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이정우,정진범,이두현,박정훈,Bo-Young Choe,서태석,장홍석,Semie Hong,박병문,강민영,최경식,김유현 한국물리학회 2008 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.53 No.6
The aim of the present study was to investigate the multi-leaf collimator (MLC) gravity effect on intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) dose-dynamic delivery at different gantry angles. The non-uniform fluence for IMRT was generated by means of dose-dynamic MLC (DMLC) performances, which were multiple static segments (MSS) or fully dynamic sliding window (SW) delivery methods at different gantry angles. SW delivery is quite similar to MSS with regard to MLC sliding pattern through the X1 to X2 jaw direction, except that it is irradiated during DMLC movement. To determine how the DMLC gravity aects the IMRT dose fluence, we mounted a two-dimensional ion chamber matrix (MatriXX, Scanditronix-Wellhofer, Schwarzenbruck, Germany) to a linear accelerator (CL 21EX, Varian, Palo Alto, CA, USA). Individual IMRT dose-dynamic segments were applied by using MSS and SW for 6-MV photon beams at five dierent gantry angles: 0℃ (neutral gravity), 45℃ (semi-along gravity), 90℃ (vertical-along gravity), 315℃ (semi-against gravity) and 270℃ (against gravity). To test the correlation of leaf speed and gravity, we delivered half monitor units (MUs) for planned doses for absolute dose comparison. Strict γ-index (dose difference: 2 %; distance to agreement: 2 mm) histograms were used for quantitative analyses of the discrepancy. The dose distribution by MSS under neutral gravity (gantry 0℃) with 137 MUs at a prescribed dose (45 cGy) point, which was in the low gradient area, was used as a reference for the other results. The γ-index histograms showed an increased tendency of the dose discrepancy toward the gravity-along direction rather than toward the gravity-against direction. The acceptable proportional ranges below 1 of the γ-index were 96.2 - 99.6 % (mean: 97.6 %), 92.6 - 93.5 % (mean: 93.0 %), 90.4 - 92.6 % (mean: 91.3 %), 94.6 - 98.0 % (mean: 96.4 %) and 92.9 - 96.8 % (mean: 95.0%) for neutral, semi-along, vertical-along, semi-against and vertical-against gravity of the positions of MLC segments, respectively. we noted that MSS deliveries were more stable than were the SW deliveries (unacceptable γ-index range 1.0 - 2.0: mean 3.6 % for MSS and 5.4 % for SW). For the dose measurement on the prescribed dose point, all measurements showed a good agreement within an average of 2 %. Our experiment conclusively demonstrated that the DMLC gravity affects the IMRT dose distribution. The effect may impact more severely in the gravity along direction and SW while the leaf speed is not in fluenced so much. The aim of the present study was to investigate the multi-leaf collimator (MLC) gravity effect on intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) dose-dynamic delivery at different gantry angles. The non-uniform fluence for IMRT was generated by means of dose-dynamic MLC (DMLC) performances, which were multiple static segments (MSS) or fully dynamic sliding window (SW) delivery methods at different gantry angles. SW delivery is quite similar to MSS with regard to MLC sliding pattern through the X1 to X2 jaw direction, except that it is irradiated during DMLC movement. To determine how the DMLC gravity aects the IMRT dose fluence, we mounted a two-dimensional ion chamber matrix (MatriXX, Scanditronix-Wellhofer, Schwarzenbruck, Germany) to a linear accelerator (CL 21EX, Varian, Palo Alto, CA, USA). Individual IMRT dose-dynamic segments were applied by using MSS and SW for 6-MV photon beams at five dierent gantry angles: 0℃ (neutral gravity), 45℃ (semi-along gravity), 90℃ (vertical-along gravity), 315℃ (semi-against gravity) and 270℃ (against gravity). To test the correlation of leaf speed and gravity, we delivered half monitor units (MUs) for planned doses for absolute dose comparison. Strict γ-index (dose difference: 2 %; distance to agreement: 2 mm) histograms were used for quantitative analyses of the discrepancy. The dose distribution by MSS under neutral gravity (gantry 0℃) with 137 MUs at a prescribed dose (45 cGy) point, which was in the low gradient area, was used as a reference for the other results. The γ-index histograms showed an increased tendency of the dose discrepancy toward the gravity-along direction rather than toward the gravity-against direction. The acceptable proportional ranges below 1 of the γ-index were 96.2 - 99.6 % (mean: 97.6 %), 92.6 - 93.5 % (mean: 93.0 %), 90.4 - 92.6 % (mean: 91.3 %), 94.6 - 98.0 % (mean: 96.4 %) and 92.9 - 96.8 % (mean: 95.0%) for neutral, semi-along, vertical-along, semi-against and vertical-against gravity of the positions of MLC segments, respectively. we noted that MSS deliveries were more stable than were the SW deliveries (unacceptable γ-index range 1.0 - 2.0: mean 3.6 % for MSS and 5.4 % for SW). For the dose measurement on the prescribed dose point, all measurements showed a good agreement within an average of 2 %. Our experiment conclusively demonstrated that the DMLC gravity affects the IMRT dose distribution. The effect may impact more severely in the gravity along direction and SW while the leaf speed is not in fluenced so much.
