So˘n Master T’oeong So˘ngch’o˘l’s Legacy: A Reflection on the Political Background of the Korean Sudden/Gradual Debate

( Bernard Senécal ) 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2012 Seoul journal of Korean studies Vol.25 No.1

To reform contemporary Korean Buddhism T’oeong So˘ngch’o˘l proclaimed a return to the Buddha S ´ a¯kyamuni’s teaching, promoted the sudden/sudden doctrine of awakening to the Middle Path through practice of Keyword Meditation (kanhwaso˘n), and adamantly condemned Pojo Chinul’s (1158-1210) sudden/gradual approach, thus giving rise to the ongoing Korean sudden/gradual debate. Despite So˘ngch’o˘l’s reputation as a world renouncer who steered clear of politics, this essay examines the socio-political underpinnings of his reformation and defines six points of structural resonance between it and the way of the authoritarian state under which it was carried out. Those six points form a constellation suggesting that the famous master’s hermeneutics of Buddhism, i.e. his overall interpretation of the tradition in the second half of the twentieth century, reflect the national as well as the geo-strategic tensions resulting from the division of the Korean peninsula and the Cold War until 1988. Therefore, at the dawn of the 25th anniversary of the ROK’s democratization, when envisaging the future of the Korean peninsula, Korean Buddhism and the worldwide propagation of Keyword Meditation, it is imperative to keep in mind the socio-political context that shaped So˘ ngch’o˘ l’s approach and continues to inform his legacy.

Prestressed Concrete의 分析

姜信業 忠南大學校 1962 論文集 Vol.2 No.-

In the preceding development of the thesis, striping differences between reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete have been treated, and the traits of the later are now to be studies from practical points of view. When planning load is put on the structures of reinforced concrete, cracks will inevitably take place, but not in structures of prestressed concrete. In case of the former, corrosion of steel will be precipitated on account of cracks, thus shortening the life of the structures. Accodingly, rail way sleepers, electric poles, concrete bridges, water tanks, roofing tiles, and piles, all of which are exposed to weathering, can be rendered more durable by the use of prestressed concrete, Of all these concrete structures, rail way sleepers are instance of the most appropriate application of it's merits. Although reinforced concrete rail way sleeper were early put to tentative use with a view to covering general shortage of wood supply in Korea, they have not been in practical use chiefly due to cracks that soon occur in them, with the advent of prestressed concrete, however, the defects of those rail way sleepers have now been totally eliminated, and it is regarded necessary wooden sleepers should be replaced with a new kind of rail-way sleepers. Prestressed concrete is similar to wood in respects of elasticity and deflection, but has longer durability than wood. These trait tend to save expenses inccured by replacement and rehabilitation. In addition, since its weight is larger than that of wood, it enhances the stability of tracks, consequently saving expenses for filling gravels and labor that are needed in maintenance of tracks. Prestressed concrete, extremely full of elasticity and deflection as mentioned above, not only has as many uses as wood and steel, but incurs little expenses in repairs brought about by corrosion. In respect of constituent materials, prestressed concrete needs only 20 percent as much steel as the reinforced one in case high steel is used, and the volume of concrete can be reduced to less than 60 percent of the latter, hence less weight of itself. This merit makes possible the simplification of structures, and with the decrease of bending moment dues to the less weight of itself, it poses the possibility of constructing bridges with large span and offers a larger scope of discretion in design. The maximum span of reinforced concrete bridges has been some 20 meters, while that of prospective bridge of prestressed concrete can be for larger, to a distance from 60 to 100 meters. The maximum span of prestressed concrete bridge in existence is 114 meters, which was constructed in West Germany. It is hoped that prestressed concrete with the above mentioned merits will be commonly used in Korea as soon as possible, that modernized and more artistic construction work can be carried out uccesfully to the benefit of the nation.

