Phenomenological approaches for quantitative temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) and desorption (TPD) analysis

Simoní Da Ros,Karen Aline Valter Flores,Marcio Schwaab,Elisa Barbosa-Coutinho,Nádia R.C. Fernandes,José Carlos Pinto 한국공업화학회 2021 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.94 No.-

Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) aretechniques widely used for catalyst characterization, providing information about active sites. However,results from these experiments are usually interpreted with the aid of empirical models, based on therepresentation of reduction or desorption profiles as summations of empirical reference curves. In thiscontext, phenomenological approaches can present several advantages over this traditional empiricalapproach, as in this case the extracted information can be based on theoretical models that allows for adeeper understanding of the catalyst properties. For this reason, in the present work, empirical andphenomenological modelling approaches are evaluated for the quantitative analysis of H2-TPR and NH3-TPD profiles, obtained from the characterization of Ni/SiO2 and Al2O3 alumina catalysts, respectively, andresults from both approaches are thoroughly compared and discussed for thefirst time. Our results,obtained from thefitting of both modelling approaches to the whole experimental profile by usingnonlinear regression, indicate that the phenomenological modelling approach can be considered betterand should therefore be preferred, as it allows for significantly more accurate quantification and correctdiscrimination of distinct active sites, in addition to simultaneously enabling the determination ofreduction or desorption kinetics parameters.

Smart Stimuli-Responsive Polylactic Acid-Hydrogel Fibers Produced via Electrospinning

Danaja Štular,Magnus Kruse,Vera Župunski,Laura Kreinest,Jožef Medved,Thomas Gries,Andreas Blaeser,Ivan Jerman,Barbara Simončič,Brigita Tomšič 한국섬유공학회 2019 Fibers and polymers Vol.20 No.9

In this research we propose a new type of smart microfibers, distinguished by moisture management and proactivetemperature and pH controlled release activity. Hydrogel with submicron-sized particles based on poly(Nisopropylacrylamide)(poly-NiPAAm) and chitosan (PNCS hydrogel) was incorporated into the structure of poly(lactic acid)(PLA) microfibers using the electrospinning technique. Composites with different PLA to PNCS hydrogel ratios wereprepared, and the chemical and morphological properties of the samples were studied using SEM, FT-IR and Ramanmapping. Additionally, the moisture management properties, which were provided by the temperature and pH-related phasechange transition of the incorporated PNCS hydrogel, were studied by determining the temperature-related static contactangle, thin-layer wicking, moisture content and pH-related water uptake. The loading and release abilities of the incorporatedPNCS hydrogel were studied using fluorescent microscopy. The increased concentration of the PNCS hydrogel in spinningsolutions resulted in greater variations in fiber thickness and deterioration of the mechanical properties of the fibers; thus, thehighest concentration of the PNCS hydrogel that could be incorporated within the fibers was found to be 20 % of the spinningmass. The composite sample showed temperature and pH responsiveness, a successful fluorescent-dye loading ability and itscontrolled release at predetermined conditions.

Influence of N-, P- and Si-based Flame Retardant Mixtures on Flammability, Thermal Behavior and Mechanical Properties of PA6 Composite Fibers

Alisa Šehić,Jelena Vasiljević,Igor Jordanov,Andrej Demšar,Jožef Medved,Ivan Jerman,Marija Čolović,Fiona Hewitt,T. Richard Hull,Barbara Simončič 한국섬유공학회 2018 Fibers and polymers Vol.19 No.6

This research investigated the influence of two flame retardant (FR) mixtures consisting melamine cyanurate (MeCy) and aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi), and MeCy and sodium aluminosilicate (SASi) at different weight ratios, on the flammability, thermal behavior and mechanical properties of polyamide 6 (PA6) composite yarns produced by meltspinning. The morphological and chemical properties of PA6/FR filaments were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, flame retardancy by vertical burning test UL-94, thermal behavior by thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric analyses, and mechanical properties by tensile tests. The results indicate that within the UL 94 V2 rating, the composite yarns differed significantly from each other in their burning and dripping behavior. The incorporation of both mixtures, MeCy+AlPi and MeCy+SASi, into the PA6/FR yarns significantly decreased the afterflame time relative to pristine PA6, confirming a lower production of flammable volatiles. This phenomenon was attributed mainly to MeCy, which caused an immediate extinguishment of the flame after the withdrawal of the igniting flame. Compared to one component MeCy, the incorporation of the MeCy+SASi mixture enhanced the thermooxidative stability of the PA6/FR yarns because of their additive effect at higher concentrations. In contrast, an antagonistic effect was obtained for the MeCy+AlPi mixture, irrespective of the concentration. Since the incorporation of MeCy+SASi did not drastically reduce the tensile properties of filaments, this mixture enables the production of the PA6/MeCy+SASi composite yarns with the enhanced flame retardancy and thermo-oxidative stability.

