바이마르 헌법상의 긴급명령의 국법적 의의

Carl Schmit 경희법학연구소 2005 경희법학 Vol.40 No.1

Atmospheric Temporal Variations in the Pre-Landfall Environment of Typhoon Nangka (2015) Observed by the Himawari-8 AHI

이용근,Jun Li,Zhenglong Li,Timothy Schmit 한국기상학회 2017 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.53 No.4

The next generation Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R series (GOES-R) Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) legacy atmospheric profile (LAP) retrieval algorithm is applied to the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) radiance measurements from the Himawari-8 satellite. Derived products included atmospheric temperature/moisture profiles, total precipitable water (TPW), and atmospheric stability indices. Since both AHI and ABI have 9 similar infrared bands, the GOES-R ABI LAP retrieval algorithm can be applied to the AHI measurements with minimal modifications. With the capability of frequent (10-min interval) full disk observations over the East Asia and Western Pacific regions, the AHI measurements are used to investigate the atmospheric temporal variation in the pre-landfall environment for typhoon Nangka (2015). Before its landfall over Japan, heavy rainfalls from Nangka occurred over the southern region of Honshu Island. During the pre-landfall period, the trends of the AHI LAP products indicated the development of the atmospheric environment favorable for heavy rainfall. Even though, the AHI LAP products are generated only in the clear skies, the 10-minute interval AHI measurements provide detailed information on the pre-landfall environment for typhoon Nangka. This study shows the capability of the AHI radiance measurements, together with the derived products, for depicting the detailed temporal features of the pre-landfall environment of a typhoon, which may also be possible for hurricanes and storms with ABI on the GOES-R satellite.

Reactive Compatibilization of Ethylene-co-Vinyl Acetate/Starch Blends

Piming Ma,Denka Georgieva Hristova-Bogaerds,Pauline Schmit,Johannes Gerardus Petrus Goossens,Pieter Jan Lemstra 한국고분자학회 2012 Macromolecular Research Vol.20 No.10

The dispersion of starch as a filler in hydrophobic ethylene-co-vinyl acetate (EVA) rubber is an issue. To obtain a fine dispersion of starch in EVA rubber, EVA/starch blends were prepared by reactive extrusion in the presence of maleic anhydride (MA), benzoyl peroxide (BPO), and glycerol. MA, BPO, and glycerol play the role of coupling agent, free-radical initiator, and plasticizer, respectively. Molau experiment and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results showed that EVA chains were grafted onto the surface of starch particles during reactive extrusion via a free-radical grafting mechanism. As a result, EVA-g-starch copolymers acted as a compatibilizer,leading to fine dispersion of starch and strong interfacial adhesion between the starch and the EVA matrix. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the starch particle size reduced from hundreds micrometers in the case of physical blending to approximately 1 micrometer in the case of reactive blending, and consequently, the EVA rubber was effectively reinforced by the incorporation of starch and the reactive compatibilization (e.g., the tensile strength of the EVA/starch (50/50, wt/wt) was increased by a factor of 6 after the addition of 0.9-1.8 wt% MA). The property stability of starch compounds is usually an issue, while the mechanical properties of the (compatibilized)EVA/starch blends reported in this article were stable during storage

Dual functions of <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i> Rae1 in interphase and mitosis

Lee, Jae-Yong,Lee, Ho-Seok,Wi, Soo-Jin,Park, Ky Young,Schmit, Anne-Catherine,Pai, Hyun-Sook Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2009 The Plant journal Vol.59 No.2

