Pakistan’s Water Security Issue & Impacts of Floods

Mir Sher Baz Khetran(Mir Sher Baz Khetran ) 아시아사회과학학회 2023 Jornal of Asia Social Science Vol.10 No.1

Water security is a crucial issue for Pakistan due to its heavy dependence on agriculture and limited water resources. The country has been facing multiple challenges in managing its water resources, including population growth, climate change, and water pollution. Among these challenges, floods pose a significant threat to Pakistan's water security, as they not only cause significant damage to infrastructure but also have long-term impacts on water availability and quality. This paper examines the impacts of floods on Pakistan's water security and highlights the key factors that contribute to the country's vulnerability to flooding. The paper reviews the existing literature on Pakistan's water resources and flood management strategies and identifies gaps in knowledge and policy. It also analyzes the socioeconomic impacts of floods on the local communities and the wider economy, emphasizing the role of water security in achieving sustainable development.The findings of this study suggest that Pakistan needs to adopt a holistic approach to water management that takes into account the complex interplay of factors that affect water security. This approach should involve the development of sustainable water use practices, the promotion of water conservation, and the implementation of effective flood management strategies. The study concludes that addressing Pakistan's water security challenges requires a coordinated effort by the government, civil society, and private sector, and calls for the development of a national water policy that prioritizes water security and sustainability.

Low Hand Grip Strength, Mid-Upper Arm Muscle Area, Calf Circumference, Serum Albumin Level, and Muscle Fiber Diameter as Risk Factors for Independent Walking Inability in Patients with Hip Fracture 6 Weeks after Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty Surgery

Sherly Desnita Savio,I Ketut Siki Kawiyana,I Gede Eka Wiratnaya,I Wayan Juli Sumadi,I Ketut Suyasa 대한정형외과학회 2024 Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery Vol.16 No.2

Background: Bipolar hemiarthroplasty, one of the main treatment modalities for hip fracture, does not always promise the ability to walk independently after surgery. Patients with the same fracture characteristics and comorbidities, implants, and operators may also have different outcomes. Sarcopenia is thought to be one of the causes of the inability to walk independently after this operation; however, it has not been widely studied and is often overlooked. Methods: This study used a case-control design with 23 patients in the case group (patients unable to walk independently) and 23 patients in the control group (patients able to walk independently). Sampling was carried out consecutively according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria based on the medical records of patients with hip fractures after bipolar hemiarthroplasty at our hospital. In the preoperative period, hand grip strength (HGS), mid-upper arm muscle area (MUAMA), calf circumference (CC), serum albumin level, and total lymphocyte count were measured. A muscle biopsy was performed intraoperatively from the gluteus muscle with the amount of 200–350 mg. The patient’s walking ability was assessed in the polyclinic using the Timed Up and Go test 6 weeks postoperatively. The statistical tests used were descriptive statistics, proportion comparison analysis with the chisquare test, and multiple logistic regression test. Results: Univariate analysis using chi-square test proved HGS, MUAMA, CC, serum albumin level, and muscle fiber diameter as risk factors for inability to walk independently 6 weeks after bipolar hemiarthroplasty (p = 0.003, p = 0.003, p = 0.006, p = 0.044, and p = 0.000, respectively). Logistic regression test proved 3 direct risk factors for the inability to walk independently 6 weeks after bipolar hemiarthroplasty, namely MUAMA, serum albumin level, and muscle fiber diameter, as the strongest predictive factor (adjusted odds ratio, 63.12). Conclusions: Low MUAMA, serum albumin levels, and muscle fiber diameter are direct risk factors for the inability to walk independently in hip fracture patients 6 weeks after bipolar hemiarthroplasty.

Development of electrochemical sensor based on layered double hydroxide as a marker of environmental toxin

Sher Bahadar Khan,Abdullah M. Asiri,Kalsoom Akhtar,Malik Abdul Rub 한국공업화학회 2015 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.30 No.-

Zinc/vanadium layered double hydroxide (LDH) was prepared and its functional relationships withthiourea were investigated in order to develop a sensor for the recognition of this toxin. Sensortechnology is one of the major recognition methods and has shown potential applications inenvironmental monitoring, but issues of sensitivity, selectivity, and high cost related to this technologystill need to be resolved in order to allow their more extensive use. Our study therefore focused on thedevelopment of a low-cost selective and sensitive thiourea sensor. This was developed using LDH whereits sensing potential was investigated by a simple I–V technique. The developed sensor exhibited highsensitivity (1.004 mA mM cm 2), lower limit of detection (8.4 mM) and wide range of linear dynamics(10–500 mM). The selectivity was studied using different interfering agents and it was found that thedeveloped sensor is more selective toward thiourea. The sensor behavior was further optimized usingbuffers of different pH.