Prospect of Canadian Studies in Korea

Simon Young-suck Moon(Simon Young-suck Moon ) 한국캐나다학회 2001 Asia-Pacific Journal of Canadian Studies (APJCS) Vol.7 No.-

[PB-0061] Assessment of Mesocotyl Elongation in Doubled Haploid Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Simon Alibu(Simon Alibu ),Nkulu Rolly Kabange(Nkulu Rolly Kabange ),Youngho Kwon(Youngho Kwon),Ji-Yun Lee(Ji-Yun Lee),So-Myeong Lee(So-Myeong Lee),Jin-Kyung Cha(Jin-Kyung Cha),Dongjin Shin(Dongjin Shi 한국육종학회 2022 한국육종학회 공동학술발표집 Vol.2022 No.-

ADOPTION AND SCOPE OF HEURISTICS IN FASHION BUSINESS TO BUSINESS MARKETING: AN EXPORATIVE CASE RESEARCH

Simone Guercini 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2017 Global Fashion Management Conference Vol.2017 No.07

This contribution focuses on fitting between heuristic rules and the task environment in business to business market. The subject is about evidence-based business decision-making process in the business actors‟ perspective. The empirical setting of fashion business to business markets is considered, focusing on adaptive behavior situated in the interaction processes in customer-supplier relationships emerging from empirical researches. The paper considers two key aspects of the process: (1) the origin and diffusion of the heuristic rules adopted by the actors (adoption) and (2) the fields in which the rules can be used (scope) are discussed. The central research questions are: How heuristics are adopted and diffused in the fashion business to business environment (adoption)? How wide is the context in which the heuristic rule is applied by the actors (scope)? Fashion business to business markets is our setting of analysis. First of all we have to define what are heuristics. Studies of decision-making processes generally divide them into two, mutually exclusive types: rational decision making versus rule-based decision making (March 1994). In the case of rational decision making the approach is to evaluate the consequences of any decision in terms of either pure (maximizing) or limited rationality (satisficing). In rational decision making, consequential choices are adopted, hence an evaluation of preferences and expectations is necessary and decisive to the final outcome. Instead, in rule-based decision making, what counts most is following the rules, the aim being to satisfy and/or define an identity. In rule-based decision making, rules deemed appropriate are adopted, and what then counts are the rules and the identity, which form the basis for taking well-thought-out actions. Rationality requires less „specific‟ knowledge, since it relies on abstract rules. In this approach, following the rules may instead involve understanding them in relation to the specific context in which they are to be applied. The relations between heuristics and interaction in business networks provide a means to study other aspects of the evolution of the relationship between enterprise and business market environment (Artinger et al. 2015; Guercini et al. 2014, 2015). In fact, the network of relationships the actors adopt images of the relationships to be cultivated with the precise aim of formulating an effective representation of the market, enable other phenomena to be examined, not so much in their qualitative aspects, but rather as regards their importance as perceived by business decision-makers. In light of these relations between heuristics and setting, the essential properties of heuristics that we propose to examine herein are: (1) specificity, intended as the field of application and setting in which any heuristic rule is generated and routinely applied; (2) convergence, which concerns how widespread, at least in appearance, any given heuristic rule is amongst actors in a given market setting (Guercini 2012). In other terms, the heuristics of entrepreneurial marketing can be considered specific to this particular setting, in that they concern the degrees to which such rules are generated, are successful, and are confined to the specific setting or context. Looking more closely at the two above-mentioned properties, specificity is high when, for instance, a heuristic refers to a specific, circumscribed matter (for example assessing the opportune moment to purchase certain semi-finished goods) and finds no application in any other setting. Conversely, a rule‟s degree of specificity is low when its field of application is broad: a rule may, since its inception, be applicable to many different fields, or it may be initially applicable only to a limited range of decisions, but subsequently find fruitful application in other, broader matters (Guercini et al. 2014). The degree of convergence instead regards the frequency with which a given heuristic rule is adopted within a population, a community or, in our case, by entrepreneurs. Such adoption may only be apparent, in the sense that what seems to be a single rule may actually represent various, subtly different rules for each individual, given the supremely personal, individual nature of fine mental processes. Evaluating the degree of convergence of a given heuristic within a population obviously involves measuring its dissemination in terms that are recognized as such by the researcher. Convergence is high for rules adopted by everyone, or at least by a large segment of the population in question. Other heuristic rules are instead developed by individuals in forming their personal judgments and seem to be unique to such individuals, in that they do not arise in others. This implies that heuristic rules may be the source of a relative advantage for the entrepreneur, in so far as the heuristic in question proves itself successful, that is, an element that determines a good choice when other methods are ineffective or may even produce negative effects. Specificity and convergence are thus general properties of the heuristics adopted by entrepreneurial marketers, and are strongly tied to the interpersonal relationships and consequent