Semi Yu,Enkhzaya Davaa,Gyeong-Rok Lee,Eun Joo Lee,Jeong-Sook Park 충남대학교 약학대학 의약품개발연구소 2012 藥學論文集 Vol.27 No.-
The objective of this study was to validate a reliable analytical method for the determination of rosiglitazone in human plasma by a semi-micro high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system with UV detection. Rosiglitazone was dissolved in methanol. Separation was performed on a SPcolumn C18 UG120 (4.6 mm × 150 mm) using mobile phase of acetonitrile, methanol and acetate buffer (pH 4.0) at a volume ratio of 20:10:70. The signals were monitored by UV detector at 214 nm with flow-rate of 1 ml/min. The intra- and inter-day precision expressed as the relative standard deviation was less than 15%. The retention time of rosiglitazone was 7.6 min. The detection limit of rosiglitazone in human plasma was 2 μg/ml and the limit of quantification was 5 μg/ml. The calibration curve was linear in the concentration range of 5~100 μg/ml (r2=0.999). The accuracy was from 1.0% to 13.5% while the intra-day and inter-day coefficient of variation of the same concentration range was less than 15%. This analytical method should be improved to be applied to determine rosiglitazone in human plasma.
Lee, Semi,Park, Sangeun,Kim, Kyung Mi,Chang, Jinho Elsevier 2018 ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA Vol.271 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this article, we present stochastic electrochemical analyses for the semi-quantitative determination of ion transfers (ITs) at an interface between water and electrochemically generated quaternary ammonium polybromide (QBr<SUB>2n+1</SUB>) droplets (water|QBr<SUB>2n+1</SUB>) in QBr aqueous solutions containing different acids (HAs).</P> <P>The concentration of Br<SUP>−</SUP> in QBr<SUB>2n+1</SUB>, <SUB> C B <SUP> r − </SUP> ( Q B <SUB> r 2 n + 1 </SUB> ) </SUB> is linearly proportional to <SUB> C <SUP> A − </SUP> ( a q ) </SUB> with the proportionality constant, which was estimated from the difference between the two partition coefficients of H<SUP>+</SUP> and A<SUP>−</SUP> from water toward QBr<SUB>2n+1</SUB>, <SUB> K <SUP> H + </SUP> </SUB> − <SUB> K <SUP> A − </SUP> </SUB> , and the ratio of the mean activity coefficient of the aqueous over that of the QBr<SUB>2n+1</SUB> phase, <SUB> γ ± , a q </SUB> / <SUB> γ ± , Q B <SUB> r 2 n + 1 </SUB> </SUB> . <SUB> C B <SUP> r − </SUP> ( Q B <SUB> r 2 n + 1 </SUB> ) </SUB> also shows the linear function of <SUB> C <SUP> Q + </SUP> ( a q ) </SUB> with ( <SUB> γ ± , a q </SUB> / <SUB> γ ± , Q B <SUB> r 2 n + 1 </SUB> </SUB> ) <SUB> K <SUP> Q + </SUP> </SUB> as its proportionality constant.