Analysis of the Factors Affecting Nutrients Removal in Hybrid Constructed Wetland Treating Stormwater Runoff

Sher Bahadur Gurung,Franz Kevin F. Geronimo,최혜선,홍정선,김이형 한국습지학회 2018 한국습지학회지 Vol.20 No.1

Nutrients generated from various land uses lead to eutrophication during the influx of water, and it is necessary to apply the LID techniques to reduce nutrients from nonpoint sources in order to mitigate the occurrence of the algal bloom. This study was carried out to derive the design factors of hybrid artificial wetland (HCW) to increase the removal efficiency of nutrients. HCW system was constructed in the year 2010 for the treatment of rainfall runoffs from parking lots and roads composed of 100% impervious floors in the Cheonan campus of Kongju University. The average nutrients removal efficiency of TN and TP was 74% and 72%, respectively. Both TN and TP removal efficiencies were higher than those of free surface wetlands and subsurface flow wetlands due to activated physical and ecological mechanisms. The critical design parameters for the efficient nutrients removal in the artificial wetlands were the ratio of the surface area to the catchment area (SA/CA), land use, the rainfall runoff, and the rainfall intensity. The optimal carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio was estimated at 5: 1 to 10.3: 1. The results of this study can be applied to the efficient design of hybrid artificial wetlands to treat nutrients in urban runoff with high efficiency.

Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitory Guaianolides from Amberboa ramosa

Sher Bahadar Khan,Azhar-ul-Haq,Shagufta Perveen,Nighat Afza,Abdul Malik,Sarfraz Ahmad Nawaz,Muhammad Raza Shah,Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary 대한약학회 2005 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.28 No.2

Phytochemical investigation of the whole plant of Amberboa ramosa led to the isolation of six sesquiterpene lactones which could be identified as 8α-hydroxy-11β−methyl-1αH, 5αH, 6βH, 7αH, 11αH-guai-10(14), 4(15)-dien-6, 12-olide(1), 3β, 8α-dihydroxy-11α−methyl-1αH, 5αH, 6βH, 7αH, 11βH-guai-10(14), 4 (15)-dien-6, 12-olide (2), 3β, 4α, 8α-trihydroxy-4β-(hydroxymethyl)- 1αH, 5αH, 6βH, 7αH-guai-10(14), 11(13)-dien-6, 12-olide (3), 3β, 4α, 8α-trihydroxy-4β- (chloromethyl)-1αH, 5αH, 6βH, 7αH-guai-10(14),11(13)-dien-6, 12-olide(4), 3β, 4α, dihydroxy- 4β-(hydroxymethyl)-1αH, 5αH, 6βH, 7αH-guai-10(14),11(13)-dien-6, 12-olide(5), 3β, 4α-dihydroxy- 4β- (chloromethyl)-8α-(4-hydroxymethacrylate)-1αH, 5αH, 6βH, 7αH-guai-10(14),11 (13)-dien-6,12-olide (6) by spectroscopic methods. All of them showed inhibitory potential against butyrylcholinesterase.

Status of Constructed Wetlands in Nepal : Recent Developments and Future Concerns

Sher Bahadur Gurung,Franz Kevin F. Geronimo,Soyoung Lee,Lee-Hyung Kim 한국습지학회 2017 한국습지학회지 Vol.19 No.1

네팔은 중국과 인도 사이에 위치한 남부 아시아의 내륙국가로 폐수관리는 도시지역에서 가장 중요한 문제 중 하나이 다. 네팔의 폐수처리 시스템은 비싼 운영비, 불연속적인 전력 공급, 유지관리 및 기술인력의 부족으로 인해 조성과 운 영이 어렵다. 이러한 이유로 인공습지는 폐수처리시설의 대안기술로써 다양한 지역에 적용되고 있다. 일반적으로 인공 습지 기술의 효율 지속 가능성은 적절한 운영과 유지관리 및 적극적인 지역사회 참여에 의존한다. 따라서 본 연구에서 는 26개의 인공습지에서의 제거 효율, 방류수질, 네팔 수질기준, 운영 및 유지관리 활동 등을 조사하고 문제점을 분석 하여 관리방안 등을 도출하였다. 오염물질당 제거효율은 ka-1의 인공습지가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났으며, B-1, L-3, Ka-5, k-1 순으로 높은 것으로 나타났다. 네팔의 인공습지 조성기술은 최근 20년간 기술개발 없이 전통적 방식에 의 존해온 결과 비효율적인 성능으로 인해 많은 습지가 가동이 중단되거나 폐쇄되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 기술개발의 부족, 자연재해, 대중의 인공습지에 대한 낮은 인식 및 예산 부족 등은 인공습지의 지속적인 개발을 저해하고 있는 것 으로 조사되었지만, 인공습지는 네팔 도시지역의 폐수문제에 대한 해결방안으로 고려되고 있다. Nepal is a landlocked mountainous country in South Asia, located between China to the north and India to the south, east, and west. As such, wastewater management has become one of the most significant problems in urban area of Nepal. In Nepal, the centralized wastewater treatment systems were dysfunctional due to high cost of operation, discontinuous power supply, lack of proper maintenance and proper technical workforce to address the issues. As such, constructed wetlands (CW) were applied to treat various secondary wastewater as alternative to wastewater treatment facilities. Generally, efficiency and sustainability of CW technology depends on proper operation and maintenance and active community involvement. This study summarizes information about 26 CW in Nepal. Specifically, factors including data banking, removal efficiency, quality of discharged water, compliance to water quality standard of Nepal and operation and maintenance were investigated. Considering removal efficiency per pollutant, Ka-1 achieved the greatest reduction for most pollutant followed by B-1, L-3, Ka-5 and K-1. Nepal has practiced CW technology for more than 2 decades but currently, development of technology was interrupted by the inefficient performance of existing facilities. Public awareness about the technology, natural disaster, unavailability of specified substrate materials, lack of fund for further research and experiments has hindered the expansion of technology. In spite of these concerns, CW was still proven as an alternative solution to the present wastewater problems in urban areas of Nepal.

