Impediments to the Integration of ICT in Public Schools of Contemporary Societies: A Review of Literature

( Shafaq Salam ),( Jianqiu Zeng ),( Zulfiqar Hussain Pathan ),( Zahid Latif ),( Aliya Shaheen ) 한국정보처리학회 2018 Journal of information processing systems Vol.14 No.1

The era of information technologies has stimulated the demand of educational reform based on the use of information and communication technology (ICT). It requires explicit guidelines, vibrant objectives, mobilization of resources and political commitment at all levels of the country to achieve the desired results. However, change is not easy, it requires to overcome the impediments that hinder the successful integration of ICT in public schools. The pace of this reform is active in developed countries, while developing countries are lagging behind in achieving the required goals. The foremost purpose of this study is to highlight the barriers in the effective integration of ICT faced by developed countries in general and developing countries in particular. Reviewing the impediments to the integration of ICT in public schools may assist educators to become technology adopters in the future. Findings of the study reveal that intrinsic barriers are easy to surmount; once extrinsic barriers have been subdued successfully.

Impediments to the Integration of ICT in Public Schools of Contemporary Societies: A Review of Literature

Salam, Shafaq,Zeng, Jianqiu,Pathan, Zulfiqar Hussain,Latif, Zahid,Shaheen, Aliya Korea Information Processing Society 2018 Journal of information processing systems Vol.14 No.1

The era of information technologies has stimulated the demand of educational reform based on the use of information and communication technology (ICT). It requires explicit guidelines, vibrant objectives, mobilization of resources and political commitment at all levels of the country to achieve the desired results. However, change is not easy, it requires to overcome the impediments that hinder the successful integration of ICT in public schools. The pace of this reform is active in developed countries, while developing countries are lagging behind in achieving the required goals. The foremost purpose of this study is to highlight the barriers in the effective integration of ICT faced by developed countries in general and developing countries in particular. Reviewing the impediments to the integration of ICT in public schools may assist educators to become technology adopters in the future. Findings of the study reveal that intrinsic barriers are easy to surmount; once extrinsic barriers have been subdued successfully.

Association of SYK Genetic Variations with Breast Cancer Pathogenesis

Shakeel, Shafaq,Mahjabeen, Ishrat,Kayani, Mahmood Akhtar,Faryal, Rani Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.5

Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a non-receptor type cytoplasmic protein and a known tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer. Polymorphisms in SYK have been reported to be associated with cell invasion/cell morality and an increased risk of cancer development. In this case control study, all exons of the SYK gene and its exon/ intron boundaries were amplified in 200 breast cancer cases and 100 matched controls and then analyzed by single stranded conformational polymorphism. Amplified products showing altered mobility patterns were sequenced and analyzed. Twelve variations were identified in exonic and intronic regions of DNA encoding SH2 domain and kinase domain of the SYK gene. All of these mutations are novel. Among them, 5 missense mutations were observed in exon 15 while one missense mutation was found in exon 8. In addition to these mutations, six mutations were also identified in intronic regions. We found a significant association between SYK mutations and breast cancer and observed that Glu241Arg, a missense mutation is associated with an increase risk of ~7 fold (OR=6.7, 95% CI=1.54-28.8), Thr581Pro (missense mutation) is associated with increased risk of ~16 fold (OR=15.5, 95%CI=2.07-115.45) and 63367 T>G (missense mutation) is associated with increased risk of ~13 fold (OR=12.8, 95%CI=1.71-96.71) for breast cancer. Significant associations were observed for each of these variations with both late menopause (p<0.01) and early menarche (p<0.005) cases when compared to controls. Our findings suggest that the polymorphic gene SYK may contribute to the development of breast cancer in at least the Pakistani population. This study provides an insight view of SYK which may provide a significant finding for the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry.