</P> <P>The stochastic chronoamperometric analyses of QBr<SUB>2n+1</SUB> droplets during their particle-impacts on Pt UME in acidic solutions containing either <I>N</I>-methyl-<I>N</I>-ethyl pyrrolidinium bromide (MEPBr) or ethylpyridinium bromide (EPyBr) as model QBrs can provide indirect information about <SUB> C B <SUP> r − </SUP> ( Q B <SUB> r 2 n + 1 </SUB> ) </SUB> , and we estimated the relative order to be <SUB> K <SUP> C + </SUP> ( L <SUP> i + </SUP> o r N <SUP> a + </SUP> ) </SUB> , <SUB> K <SUP> H + </SUP> </SUB> , and <SUB> K <SUP> A − </SUP> </SUB> : <SUB> K <SUP> C + </SUP> ( L <SUP> i + </SUP> o r N <SUP> a + </SUP> ) </SUB> < <SUB> K <SUP> H + </SUP> </SUB> < <SUB> K <SUP> A − </SUP> </SUB> , where <SUB> K H S O 4 − </SUB> < <SUB> K C l O 4 − </SUB> < <SUB> K C <SUP> l − </SUP> </SUB> in <SUB> K <SUP> A − </SUP> </SUB> and <SUB> K N <SUP> a + </SUP> </SUB> < <SUB> K L <SUP> i + </SUP> </SUB> in <SUB> K <SUP> C + </SUP> </SUB> . Also, we found that Br<SUP>−</SUP>-IT at water|QBr<SUB>2n+1</SUB> is effectively limited by A<SUP>−</SUP>-IT in the acidic solutions, and Cl<SUP>−</SUP> is most significantly transferred to QBr<SUB>2n+1</SUB>, leading to the complete inhibition of Br<SUP>−</SUP>-IT into QBr<SUB>2n+1</SUB>.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
정세미 ( Semi Jung ),천종숙 ( Jongsuk Chun ) 복식문화학회 2013 服飾文化硏究 Vol.21 No.2
This study aimed to identify professional climbers` demand for movement functionality in pants worn for rock climbing and ice climbing. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 12 professional climbers using a semi-constructed questionnaire. The respondents were instructor-level experts whose climbing ability ranged from 5.9 to 5.14 on the Yosemite Decimal System rating scale. The research findings were as follows. Experts wore different climbing pants depending on the type of climbing. For example, they mostly wore high-stretch, second layer pants for rock climbing, while layer, second layer pants for ice climbing. There were gender differences regarding the parts of the body in which climbers reported the most discomfort when wearing climbing pants; male climbers most commonly responded ``knees``, ``inner thighs`` and ``hips`` while their female counterparts most commonly responded ``inner thighs``, ``exposed back and waist`` and ``hips`` in that order. Differences were found between rock climbing in terms of wear and tear on pants, preferred fabric properties, and length of pants. Wear and tear was found mainly on the hips and knees of rock climbing pants and on the inner lower hem of ice climbing pants. Listed in the order of preference, the most preferred fabric properties were elasticity, light weight, and durability for rock climbing pants and elasticity, insulation, and protection against water and wind for ice climbing pants. Regarding the length of rock climbing pants, respondents preferred ankle-length pants and cropped pants that did not cover the feet. For ice climbing pants, respondents favored heel-length pants that prevented pieces of ice from entering the clothing. Men showed a high level of preference for ergonomically cut climbing pants. Respondents said the waistband on climbing pants should be simplified so as not to adversely affect climbing maneuvers.