interactions within business decision-makers‟ personal contact networks (Guercini et al. 2015). Heuristic procedures are easily detectable in the descriptions of enterprise top management of the processes they utilize in assessing possibilities and forming judgments. Some of these procedures are highly abstract and applicable to various different settings, for instance, regarding problems typically facing firms as well as purchase decision-makers. In the following we shall briefly present some of the heuristics encountered in our research; a more detailed description and more rigorous modeling of their characteristics will be addressed in future work. Let us consider now a fashion business to business settings, and more precisely the situation in which the decision-maker of a fashion firm is tasked with formulating a judgment regarding the best choice of colors to keep up with the fashion trends of coming seasons. From interviews with representatives of styling divisions, what repeatedly emerged was their conviction that “strong” colors periodically and forcefully come back in fashion. Some even went so far as to specify the duration of this cycle: seven years – that is, the same as the number of strong colors –, which also turns out to be coherent with long-standing observations on the limits of human cognitive function (Miller 1956). No clearly defined explanation was offered of the reasons for, or origins of, this rule, although some hypotheses were advanced: simply that a sort of “law” was first noticed and then became consolidated as its predictions were repeatedly verified over time. A second example is that of the textile firm entrepreneurial marketer called on to provide a forecast of the fabrics that will be most widely utilized in the market over the next few seasons. From the marketer‟s perspective, the price of natural fibers is one element on which to base any judgment regarding future fabric usage trends. Clearly, there are technical time constraints on the purchasing of fibers for spinning, which must naturally precede the sale of the fabric, and may even take place already in the stage of drafting the fabric sample book. Thus, a specific assessment rule is applied: those fibers whose price increases during certain periods of the year are deemed to be those that will be in most widespread use the following season. However, for some years now this rule has begun to seem less reliable than in the past. Workers in the sector speak of greater complexity in the wool market, where supply factors, such as international manufacturers‟ policy of stepping up fiber tops production, have had the effect of upsetting traditional market dynamics. The heuristic rules in these examples can be regarded in the perspective of the attributes they present, in particular, their “specificity” (or field of application) and their “convergence” (or degree of dissemination). A rule that is highly specific to a certain application setting looses much of its value when applied to judgments other than the one for which it has been developed. On the other hand, a rule that is in widespread use in many firms can hardly become a distinctive resource for entrepreneurial marketers. The widespread dissemination of a given heuristic rule amongst the rules “in stock” or the “adaptive toolbox” of firms may influence its effectiveness. Indeed, the fact that a rule is shared by many may justify its adoption in light of the validity that the decision-makers seem to attribute it, even if it is less probable that its use impart a distinctive competitive advantage. The examples of heuristic processes presented in the foregoing seem to enjoy different degrees of specificity and convergence. The association of certain heuristics to specific settings takes on the significance attributed to them by Simon (1979), as rules bound by the task environment and not clearly referable to relatively abstract mechanisms or endowed with autonomy. Mechanisms applicable to less specific settings are instead referable to the heuristics described by Tversky and Kahneman (1974), including representativeness, availability and adjustment/anchoring, identified in relation to the possible distortions and errors associated to them. The heuristics modeled by “building blocks” by Gigerenzer et al. are seemingly cannot be captured by a few categories, given the variety of formal models identified. Briefly, these include (1) recognition heuristic; (2) fluency heuristic; (3) take-the-best; (4) tallying; (5) satisficing; (6) 1/N equality heuristic; (7) default heuristic; (8) tit-for-tat; (9) imitate the majority; (10) imitate the successful; (11) hiatus heuristic; (12) fast and frugal trees; (13) mapping models; (14) averaging the judgment; (15) social circle; (16) moral behavior (Gigerenzer and Gaissmaier 2011, Gigerenzer and Brighton 2009). In the approach proposed by Gigerenzer and his “adaptive behavior and cognition program”, formal models are necessary to evaluate the real contribution of heuristics to cognition, decision-making and behavior. For details, refer to the publications of the adaptive-behavior-and-cognition program (Gigerenzer 2007; Todd and Gigerenzer 2012). Rule-based decision making implies the availability of rules to follow and consistency with an established identity as the driving factors in the decisionmaking process. If the rules satisfy an ecological rationality approach, are such rules then the result of a process of rules selection with which the decision makers are endowed innately or they are formed through a process of learning? And, if the latter is true, what are the characteristics of the decision-making process during the stage that the rules formation schemes are more open? And lastly, when the rules have already been defined, are they necessarily stable or can they be questioned and, if so, in what terms? These research questions are part of the future research stimulated by this first exploration based on case study research.

