UHF RFID 태그 칩용 저전력, 저면적 비동기식 EEPROM 설계

백승면,이재형,송성영,김종희,박문훈,하판봉,김영희,Baek, Seung-Myun,Lee, Jae-Hyung,Song, Sung-Young,Kim, Jong-Hee,Park, Mu-Hun,Ha, Pan-Bong,Kim, Young-Hee 한국정보통신학회 2007 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.11 No.12

본 논문에서는 $0.18{\mu}m$의 EEPROM cell을 사용하여 수동형 UHF RFID 태그 칩에 사용되는 저전력, 저면적의 1Kbits 비동기식 EEPROM IP를 설계하였다. 저면적 회로 설계 기술로는 $0.18{\mu}m$ EEPROM 공정을 이용하여 비동기식 EEPROM IP를 설계하므로 command buffer와 address buffer를 제거하였고 separate I/O 방식을 사용하므로 tri-state 데이터 출력 버퍼(data output buffer)를 제거하였다. 그리고 저전압(low voltage)의 VDD에서 EEPROM cell이 필요로 하는 고전압(high voltage)인 VPP와 VPPL 전압을 안정적으로 공급하기 위해 기존의 PN 접합 다이오드 대신 Schottky 다이오드를 사용한 Dickson 전하펌프를 설계하므로 전하펌프의 펌핑단(pumping stage)의 수를 줄여 전하펌프가 차지하는 면적을 줄였다. 저전력 회로 설계 기술로 Dickson 전하 펌프(charge pump)를 이용하여 VPP generator를 만들고 Dickson 전하펌프의 임의의 노드 전압을 이용하여 프로그램과 지우기 모드에서 각각 필요로 하는 VPPL 전압을 선택하도록 하게 해주는 VPPL 전원 스위칭 회로를 제안하여 쓰기전류(write current)를 줄이므로 저전력 EEPROM IP를 구현하였다. $0.18{\mu}m$ 공정을 이용하여 설계된 비동기식 EEPROM용 테스트 칩은 제작 중에 있으며, 비동기식 1Kbits EEPROM의 레이아웃 면적은 $554.8{\times}306.9{\mu}m2$로 동기식 1Kbits EEPROM에 비해 레이아웃면적을 11% 정도 줄였다. In this paper, a low-power and small-area asynchronous 1 kilobit EEPROM for passive UHF RFID tag chips is designed with $0.18{\mu}m$ EEPROM cells. As small area solutions, command and address buffers are removed since we design asynchronous I/O interface and data output buffer is also removed by using separate I/O. To supply stably high voltages VPP and VPPL used in the cell array from low voltage VDD, Dickson charge pump is designed with schottky diodes instead of a PN junction diodes. On that account, we can decrease the number of stages of the charge pump, which can decrease layout area of charge pump. As a low-power solution, we can reduce write current by using the proposed VPPL power switching circuit which selects each needed voltage at either program or write mode. A test chip of asynchronous 1 kilobit EEPROM is fabricated, and its layout area is $554.8{\times}306.9{\mu}m2$., 11% smaller than its synchronous counterpart.

포톤 계수 방식의 $32{\times}32$ 픽셀 어레이를 갖는 디지털 CMOS X-ray 이미지 센서 설계

성관영,김태호,황윤금,전성채,진승오,허영,하판봉,박무훈,김영희,Sung, Kwan-Young,Kim, Tae-Ho,Hwang, Yoon-Geum,Jeon, Sung-Chae,Jin, Seung-Oh,Huh, Young,Ha, Pan-Bong,Park, Mu-Hun,Kim, Young-Hee 한국정보통신학회 2008 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.12 No.7

본 논문에서는 $0.18{\mu}m$ triple-well CMOS 공정을 사용하여 포톤계수 방식의 $32{\times}32$ 픽셀 어레이를 갖는 CMOS ray 영상센서를 설계하였다. 설계된 영상센서의 카픽셀은 $100{\times}100\;{\mu}m2$ 면적을 가지고 있고 약 400개의 트랜지스터로 구성되어 있으며, 범프 본딩을 통해 ray 검출기와 CSA(Charge Sensitive Amplifier)의 연결을 위한 $50{\times}50{\mu}m2$의 오픈패드를 가지고 있다. 각각의 싱글픽셀 CSA에서 전압 바이어스 회로를 사용한 folded cascode CMOS OP amp 대신 레이아웃 면적을 줄이기 위하여 self biased folded cascode CMOS OP amp를 이용하였으며, 계수 모드 진입 전후에 CLK에서 발생 할 수 있는 short pulse를 제거하는 15bit LFSR 계수기 (Linear Feedback Shift Register Counter) 클럭 발생회로를 제안하였으며, 읽기 모드에서 CMOS X-ray 영상센서의 최대 전류를 줄이기 위하여 열 어드레스 디코더를 이용하여 한 열씩 읽도록 설계하였다. In this paper, x-ray image sensor of photon counting type having a $32{\times}32$ pixel array is designed with $0.18{\mu}m$ triple-well CMOS process. Each pixel of the designed image sensor has an area of loot $100{\times}100\;{\mu}m2$ and is composed of about 400 transistors. It has an open pad of an area of $50{\times}50{\mu}m2$ of CSA(charge Sensitive Amplifier) with x-ray detector through a bump bonding. To reduce layout size, self-biased folded cascode CMOS OP amp is used instead of folded cascode OP amp with voltage bias circuit at each single-pixel CSA, and 15-bit LFSR(Linear Feedback Shift Register) counter clock generator is proposed to remove short pulse which occurs from the clock before and after it enters the counting mode. And it is designed that sensor data can be read out of the sensor column by column using a column address decoder to reduce the maximum current of the CMOS x-ray image sensor in the readout mode.

