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Trade Policy Space, Economic Growth and Transitional Convergence in terms of Economic Development
SENA KIMM GNANGNON 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 2019 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.34 No.1
This article has proposed a quantitative measure of the concept of trade policy space, and investigates its impact on countries' economic growth and transitional convergence in terms of economic development. Trade policy space is considered here as the room of manoeuvre available to a government once its current trade policy is departed from the structural domestic and international factors that could influence it. The transitional convergence is defined as the catch up of a country's real per capita income with the world's average real per capita income. The empirical analysis which covers 150 countries over the period 1995-2015 shows that while trade policy space exerts a positive impact on economic growth, this positive effect depends on countries' structural policies. Furthermore, results indicate that trade policy space exerts a positive and significant effect on transitional convergence, and the greater the trade policy space, the higher is the transitional convergence.
Export Product Diversification and Public Revenue’s Dependence on Resource Revenue
Sena Kimm Gnangnon 한국국제경제학회 2018 International Economic Journal Vol.32 No.3
This article tries to reconcile two major priorities for countries, notably resource-rich countries on the international development agenda: export product diversification with a view to helping them better integrate into the multilateral trading system and tax reforms with a view to reducing the dependence of total public revenue on resource revenue, and therefore developing a more sustainable stream of public revenue. The analysis therefore involves examining empirically the impact of export product diversification on countries’ overall public revenue dependence on resource revenue, this dependence being measured by the share of resource revenue in total public revenue. The empirical analysis shows that export product diversification exerts a negative and significant impact on resource revenue share of total public revenue, and therefore could help facilitate tax reforms towards lower resource revenue dependence. Hence, while tax policy is the main policy tool to conduct tax reforms, export product diversification would likely contribute to facilitating the implementation of these reforms.
< 전시-P-51 > Properties of Oriented Strand Board via Destructive and Non-destructive Test
( Sena Maulana ),( Rima V Ningsih ),( Fauzi Febrianto ),( I Nyoman J Wistara ),( Ihak Sumardi ) 한국목재공학회 2018 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2018 No.1
Bamboo resources in Indonesia is abundant and have big potential to be development. Bamboo has been used as raw material for industry or construction. However bamboo also has some limitations when used for construction material, due to its diameter. Oriented strand board (OSB) is one of the alternative to increase the efficient utilization of bamboo for construction material. The objective of this study was to evaluate the properties of OSB on various shelling ratio and to evaluate the relation of mechanical properties of OSB via destructive and non-destructive testing. Strands were steamed at 126 oC for 1 h under 0.14 MPa. Three-layer OSB with core layer perpendicular to the surface and back layers were formed and binded with 8% of phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin with the addition of 1% of wax. Shelling ratio investigation of OSB was carried out by several types of strand with the ratio of face and core layer were 50:50, 55:45, 60:40, 65:35, 70:30, and 75:25 based on the strand oven dry weight on percent. From the result show that physical and mechanical properties of OSB that treated by steam was meet the requirement of CSA 0437 (Grade O-2) and EN 300 (Grade 2) standard. Non-destructive test using simple regression analyze was performed to analyze the statistic modulus elasticity (MOEs), modulus of rupture (MOR) of several shelling ratio. At shelling ratio 70:30 and 75:25 with parallel direction have higher mechanical properties as compared to perpendicular direction. OSB treated by steam has lower emission as compared to untreated OSB.