<P>Summary</P><P>Rae1 performs multiple functions in animal systems, acting in interphase as an mRNA export factor and during mitosis as a mitotic checkpoint and spindle assembly regulator. In this study we characterized multiple functions of Rae1 in plants. Virus-induced gene silencing of <I>Nicotiana benthamiana Rae1</I>, <I>NbRae1</I>, which encodes a protein with four WD40 repeats, resulted in growth arrest and abnormal leaf development. NbRae1 was mainly associated with the nuclear envelope during interphase, and NbRae1 deficiency caused accumulation of poly(A) RNA in the nuclei of leaf cells, suggesting defective mRNA export. In the shoot apex, depletion of NbRae1 led to reduced mitotic activities, accompanied by reduced cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity and decreased expression of cyclin B1, CDKB1-1, and histones H3 and H4. The secondary growth of stem vasculature was also inhibited, indicating reduced cambial activities. Differentiated leaf cells of <I>NbRae1</I>-silenced plants exhibited elevated ploidy levels. Immunolabeling in BY-2 cells showed that NbRae1 protein localized to mitotic microtubules and the cell plate-forming zone during mitosis, and recombinant NbRae1 directly bound to microtubules <I>in vitro</I>. Inhibition of <I>NbRae1</I> expression in BY-2 cells using a &bgr;-estradiol-inducible RNAi system resulted in severe defects in spindle organization and chromosome alignment and segregation, which correlated with delays in cell cycle progression. Together, these results suggest that NbRae1 plays a dual role in mRNA export in interphase and in spindle assembly in mitosis.</P>

Large-Scale Genome-Wide Association Study of East Asians Identifies Loci Associated With Risk for Colorectal Cancer

Lu, Yingchang,Kweon, Sun-Seog,Tanikawa, Chizu,Jia, Wei-Hua,Xiang, Yong-Bing,Cai, Qiuyin,Zeng, Chenjie,Schmit, Stephanie L.,Shin, Aesun,Matsuo, Keitaro,Jee, Sun Ha,Kim, Dong-Hyun,Kim, Jeongseon,Wen, Wa Elsevier 2019 Gastroenterology Vol.156 No.5

<P><B>Background & Aims</B></P> <P>Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have associated approximately 50 loci with risk of colorectal cancer (CRC)—nearly one third of these loci were initially associated with CRC in studies conducted in East Asian populations. We conducted a GWAS of East Asians to identify CRC risk loci and evaluate the generalizability of findings from GWASs of European populations to Asian populations.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>We analyzed genetic data from 22,775 patients with CRC (cases) and 47,731 individuals without cancer (controls) from 14 studies in the Asia Colorectal Cancer Consortium. First, we performed a meta-analysis of 7 GWASs (10,625 cases and 34,595 controls) and identified 46,554 promising risk variants for replication by adding them to the Multi-Ethnic Global Array (MEGA) for genotype analysis in 6445 cases and 7175 controls. These data were analyzed, along with data from an additional 5705 cases and 5961 controls genotyped using the OncoArray. We also obtained data from 57,976 cases and 67,242 controls of European descent. Variants at identified risk loci were functionally annotated and evaluated in correlation with gene expression levels.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>A meta-analyses of all samples from people of Asian descent identified 13 loci and 1 new variant at a known locus (10q24.2) associated with risk of CRC at the genome-wide significance level of <I>P</I> < 5 × 10<SUP>–8</SUP>. We did not perform experiments to replicate these associations in additional individuals of Asian ancestry. However, the lead risk variant in 6 of these loci was also significantly associated with risk of CRC in European descendants. A strong association (44%–75% increase in risk per allele) was found for 2 low-frequency variants: rs201395236 at 1q44 (minor allele frequency, 1.34%) and rs77969132 at 12p11.21 (minor allele frequency, 1.53%). For 8 of the 13 associated loci, the variants with the highest levels of significant association were located inside or near the protein-coding genes <I>L1TD1</I>, <I>EFCAB2</I>, <I>PPP1R21</I>, <I>SLCO2A1</I>, <I>HLA-G</I>, <I>NOTCH4</I>, <I>DENND5B</I>, and <I>GNAS</I>. For other intergenic loci, we provided evidence for the possible involvement of the genes <I>ALDH7A1</I>, <I>PRICKLE1</I>, <I>KLF5</I>, <I>WWOX</I>, and <I>GLP2R</I>. We replicated findings for 41 of 52 previously reported risk loci.</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>We showed that most of the risk loci previously associated with CRC risk in individuals of European descent were also associated with CRC risk in East Asians. Furthermore, we identified 13 loci significantly associated with risk for CRC in Asians. Many of these loci contained genes that regulate the immune response, Wnt signaling to β-catenin, prostaglandin E2 catabolism, and cell pluripotency and proliferation. Further analyses of these genes and their variants is warranted, particularly for the 8 loci for which the lead CRC risk variants were not replicated in persons of European descent.</P>