Morin Protects Acute Liver Damage by Carbon Tetrachloride ($CCl_4$) in Rat

Lee, Hee-Seung,Jung, Kyung-Hee,Hong, Sang-Won,Park, In-Sub,Lee, Chong-Mu,Han, Hyo-Kyung,Lee, Don-Haeng,Hong, Soon-Sun 대한약학회 2008 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.31 No.9

The purpose of this study was to investigate possible beneficial effects of morin on $CCl_4$-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats. Rats received a single dose of $CCl_4$ ($150{\mu}L$/100 g 1:1 in corn oil). Morin treatment (20 mg/kg) was given at 48, 24, and 2 h before $CCl_4$ administration. $CCl_4$ challenge elevated serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels, but these effects were prevented by the pretreatment of rats with morin. To identify the mechanism of protective activity of morin in $CCl_4$-induced hepatotoxicity in rats, we investigated expressions of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-$\alpha$), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and inducible nitric oxide (iNOS). The expressions of TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and iNOS were increased by $CCl_4$ treatment and increased expressions of those were decreased by morin. These findings suggest that morin prevents acute liver damage by inhibiting the production of TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and iNOS.

Risk Assessment of 5-Chloro-2-Methylisothiazol-3(2H)-One/2-Methylisothiazol-3(2H)-One (CMIT/MIT) Used as a Preservative in Cosmetics

Kim, Min Kook,Kim, Kyu-Bong,Lee, Joo Young,Kwack, Seung Jun,Kwon, Yong Chan,Kang, Ji Soo,Kim, Hyung Sik,Lee, Byung-Mu Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2019 Toxicological Research Vol.35 No.2

The mixture of 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (CMIT) and 2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (MIT), CMIT/MIT, is a preservative in cosmetics. CMIT/MIT is a highly effective preservative; however, it is also a commonly known skin sensitizer. Therefore, in the present study, a risk assessment for safety management of CMIT/MIT was conducted on products containing 0.0015% of CMIT/MIT, which is the maximum MIT level allowed in current products. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for CMIT/MIT was 2.8 mg/kg bw/day obtained from a two-generation reproductive toxicity test, and the skin sensitization toxicity standard value for CMIT/MIT, or the no expected sensitization induction level (NESIL), was $1.25{\mu}g/cm^2/day$ in humans. According to a calculation of body exposure to cosmetics use, the systemic exposure dosage (SED) was calculated as 0.00423 mg/kg bw/day when leave-on and rinse-off products were considered. Additionally, the consumer exposure level (CEL) amounted to $0.77512{\mu}g/cm^2/day$ for all representative cosmetics and $0.00584{\mu}g/cm^2/day$ for rinse-off products only. As a result, the non-cancer margin of safety (MOS) was calculated as 633, and CMIT/MIT was determined to be safe when all representative cosmetics were evaluated. In addition, the skin sensitization acceptable exposure level (AEL)/CEL was calculated as 0.00538 for all representative cosmetics and 2.14225 for rinse-off products; thus, CMIT/MIT was considered a skin sensitizer when all representative cosmetics were evaluated. Current regulations indicate that CMIT/MIT can only be used at concentrations 0.0015% or less and is prohibited from use in other cosmetics products. According to the results of this risk assessment, the CMIT/MIT regulatory values currently used in cosmetics are evaluated as appropriate.