Effects of Steam Treatment on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Oriented Strand Board
Sena Maulana,Imam Busyra,Adesna Fatrawana,Wahyu Hidayat,Rita Kartika Sari,Ihak Sumardi,I Nyoman Jaya Wistara,Seung Hwan Lee,Nam Hun Kim,Fauzi Febrianto 한국목재공학회 2017 목재공학 Vol.45 No.6
The objective of this study was to evaluate the properties of bamboo oriented strand board (B-OSB) from an-dong (Gigantochloa psedoarundinacea) and betung (Dendrocalamus asper) with and without steam treatment. Strands were steam-treated at 126℃ for 1 h under 0.14 MPa pressure. The extractive content of bamboo strands before and after steam treatment were determined according to a standard (TAPPI T 204 om-88). Three-layer B-OSB with the core layer perpendicular to the surface and back layers were formed and binded with 8% of phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin with the addition of 1% of wax. The evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of the boards were conducted in accordance with the JIS A 5908:2003 standard. The results showed that steam treatment of bamboo strands significantly reduced the extractive content. Steam treatment tended to increase the dimensional stability and mechanical properties of B-OSB from andong and betung. The results showed that the dimensional stability and bending strength of B-OSB from betung was higher than those of andong. The internal bond strength of B-OSB from andong was higher than betung owing to a greater amount of extractives dissolved during the steam treatment.
( Sena Maulana ),( Yuarsa Gumelar ),( Adesna Fatrawana ),( Muhammad Iqbal Maulana ),( Wahyu Hidayat ),( Ihak Sumardi ),( Nyoman Jaya Wistara ),( Seung Hwan Lee ),( Nam Hun Kim ),( Fauzi Febrianto ) 한국목재공학회 2019 목재공학 Vol.47 No.4
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of shelling ratio and resin content on the properties of bamboo oriented strand board (BOSB) from betung (Dendrocalamus asper) and to determine the correlation between the results of dynamic and static bending tests. Strands were steam-treated at 126 ºC for 1 h under 0.14 MPa pressure and followed by washing with 1% NaOH solution. Three-layer BOSB with the core layer perpendicular to the surface was formed with shelling ratios (face:core ratio) of 30:70; 40:60; 50:50; 60:40 and binded with 7% and 8% of phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin with the addition of 1% of wax. The evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of BOSB was conducted in accordance with the JIS A 5908:2003 standard and the results were compared with CSA 0437.0 standard for commercial OSB (Grade O-1). Non-destructive testing was conducted using Metriguard Model 239A Stress Wave Timer which has a wave propagation time from 1 to 9,999 μs and a resolution of 1 μs. BOSB with 8% resin content showed better physical and mechanical properties than those with 7% resin content. The increase of the face layer ratio improved the strength of BOSB in parallel direction to the grain. The results suggested that shelling ratio of 50:50 could be used as a simple way to reduce PF resin requirements from 8% to 7% and to meet the requirements of CSA 0437.0 standard. The results of non-destructive and destructive tests showed a strong correlation, suggesting that non-destructive test can be used to estimate the bending properties of BOSB.
Tariff Volatility and Tariff Policy in Developed and Developing Countries
Sena Kimm Gnangnon 연세대학교 빈곤문제국제개발연구원 2021 Asian Development Perspectives (ADP) Vol.12 No.2
We investigate at the aggregate level the effect of tariff volatility on tariff rates for three groups of products (manufactured, primary and all), making use of a large panel dataset covering 163 countries over the period 1995-2017. Feasible generalized least squares estimator results for the full sample show that countries that experience greater tariff volatility also tend to have greater tariff liberalization. This finding holds for each of the three groups of products, as well as for three sub-samples: lower-middle income, upper-middle income and high-income countries. However, for low-income countries, tariff volatility influences significantly (though negatively) tariff rates only for primary products. Additionally, for recipients of Aid for Trade related to trade policy and regulation, the effect of tariff volatility on tariff rates is conditional upon the size of flows only for primary products. Particularly, there exists a substitutability between tariff volatility and such aid flows in influencing tariffs applied on primary products. For lower levels of such flows, tariff volatility induces greater tariff liberalization. On the other hand, for higher amounts of these aid flows, tariff volatility results in higher tariff rates. In other words, the higher such aid flows, the greater the positive effect of tariff volatility on the extent of liberalization of tariffs on primary products. These findings have some policy implications.