the Azoxymethane and Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colonic Carcinogenesis in C57BL/6J Mice

Jia-Le Song,이정숙,김희영,정병진,정종성,허태곤,박건영 한국식품영양과학회 2020 Journal of medicinal food Vol.23 No.4

The chemopreventive effects of various mixed cereal grain (MCG) samples on azoxymethane (AOM, 10 mg/kg) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, 0.02 g/mL)-induced colorectal cancer (CRC) in C57BL/6J mice were studied. The main MCG preparation consisted of fermented brown rice (FBR), glutinous brown rice, glutinous Sorghum bicolor, glutinous Panicum miliaceum, Coix lacryma-jobi, and black soybean at an appropriate mixing ratio. Other MCG preparations contained rice coated with 5% Phellinus linteus and 5% Curcuma longa (MCG-PC) or 10% Phellinus linteus (MCG-P) or 10% Curcuma longa (MCG-C). Consumption of dietary MCG-PC by CRC mice significantly increased colon length, decreased the ratio of colon weight to length, and reduced the number of colon tumors. Similar effects, although to a lower extent, were observed in CRC mice fed with MCG-P, followed by those fed with MCG-C, MCG, FBR, or white rice. MCG-PC significantly suppressed colonic neoplasia and decreased the levels of various cytokines (tumor necrosis factor: Tnf, interleukin 1 beta: Il1b, interleukin 6: Il6, and interferon gamma: Ifnγ) in serum and colon tissue of the CRC mice. In addition, MCG-PC increased the mRNA expressions of tumor suppressor protein p53 (Tp53) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (Cdkn1a), activated pro-apoptotic caspase 3 (Casp3), and reduced expressions of both mRNA and protein of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (Nos2), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2), and cyclin D1 (Ccnd1) in colon tissue. These findings suggest that compared with other cereal grain preparations, MCG-PC had a greater activity against AOM/DSS-induced CRC by reducing intestinal inflammation and modulating the expression of certain carcinogenesis related factors (Nos2, Ptgs2, Tp53, Cdkn1a, Ccnd1, and Casp3) in colon tissue of CRC mice.

Anti-Colitic Effects of Kanjangs (Fermented Soy Sauce and Sesame Sauce) in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice

Song, Jia-Le,Choi, Jung-Ho,Seo, Jae-Hoon,Lim, Yaung-Iee,Park, Kun-Young 한국식품영양과학회 2014 Journal of medicinal food Vol.17 No.9

This study was conducted to investigate the preventive effects of different kanjangs (Korean soy sauces), including acid-hydrolyzed soy sauce (AHSS), fermented soy sauce (FSS), and fermented sesame sauce (FSeS), on 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in C57BL/6J mice. The fermented sauces, particularly FSeS, significantly suppressed DSS-induced body weight loss, increased colon length, and decreased colon weight/length ratios. Histological observations suggested that the fermented sauces prevented edema, mucosal damage, and the loss of crypts induced by DSS compared to the control mice and animals fed AHSS. FSeS and FSS decreased the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interferon-${\gamma}$ (IFN-${\gamma}$), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-$17{\alpha}$. mRNA expression of these cytokines as well as that of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in colon mucosa was also inhibited by the two sauces. Our results suggest that fermented sauces, especially FSeS, exert an anticolitic effect partially by reducing the serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibiting the mRNA expression of these factors in the colon tissue of mice treated with DSS. However, AHSS did not protect against DSS-induced colitis. In addition, low-dose treatment (4 mL/kg) with the fermented sauces resulted in greater anticolitic effects than consumption of a high quantity (8 mL/kg) of the sauces.

Flecainide Improve Sepsis Induced Acute Lung Injury by Controlling Inflammatory Response

Jia Song,Young joong Suh,Hyun jung Lee,Eun a Jang,배홍범,곽상현 대한중환자의학회 2016 Acute and Critical Care Vol.31 No.3