ECR plasma로 전처리된 Cu seed층 위에 전해도금 된 Cu 막에 대한 Annealing의 효과

이한승,권덕렬,박현아,이종무,Lee, Han-seung,Kwon, Duk-ryel,Park, Hyun-ah,Lee, Chong-mu 한국재료학회 2003 한국재료학회지 Vol.13 No.3

Thin copper films were grown by electrodeposition on copper seed layers which were grown by sputtering of an ultra-pure copper target on tantalum nitride-coated silicon wafers and subsequently, cleaned in ECR plasma. The copper films were then subjected to ⅰ) vacuum annealing, ⅱ) rapid thermal annealing (RTA) and ⅲ) rapid thermal nitriding (RTN) at various temperatures over different periods of time. XRD, SEM, AFM and resistivity measurements were done to ascertain the optimum heat treatment condition for obtaining film with minimum resistivity, predominantly (111)-oriented and smoother surface morphology. The as-deposited film has a resistivity of ∼6.3 $\mu$$\Omega$-cm and a relatively small intensity ratio of (111) and (200) peaks. With heat treatment, the resistivity decreases and the (111) peak becomes dominant, along with improved smoothness of the copper film. The optimum condition (with a resistivity of 1.98 $\mu$$\Omega$-cm) is suggested as the rapid thermal nitriding at 400oC for 120 sec.

X-ray 이미지 센서용 싱글 픽셀 포톤 카운터 설계

백승면,김태호,강형근,전성채,진승오,허영,하판봉,박무훈,김영희,Baek, Seung-Myun,Kim, Tae-Ho,Kang, Hyung-Geun,Jeon, Sung-Chae,Jin, Seung-Oh,Huh, Young,Ha, Pan-Bong,Park, Mu-Hun,Kim, Young-Hee 한국정보통신학회 2007 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.11 No.2

본 논문에서는 디지털 의료 영상 및 진단 분야 그리고 산업용으로도 활용 가능한 싱글 포톤 계수형 영상센서를 $0.18{\mu}m$ triple-well CMOS(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) 공정을 사용하여 설계하였다. 설계된 Readout 칩용 싱글 픽셀은 디지털 X-ray 이미지 센서모듈을 간단화 하기 위해 단일 전원전압을 사용하였으며, Preamplifier의 출력 전압인 signal voltage(${\Delta}Vs$)를 크게 하기 위해 Folded Cascode CMOS OP amp를 이용한 Preamplifier를 설계하였으며, 기존의 Readout 칩 외부에서 인가하던 threshold voltage를 Readout 칩 내부에서 생성해 줄 수 있도록 Externally Tunable Threshold Voltage Generator 회로를 새롭게 제안하였다. 그리고, Photo Diode에서 발생하는 Dark Current Noise를 제거하기 위한 Dark Current Compensation 회로를 제안하였으며, 고속 counting이 가능하고, layout 면적이 작은 15bit LFSR(Linear Feedback Shift Resister) Counter를 설계하였다. A single pixel photon counting type image sensor which is applicable for medical diagnosis with digitally obtained image and industrial purpose has been designed with $0.18{\mu}m$ triple-well CMOS process. The designed single pixel for readout chip is able to be operated by single supply voltage to simplify digital X-ray image sensor module and a preamplifier which is consist of folded cascode CMOS operational amplifier has been designed to enlarge signal voltage(${\Delta}Vs$), the output voltage of preamplifier. And an externally tunable threshold voltage generator circuit which generates threshold voltage in the readout chip has been newly proposed against the conventional external threshold voltage supply. In addition, A dark current compensation circuit for reducing dark current noise from photo diode is proposed and 15bit LFSR(Linear Feedback Shift Resister) Counter which is able to have high counting frequency and small layout area is designed.

TFT -LCD 구동 IC용 커패시터 내장형 DC-DC 변환기 설계

임규호,강형근,이재형,손기성,조기석,백승면,성관영,이용진,박무훈,하판봉,김영희,Lim Gyu-Ho,Kang Hyung-Geun,Lee Jae-Hyung,Sohn Ki-Sung,Cho Ki-Seok,Baek Seung-Myun,Sung Kwan-Young,Li Long-Zhen,Park Mu-Hun,Ha Pan-Bong,Kim Young-Hee 한국정보통신학회 2006 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.10 No.7

A non-overlap boosted-clock charge pump(NBCCP) with internal pumping capacitor, an advantageous circuit from a minimizing point of TFT-LCD driver IC module, is proposed in this paper. By using the non-overlap boosted-clock swinging in 2VDC voltage, the number of pumping stages is reduced to half and a back current of pumping charge from charge pumping node to input stage is also prevented compared with conventional cross-coupled charge pump with internal pumping capacitor. As a result, pumping current of the proposed NBCCP circuit is increased more than conventional cross-coupled charge pump, and a layout area is decreased. A proposed DC-DC converter for TFT-LCD driver IC is designed with $0.18{\mu}m$ triple-well CMOS process and a test chip is in the marking. 본 논문에서는 TFT-LCD 구동 IC 모듈의 소형화측면에서 유리한 DC-DC 변환기 회로인 펌핑 커패시터 내장형 비중첩 부스트-클락 전하펌프 (Non-overlap Boosted-Clock Charge Pump: NBCCP) 회로가 제안되었다 .2VDC 전압으로 스윙하는 비중첩 부스트-클럭의 사용으로 기존의 펌핑 커패시터 내장형 크로스-커플드 전하펌프에 비해 펌핑 단의 수를 반으로 줄일 수 있었고, 전하 펌핑 노드의 펌핑된 전하가 입력 단으로 역류되는 현상을 방지하였다 . 그 결과 제안된 펌핑 커패시터 내장형 비중첩 부스트-클럭 전하펌프 회로는 기존의 펌핑 커패시터 내장형 크로스-커플드 전하펌프에 비해 펌핑 전류가 증가하였고, 레이아웃 면적은 감소되었다. 제안된 TFT-LCD 구동 IC용 DC-DC 변환기 회로를 $0.18{\mu}m$ Triple-Well CMOS 공정을 사용하여 설계하고, 테스트 칩을 제작 중에 있다.