Anatomy of Sentiment Analysis of Tweets Using Machine Learning Approach

Misbah Iram,Saif Ur Rehman,Shafaq Shahid,Sayeda Ambreen Mehmood International Journal of Computer ScienceNetwork S 2023 International journal of computer science and netw Vol.23 No.10

Sentiment analysis using social network platforms such as Twitter has achieved tremendous results. Twitter is an online social networking site that contains a rich amount of data. The platform is known as an information channel corresponding to different sites and categories. Tweets are most often publicly accessible with very few limitations and security options available. Twitter also has powerful tools to enhance the utility of Twitter and a powerful search system to make publicly accessible the recently posted tweets by keyword. As popular social media, Twitter has the potential for interconnectivity of information, reviews, updates, and all of which is important to engage the targeted population. In this work, numerous methods that perform a classification of tweet sentiment in Twitter is discussed. There has been a lot of work in the field of sentiment analysis of Twitter data. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the most standard and widely applicable techniques for opinion mining that are based on machine learning and lexicon-based along with their metrics. The proposed work is helpful to analyze the information in the tweets where opinions are highly unstructured, heterogeneous, and polarized positive, negative or neutral. In order to validate the performance of the proposed framework, an extensive series of experiments has been performed on the real world twitter dataset that alter to show the effectiveness of the proposed framework. This research effort also highlighted the recent challenges in the field of sentiment analysis along with the future scope of the proposed work.

Ki67 Index in Breast Cancer: Correlation with Other Prognostic Markers and Potential in Pakistani Patients

Haroon, Saroona,Hashmi, Atif Ali,Khurshid, Amna,Kanpurwala, Muhammad Adnan,Mujtuba, Shafaq,Malik, Babar,Faridi, Naveen Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.7

Introduction: Breast cancer aggressiveness can be correlated with proliferation status of tumor cells, which can be ascertained with tumor grade and Ki67 indexing. However due to lack of reproducibility, the ASCO do not recommend routine use of Ki67 in determining prognosis in newly diagnosed breast cancers. We therefore aimed to determine associations of the Ki67 index with other prognostic markers like tumor size, grade, lymph node metastasis, ER, PR and HER2neu status. Methods: A total of 194 cases of newly diagnosed breast cancer were included in the study. Immunohistochemical staining for ER, PR, HER2neu and Ki67 was performed by the DAKO envision method. Associations of the Ki67 index with other prognostic factors were evaluated both as continuous and categorical variables. Results: Mean age of the patients was 51.7 years (24-90). Mean Ki67 index was 26.9% (1-90). ER, PR, HER2neu positivity was noted in 90/194 cases (46.4%), 74/194 cases (38.1%) and 110/194 cases (56.70%) respectively. Significant association was found between Ki67 and tumor grade, PR, HER2neu positivity and lymph node status, but no link was apparent with ER positivity and tumor size. There wasan inverse relation between Ki67 index and PR positivity, whereas a direct correlation was seen with HER2neu positivity. However, high Ki67 (>30%) was associated with decreased HER2neu positivity as compared to intermediate Ki67 (16-30%). The same trend was established with lymph node metastasis. Conclusion: Our study indicates that with high grade tumors, clinical utility of ki67 is greater in combination with other prognostic markers because we found that tumors with Ki67 higher than 30% have better prognostic profile compared to tumors with intermediate Ki67 level, as reflected by slightly lower frequency of lymph node metastasis and HER2neu expression. Therefore we suggest that Ki67 index should be categorized into high, intermediate and low groups when considering adjuvant chemotherapy and prognostic stratification.