Background: Flecainide is an antiarrhythmic agent that is used primarily in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Some evidences also suggest that flecainide can participate in alveolar fluid clearance and inflammatory responses. This experiment was aimed to evaluate the effects of flecainide on sepsis induced acute lung injury in a rat model. Methods: Rats were treated with subcutaneous infusion of saline or flecainide (0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg/hr) by a mini-osmotic pump. Subcutaneous infusion was started 3 hours before and continued until 8 hours after intraperitoneal injection of saline or endotoxin. Animals were sacrificed for analyses of severity of acute lung injury with wet to dry (W/D) ratio and lung injury score (LIS) in lung and inflammatory responses with level of leukocyte, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and inteleukin-8 (IL-8) in bronchoalveolar lavages fluid (BALF). Results: Flecainide markedly improved dose dependently sepsis induced acute lung injury as analysed by W/D ratio (from 2.24 ± 0.11 to 1.76 ± 0.09, p < 0.05) and LIS (from 3 to 1, p < 0.05), and inflammatory response as determined by leukocyte (from 443 ± 127 to 229 ± 95, p < 0.05), PMNs (from 41.43 ± 17.63 to 2.43 ± 2.61, p < 0.05) and IL-8 (from 95.00 ± 15.28 to 40.00 ± 10.21, p < 0.05) in BALF. Conclusions: Flecanide improve sepsis induced acute lung injury in rats by controlling inflammatory responses.

Fermented Ganjangs (Soy Sauce and Sesame Sauce) Attenuates Colonic Carcinogenesis in Azoxymethane/Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Treated C57BL/6J Mice

Jia-Le Song,최정호,서재훈,박건영 한국식품영양과학회 2018 Journal of medicinal food Vol.21 No.9

The effects of different ganjangs (also designated as kanjang), including acid-hydrolyzed soy sauce (AHSS), fermented soy sauce (FSS), and fermented sesame sauce (FSeS), on azoxymethane (AOM, 10 mg/kg)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, 2%)-induced colorectal carcinogenesis in C57BL/6J mice were studied. Low doses (4 mL/kg) of both FSeS and FSS significantly increased colon length, suppressed AOM/DSS-induced increases in colon weight/length ratios, and induced colorectal neoplasia compared with AHSS-treated and control mice. Fermented sauces, particularly low doses of FSeS and FSS, showed activity against AOM/DSS-induced colorectal carcinogenesis by abrogating serum and mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-17α as well as by reducing mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in colon mucosa. FSeS significantly increased colonic p53 expression compared with other sauces. However, AHSS showed weak activity against AOM/DSS-induced colonic carcinogenesis. Overall, FSeS showed the strongest anticancer effect, followed by FSS and AHSS. Thus, fermentation with microorganisms rather than chemical processes is important, and raw materials are another factor influencing anticancer activity.

Antioxidative effects of fermented sesame sauce against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in LLC-PK1 porcine renal tubule cell

Jia-Le Song,Jung-Ho Choi,Jae-Hoon Seo,Jeung-Ha Kil,Kun-Young Park 한국영양학회 2014 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.8 No.2

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to investigate the in vitro antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of fermented sesame sauce (FSeS) against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative damage in renal proximal tubule LLC-PK1 cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical (<SUP>?</SUP>OH), and H₂O₂ scavenging assay was used to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of FSeS. To investigate the cytoprotective effect of FSeS against H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage in LLC-PK1 cells, the cellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, and endogenous antioxidant enzymes including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) were measured. RESULTS: The ability of FSeS to scavenge DPPH, <SUP>?</SUP>OH and H2O2 was greater than that of FSS and AHSS. FSeS also significantly inhibited H₂O₂-induced (500 μM) oxidative damage in the LLC-PK1 cells compared to FSS and AHSS (P < 0.05). Following treatment with 100 μg/mL of FSeS and FSS to prevent H2O2-induced oxidation, cell viability increased from 56.7% (control) to 83.7% and 75.6%, respectively. However, AHSS was not able to reduce H2O2-induced cell damage (viability of the AHSS-treated cells was 54.6%). FSeS more effectively suppressed H2O2-induced ROS generation and lipid peroxidation compared to FSS and AHSS (P < 0.05). Compared to the other sauces, FSeS also significantly increased cellular CAT, SOD, and GSH-px activities and mRNA expression (P < 0.05). CONCULUSIONS: These results from the present study suggest that FSeS is an effective radical scavenger and protects against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in LLC-PK1 cells by reducing ROS levels, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and stimulating antioxidant enzyme activity.

A Fault Detection Technique based on Numerical Taxonomy in WSNs

Song Jia,Wang Bailing,Peng Xiyuan 보안공학연구지원센터(IJGDC) 2013 International Journal of Grid and Distributed Comp Vol.6 No.2

Anticancer Effects of Mixed Grain Rice (MGR) on Azoxymethane (AOM)/Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-Induced Colitis-Related Colon Cancer in C57BL/6J Mice

Jia-Le Song,Jung-Sook Lee,Byung-Jin Jeong,Tae-Gon Huh,Kun-Young Park 한국식품영양과학회 2014 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2014 No.10