公企業의 責任性과 統制

林先유 건국대학교 1986 論文集 Vol.22 No.1

Public enterprise owns the dual characters that one is "the public" and the other is "enterprise". The basic point of the control is to make appropriate adjustment between the two sides in order to bring enterprise into fully function. The execution of control should be based on the ground of responsibility. In democratic countries, the executive responsibility is mainly constituted by democracy, legality of expenditure, effectiveness. The essence of responsibility varies with the variety of official functions. Public enterprise endowed with the trait of business enterprise especially emphasizes the importance of efficiency. Among the public enterprises, the responsibility specified is different according to the function handled and organization form of each enterprise. Generally speaking, the economic production-business focuses on efficiency, while the public utility places more attention on the democracy. The organzation and control of the government enterprise is almost identical to the general excutive agency. As to the public corporation set up on the base of special regulations and the mixed enterprise established on company act, expressing the nature of independent autonomy, particularly reinfore efficiency, and the control is more complex. The way and degree of control of the public enterprise organized in company form are continuously changing and developing with the variance of time and the different situation of every country. Commonly speaking, the essential points of control are personnel, organization, finance and official affairs. The control agents are mainly the authority concerned the ministry of finance, parliament and the orthers such as the the judiciary, the public. Every country attaches much importance to the control of the public enterprise. Some issues require the keeping-on research and study, suck as what the enterprise autonomy that maintains the efficient management is, the differences distinguished between the general policy and the day-to-day affairs, the appropriate relationships among the enterprise, the authority concerned and the parliament. Form the viewpoints of this dissertation, the control of the public enterprise at least schould hold several principles as follows: the verification of the responsiblity, the control Personnel with specialty, and rationalization of the evaluation of the enterprise achievement.

Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis in a Turkish City Bordering an Iron and Steel Factory

Ülkü Türk Börü,Adnan Burak Bilgiç,Cansu Köseoğlu Toksoy,Abdullah Yasir Yılmaz,Mustafa Tasdemir,Nilay Padir Sensöz,Özgür Öztop Çakmak,Arda Duman,Cem Bölük 대한신경과학회 2018 Journal of Clinical Neurology Vol.14 No.2

Background and Purpose Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterizedby inflammatory demyelination. Recent studies have shown that long-term exposure to air pollutants(including PM10 particulates) is potentially an environmental risk factor for MS. Weaimed to determine the prevalence rates of MS in two cities with different levels of air pollution. Methods This door-to-door population-based study was conducted between April 2014 andJune 2015. Two cities were screened for the prevalence rates of MS: 1) Karabük, which bordersan iron-and-steel factory, and 2) Akçakoca, which is a coastal city located in the same region. A validated survey form was used for screening MS. The 2010 McDonald Criteria were usedfor diagnosing MS. The patients were examined twice, first by a neurology assistant in the fieldand then by a senior neurologist in public health centers in the cities. Results The prevalence of MS was 95.9/100,000 in Karabük and 46.1/100,000 in Akçakoca. Intotal, 33 patients were diagnosed with clinically definite MS. The female/male ratio was 1.5, and21 patients were diagnosed with relapsing-remitting MS, 9 with secondary progressive MS, and3 with primary progressive MS. Conclusions We found that the prevalence of MS was more than two fold higher in Karabükthan in Akçakoca, which supports a link between air pollution and the pathogenesis of MS. However, larger etiological and epidemiological studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

A Study on Cogging Torque Reducing Method of A BLDC Motor

Sen-Sen Song(송삼삼),Hyon-Jang Lee(이현장),Chang-Soon Park(박창순) 대한전기학회 2008 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2008 No.10

최근 BLDC 모터는 널리 사용되고 있지만, 불필요한 코깅 토크가 발생된다. 본 논문에서는 BLDC 모터의 코깅 토크 감소 방법을 설계하고 실험 하였다. 이론을 바탕으로 한 이 방법은 모터의 Magnet올 움직여 고주파성분을 제거하여 코깅 토크를 감소시키는 방법이다. 4극 24슬롯 BLDC 모터를 이용하여 Flux2D로 시뮬레이션 하고 계산 결과를 얻었다.

Reducing the Cogging Torque in BLDC Motor by Using a Magnet Pole Cover

송삼삼(Sen-Sen Song),이현장(Hyon-Jang Lee),박창순(Chang-Soon Park) 대한전기학회 2009 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2009 No.4

최근 널리 사용되고 있는 BLDC Motor는 코깅 토크 문제점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 4극 24슬롯 BLDC Motor를 Flux 2D로 시물레이션 하였고, 문제점을 파악하여 Magnet Pole Cover를 이용한 모터를 설계 하고 분석 하였다.