Testimony of David M. Simon Before the House Subcommittee on Courts, the Internet and Intellectual Property (July 24, 2003)

David Simon,정연덕 서울대학교 기술과법센터 2007 Law & technology Vol.3 No.2

Innovation Activities of Mid-Sized World Market Leaders

Hermann Simon 피터드러커 소사이어티 2009 창조와 혁신 Vol.2 No.2

In my latest book Hidden Champions of the 21st Century (Simon, 2009.) I analyzed the current situation and the development of hundreds of little-known companies that are frequently world market leaders in their segment. Their outstanding market performance is not only based on a clear product focus, international market presence, conservative financing or close customer relations, but to a large extent due to their highly innovative products and processes. The following article will explain the meaning of innovation to the Hidden Champions, the origins and driving forces of their innovation and creativity, how management can influence innovation and how a competitive advantage can be gained from it.

Structural Basis for Assembly and Function of a Heterodimeric Plant Immune Receptor

Williams, Simon J.,Sohn, Kee Hoon,Wan, Li,Bernoux, Maud,Sarris, Panagiotis F.,Segonzac, Cecile,Ve, Thomas,Ma, Yan,Saucet, Simon B.,Ericsson, Daniel J.,Casey, Lachlan W.,Lonhienne, Thierry,Winzor, Dona American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2014 Science Vol.344 No.6181

<P><B>Universal Immune Function</B></P><P>Certain pathogen effectors are detected in plants by cytoplasmic receptors. First solving the crystal structures of <I>Arabidopsis</I> receptors, <B>Williams <I>et al.</I></B> (p. 299; see the Perspective by <B>Nishimura and Dangl</B>) discovered that in the resting state, the structures form a heterodimer that readies the complex for effector binding and keeps the signaling domains from firing too early. Once the pathogen effector binds, the structure of the complex shifts such that the signaling domains can form a homodimer to initiate downstream signaling. Similarities between these plant-pathogen receptors and Toll-like receptors in animals suggest the molecular mechanisms may translate broadly.</P>

항공 요구조건에 따른 TruPrint 5000 에 대한 Ti6Al4V의 기계적 특성 평가

Simone Koummarasy,Jan Christian Schauer,Matthias Mueller 한국레이저가공학회 2021 Laser Solutions Vol.24 No.10

본 보고서는 Toolcraft와 TRUMPF가 TRUMPF에서 출시한 최신 설비 중 하나인 TruPrint 5000에서 Ti6Al4V시편의 초기 검증에 어떻게 접근했는지에 대한 방법을 소개하는 내용으로 구성되어 있다. Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) 기술을 사용하여 적층 제조된 부품에 대한 항공 요구 사항에 따라 Toolcraft에서 산업용 항공 우주 환경 내 TruPrint 5000에서 테스트 빌드 작업을 설계 및 생산했다. 본 자료의 주 내용인 재료 특성 관련 결과(CT 촬영, 미세구조 및 입자 크기, 인장시험, 피로시험, 파괴인성 등)는 정식 인가를 보유한 외부 시험 기관을 통하여 평가 및 확인하였다.