상이동 촉매에 의한 염화벤질과 티오시안산 칼륨의 치환 반응에 관한 반응속도론

장승현,윤무홍 대구대학교 산업기술연구소 1986 産業技術硏究 Vol.5 No.-

The catalytic effects of several phase transfer catalysts on the displacement reaction of benzyl chloride with aqueous potassium thiocyanate in a two phase system have been determined. The kinetics are linearly dependent on catalyst concentration. The examination of the relative rates with various catalysts showed the following trend: NH₄Cl<PhCH₂N(CH₃)₃Cl<18-Crown-6<PhCH₂N(C₂H_(5))₃Cl<P.E.G.<(n-Bu)₄NCl<CTMAB Kinetic analyses of the data suggest that rate determining step occurs in the interphase microemulsion comprisiting of the surfactant, the anion and the apolar solvents. Increased rate was also observed with more polar organic solvents.

당뇨병환자의 운동요법에 관한 효과분석

김승영,마정순,이무연 한국스포츠리서치 2003 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.14 No.4

Exercises therapy as well as diet therapy, is fundamental in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, however, its methods and effects of long term physical exercises therapy have not yet been clarified. The present study has been designed to evaluated the effects of a long term physical training in diabetic patients with fasting hyperglycemia. Ten non-insulin dependent diabetic patients participated in a 6-month training program consisting of 30-min. of jogging, performed 3 times per week (Exercises group). The exercises intensity represented 40% of estimated Vo2max. The following results were obtained: 1) More significant improvement of glucose tolerance and plasma insulin response to glucose load was observed in exercise group as compared with the patients treated with mild caloric restriction alone(Diet group). 2) The significant increase in plasma HDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio was observed only in exercise group. 3) The reduction of body weight in exercise group was significantly greater than that in diet group. 4) The training program also resulted in an improvement of cardiovascular response to treadmill exercise test. 5) The significant improvement of physical fitness, especially in endurance, was also found in trained diabetics. In conclusion, exercise therapy is useful as an adjunct to diet to improve metabolic control in patients with diabetes mellitus. For making the exercise therapy more effective its program must be individualized.

大學敎育에서 이데올로기批判敎育 模型開發에 關한 硏究

金武吉,朴天植,朴承基 全北大學校 學生生活硏究所 1984 學生生活硏究 Vol.12 No.-

The purpose of this study is to present an educational model for improving college students' critical understanding as to the current various ideological trends. In the first, the characteristics of ideology, and the necessity of education to criticize ideologies are examined. In the second, the formation and the functions of ideological groups, and the characteristics of college student activities are examined. In the third, the current status of college guidance services and content of instruction to criticize various ideologies and the variables for evaluation of educational effects are examined, too. Finally, the educational model and its stratigies for improving college students' abilities to criticize various ideologies are formulated based on the discussion in the chapter Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ. The results of this study are summarized as follows : 1) It is necessary to develop the educational programs for improving college students' abilities to criticize ideological distortion by means of the subsystems affecting the behaviors of student activists. The primary subsystems are students' personalities and the immediate situation as determinants of political behaviors. The secondary subsystems are his immediate social contacts, such as family, neighbours, schools, and the larger social milieu. 2) The guidance stratigies for students to criticize the ideological distortion have to be organized on the bases of the cumulative findings of the human sciences of our time. 3) The main causes of the most problems of college students' ideological distortion are related to the needs such as love, self-actualization, and knowing. And the causes of a few problems are related to the physiological and self-esteem needs. The facts stated above have to be taken into account in the establishment of educational objectives in colleges. 4) Most of the existing guidance services are carried out by the general professors. In order to improve the guidance services for the student activists, the guidance specialists need to participate more actively to alter the students' maladaptive behaviors, especially to help the students control over their psychological problems. 5) To prevent the student activists' maladaptive behaviors, the students should understand that ideology consists of distorted ideas about a social system, and that the democratic society is the self-revising system.