Idempotent Separating Congruences in a Weak P-regular Semigroup

M. K. SEN,A. SETH 경북대학교 자연과학대학 수학과 2002 Kyungpook mathematical journal Vol.42 No.1

Yamada and Sen introduced the concept of P-regularity[1] in a regular semigroup as a generalization of both the concept of "orthgodox" and the concept of "(special) involution". In [2] Sen and Chattopadhyay defined p-regular semigroup by weakening the defining conditions of P-regular semigroup. In this paper we call this p-regular semigroup as weak P-regular semigroup. In this paper firstly we give an alternate characterization of the maximum idempotent separating congruence and secondly we give a discription of the lattice of the idempotent separation congruences on a weak P-regular semigroup.

Vitamin C and Vitamin E Protect the Rat Testes from Cadmium-induced Reactive Oxygen Species

Ronojoy Sen Gupta,Enakshi Sen Gupta,Bijaya Kumar Dhakal,Ashoke Ranjan Thakur,Joohong Ahnn 한국분자세포생물학회 2004 Molecules and cells Vol.17 No.1

Inheritance of Resistance to Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus in Silkworm, Bombyx mori

Sen, Ratna,Ashwath, S.K.,Datta, R.K. Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2001 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.3 No.2

Inheritance pattern of resistance to Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) was studied in an Indian silkworm stock TX by single back-cross test method. The resistant parent [TX], susceptible parent [HM], their Fl, F2, and Fl progeny back-crossed to TX [BC(R)] and HM [BC(S)] were inoculated per os with a fixed concentration of BmNPV($0.5{\times}10^{th} PIB/ml$) on the first day of second stadium. The cumulative mortality was recorded until day $10^{\times}$ post-inoculation. The results show that the resistance to BmNPV in TX fellow mono Mendelian inheritance pattern. The resistance dominated over the susceptibility at Fl. At F2, the resistant and susceptible offspring segregated in 3:1 ratio whereas at BC(S), the resistant and susceptible offspring segregated in 1:1 ratio. The response of BC(R) was more or less like the resistant parent TX which confirms the involvement of a major dominant gene conferring resistance to BmNPV in TX. The possible mechanism of inheritance of resistance in TX is discussed.

Tree Diversity, Population Structure, Regeneration and Conservation Status in Sacred Groves of Jhargram District, South-West Bengal, India

Sen, Uday Kumar,Bhakat, Ram Kumar Institute of Forest Science 2021 Journal of Forest Science Vol.37 No.3

Sacred groves are large areas of virgin or human-modified landscape with a diverse range of species that have been protected by local people for centuries due to cultural, religious beliefs, and taboo that the deities live in them and protect the villagers from various calamities. The present study was carried out for quantitative analysis of diversity, population structure, regeneration and conservation status of tree species in the four 36.86 ha sacred groves of Jhargram district in West Bengal. Tree species composition, population structure and regeneration status were analyzed by randomly establishing of 1 ha subplots within the sacred groves. Density, frequency, basal area, abundance, evenness, and other diversity indices were calculated for adult trees with girth at breast height (GBH) >31 cm. A total of 146 tree species belonging to 116 genera distributed in 44 families from 21 orders were recorded. Pterospermum suberifolium, family Malvaceae showed the highest Species Importance Value Index (SIVI, 21.33) and Fabaceae showed the highest Family Importance Value Index (FIVI, 35.59) values respectively. Individuals are categorised into three groups, seedling, sapling and adult based on girth classes. The majority of tree species exhibited good (52.74%) regeneration followed by fairly (24.66%), poor (15.75%) and no regeneration (6.85%) respectively. With the healthy existence of the sacred grove, the overall population structure of tree species showed a strong regeneration potential. The current data will be useful in determining the current status of tree species and will be used by the forest department, politicians, and conservationists to establish management plans for the conservation of priority species in the region. Since the study areas were sacred groves, tribal members were keen to preserve them due to their religious significance.