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel PPC-Silica Hybrid with Improved Thermal, Mechanical, and Water Sorption Properties

Sher Bahadar Khan,한학수,서종철,장의성,Kalsoom Akhtar,김광인 한국고분자학회 2011 Macromolecular Research Vol.19 No.9

Organic-inorganic hybrids (H1-H5) based on environmentally friendly and biodegradable polymer, poly (propylene carbonate) (PPC) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) were synthesized using the sol-gel technique. The synthesized hybrids were characterized structurally and morphologically by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). H1-H5 were examined in term of detailed thermal, mechanical, and anti-water sorption properties using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) nanoindentation, and thin film diffusion analysis, which revealed that H4 has the highest thermal, mechanical, and anti-water sorption properties. H4 greatly increased the thermal decomposition temperature (Td10%) and glass transition temperature, which are 45 and 11 ℃ higher than that of pure PPC. Accordingly, H4 showed a high storage modulus (2.54 × 109 Pa), elastic modulus (2.601± 0.110 GPa), hardness (0.175 ± 0.013 GPa), and lowest water absorption. This improvement in the thermal, mechanical,and anti-water absorption properties of PPC shows that PPC can be used as a packaging and bio-material.

Synthesis of nanopartical by encapsulation of flavor molecules into layered double hydroxides for controlled release of flavor

Sher Bahadar Khan,유창지,한학수 한국고분자학회 2010 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2010 No.4

인공습지의 비점오염 물질의 특성 및 최종 결과

( Sher Bahadur Gurung ),( Franz Kevin F. Geronimo ),( Jungsun Hong ),( Lee-hyung Kim ) 한국물환경학회 2017 한국물환경학회·대한상하수도학회 공동 춘계학술발표회 Vol.2017 No.-

Rain garden (RG) also called bioretention are depressed landscape planted with different types of vegetation which can be functional in commercial and residential area to treat storm water runoff and pollutants transported. The main objective of this study is to understand the hydrology and nitrogen removal mechanism in RG system. The inflow volume of stormwater was reduced by 96% after passing through the system. The average TN removal efficiency of RG was observed to be 47% where the average NH₄⁺-N and NO₃-N nitrogen constituents’ removal efficiency was observed to be 73% and 30%, respectively. The study concludes that RG can be used as best management practices (BMP) to reduce stormwater runoff in urban area. Furthermore, Nitrogen removal mechanism in RG was mainly influenced by nitrification coupled with denitrification, plant uptake, volatilization and ammonification.

Enterohepatic Recycling of Estrogen and its Relevance with Female Fertility

Sher, Alam,Rahman, M.Ataur The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea 2000 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.23 No.5

Enterohepatic recycling of estrogen after oral administration of 1 mg non-radioactive estriol was studied in fourteen women selected as the control subjects and ten infertile women in whom the infertility was appearing to be of endocrine origin. The extent of enterohepatic recycling of estriol ($E_3$) during the early follicular phase of menstrual cycle was assessed by monitoring during 48 h the urinary excretion of its two major metabolites i.e; estriol 16 $\alpha$-glucuronide ($E_3-16$$\alpha-G$) and estriol-3 glucuronide ($E_3$-3-G). The change in urinary level of $E_3$-3-G with respect to ($E_3-16$$\alpha-G$G was considered to reflect the extent of enterohepatic recycling of estriol. Lower values of urinary output of both metabolites in the infertile women as compared with the control subjects and the urinary excretion profile of both metabolites during 48 h after estriol ingestion reveal that the reduced extent of enterohepatic recycling could possibly be one of the factors which contribute towards the incidence of infertility in women.