Shift in the Regional Balance of Power From Europe to Asia: A Case Study of ICT Industry

Jin Hua,Zahid Latif,Shen Tiyan,Zulfiqar Hussain Pathan,Muhammad Zahid Tunio,Shafaq Salam,Liu Ximei 한국정보처리학회 2018 Journal of information processing systems Vol.14 No.3

Information and communication technology (ICT) is increasingly recognized as an important driver ofeconomic growth, innovation, employment and productivity and is widely accepted as a main feature ofdevelopment. During the last couple of decades, ICT sector became the most innovative service sector thataffected the living standards of human beings all over the world. In the beginning of the 21st century, some ofthe Asian countries made reforms in the ICT sector and spent an enormous amount for the progress of thissector. On the other hand, developed countries in the European Union (EU) faced different crises which badlyaffected the dissemination of this sector. Consequently, EU countries lost their hegemony in the field ofinformation technology and resultantly, some of the emerging Asian countries like China, India, and SouthKorea got supremacy over the EU in this field. Currently, these countries have a strong IT infrastructure,R&D sector, IT research centers working for the development of ICT. Moreover, this paper investigatesreasons for the shifting of the balance of digital power from Europe to Asia.

Shift in the Regional Balance of Power From Europe to Asia: A Case Study of ICT Industry

Hua, Jin,Latif, Zahid,Tiyan, Shen,Pathan, Zulfiqar Hussain,Tunio, Muhammad Zahid,Salam, Shafaq,Ximei, Liu Korea Information Processing Society 2018 Journal of information processing systems Vol.14 No.3

Information and communication technology (ICT) is increasingly recognized as an important driver of economic growth, innovation, employment and productivity and is widely accepted as a main feature of development. During the last couple of decades, ICT sector became the most innovative service sector that affected the living standards of human beings all over the world. In the beginning of the $21^{st}$ century, some of the Asian countries made reforms in the ICT sector and spent an enormous amount for the progress of this sector. On the other hand, developed countries in the European Union (EU) faced different crises which badly affected the dissemination of this sector. Consequently, EU countries lost their hegemony in the field of information technology and resultantly, some of the emerging Asian countries like China, India, and South Korea got supremacy over the EU in this field. Currently, these countries have a strong IT infrastructure, R&D sector, IT research centers working for the development of ICT. Moreover, this paper investigates reasons for the shifting of the balance of digital power from Europe to Asia.

Accuracy of Frozen Section Analysis of Sentinel Lymph Nodes for the Detection of Asian Breast Cancer Micrometastasis - Experience from Pakistan

Hashmi, Atif Ali,Faridi, Naveen,Khurshid, Amna,Naqvi, Hanna,Malik, Babar,Malik, Faisal Riaz,Fida, Zubaida,Mujtuba, Shafaq Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.4

Background: Intraoperative sentinel lymph node biopsy has now become the standard of care for patients with clinically node negative breast cancer for diagnosis and also in order to determine the need for immediate axillary clearance. Several large scale studies confirmed the diagnostic reliability of this method. However, micrometastases are frequently missed on frozen sections. Recent studies showed that both disease free interval and overall survival are significantly affected by the presence of micrometastatic disease. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of intraoperative frozen section analysis of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) for the detection of breast cancer micrometastasis and to evaluate the status of non-sentinel lymph nodes (non-SLNs) in those patients subjected to further axillary sampling. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective study on 154 patients who underwent SLN biopsy from January 2008 till October 2011. The SLNs were sectioned at 2 mm intervals and submitted entirely for frozen sections. Three levels of each section submitted are examined and the results were compared with further levels on paraffin sections. Results: Overall 40% of patients (62/154) were found to be SLN positive on final (paraffin section) histology, out of which 44 demonstrated macrometastases (>2mm) and 18 micrometastases (<2mm). The overall sensitivity and specificity of frozen section analysis of SLN for the detection of macrometastasis was found to be 100% while those for micrometastasis were 33.3% and 100%, respectively. Moreover 20% of patients who had micrometastases in SLN had positive non-SLNs on final histology. Conclusions: Frozen section analysis of SLNs lacks sufficient accuracy to rule out micrometastasis by current protocols. Therefore these need to be revised in order to pick up micrometastasis which appears to have clinical significance. We suggest that this can be achieved by examining more step sections of blocks.