공공시각매체의 사용자 경험(UX) 개선을 위한 가이드라인 제안 연구 -주의표지의 효과적인 시각커뮤니케이션을 중심으로-
김세미 ( Kim¸ Se-mi ) 한국기초조형학회 2021 기초조형학연구 Vol.22 No.4
도로의 교통 환경을 경험하는 이용자들에게 쉽고 직관적으로 알아볼 수 있는 안내표지의 제공은 필수적이다. 공공시각매체의 시각 기호는 사용자들의 시각적인 경험을 면밀히 파악하고 이해하여 디자인 되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 공공시각매체인 도로 교통 안전표지판에 대한 시각적인 경험 측면에서의 인식도를 파악하여 보다 직관적인 시각커뮤니케이션 방안을 모색하고자 한다. 이를 통해 교통안전표지판의 시인성과 직관성을 높여 궁극적으로 시민들의 교통안전을 유도하고자 하며 도시적 차원의 정보시각화에 대한 솔루션을 제공하고자 한다. 문헌적 연구에서는 시지각 이론, 시각커뮤니케이션과 사용자 경험(UX)을 고찰하고 이를 바탕으로 실증연구에서 주의표지에 대한 시각·인지 경험에 대한 설문조사 및 사례분석을 진행하였다. 실증연구 결과를 바탕으로 교통안전표지의 사용자 경험(UX)개선을 위한 가이드라인을 제안하였다. 연구 결과 가장 높은 인식률을 보이는 것은 ‘횡단보도’ 주의표지판(95.8% 인식가능)이었으며, 가장 낮은 인식률을 보이는 것은 ‘중앙분리대 끝남’ 주의표지판(21.0% 인식가능)으로 나타나났다. 시지각 이론 측면에서 표지판에 대한 사례분석 결과, 인간의 시지각은 단순한 형태보다 복잡하지만 명확하게 드러나는 형태를 쉽게 인지하고 함축된 정보전달의 의미를 쉽게 이해함을 고찰할 수 있었다. 가이드라인 제안에서는 정보를 직관적으로 제공해야하고 메시지의 오류를 최소화해야하는 교통표지판의 경우에는 시각적 요소들의 명확성, 복잡성, 일차원성, 형상성을 고려하여 의미전달의 오류 최소화 및 사용자의 시각·인지 경험을 향상시켜야함을 제시할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 현재 사용되고 있는 규제표지, 지시표지, 보조표지등 다양한 공공 정보 매체의 시각디자인 개발 시에 사용자의 시각· 인지 경험에 따라 직관적이고 오류없이 전달할 수 있는 UX관점의 정보디자인 제작을 도울 수 있을 것으로 예상된다. It is essential to provide a guide sign that can be easily and intuitively recognized by users who experience the road traffic environment. Visual signs of public visual media should be designed by carefully understanding and understanding users' visual experiences. In this study, the perception level of road traffic safety signs, a public visual medium, in terms of visual experience, was identified, and a more intuitive visual communication method was sought. Through this, we intend to increase the visibility and intuitiveness of traffic safety signs to ultimately induce traffic safety for citizens and provide solutions for information visualization at the urban level. In the literature study, visual perception theory, visual communication, and UX were considered, and based on this, a questionnaire survey and case analysis were conducted on visual and cognitive experiences for attention signs in an empirical study. Based on the results of the empirical study, guidelines for improving the UX of traffic safety signs were proposed. As a result of the study, the one with the highest recognition rate was the ‘crosswalk’ warning sign (95.8% recognizable). The one with the lowest recognition rate was the ‘end of the median’ warning sign (21.0% recognizable). As a result of the case analysis of signs in terms of visual perception theory, it could be considered that human visual perception is more complex than simple forms, but it is easy to recognize clearly visible forms and to understand the meaning of implied information transfer. In the case of traffic signs that must provide information intuitively and minimize message errors in the guideline proposal, it is possible to minimize errors in meaning delivery and improve the user's visual and cognitive experience by considering the clarity, complexity, one-dimensionality, and form of visual elements. could suggest that it should be improved. Through this study, it is helpful in developing the visual design of various public information media such as regulatory signs, indicator signs, and auxiliary signs that are currently used. In addition, it is expected to help create information design from the UX perspective that can be delivered intuitively and error-free according to the user's visual and cognitive experience.
Endoscopic Suturing Device Using New Reciprocating Curved Needle: An Ex Vivo Comparison Study
Semi Yoon,최혁순,김윤진,김병곤,박세훈,금보라,송용남,홍대희,전훈재 한국정밀공학회 2015 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.16 No.6
Many operation methods have been developed in an attempt to minimize operative stress. Gastrointestinal endoscopic surgery is a novel method in which a natural orifice is used to approach the target organ. With the endoscopic surgery, suturing is particularly important. The goal of this study is to develop an endoscopic suturing device and to demonstrate the feasibility of the device by showing the strength of closure. In the endoscopic closer (En-closer) technique, the wound is sutured with a curved needle using a reciprocating movement. After the mechanism implementation, we carried out a feasibility study on 10 porcine stomach models. Air leakage pressure was used to determine the strength of the perforation closure. Each endoscopic clip (endoclip) method and fullthickness stitches involved hand suturing was used 10 times to increase reliability. The average leakage pressure for the En-closer was 43.25mmHg. The average closer strength of the En-closer does not significantly differ from that of the endoclip, but standard deviation of the En-closer is significantly smaller than that of the endoclip. The En-closer had similar closure strength to that of the endoclips but showed a more consistent sequence than the endoclips. This research proposes a new approach for endoscopic suturing devices.