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Resource Curse: New Evidence on the Role of Institutions
Tamat Sarmidi,Siong Hook Law,Yaghoob Jafari 한국국제경제학회 2014 International Economic Journal Vol.28 No.1
This paper attempts to provide a probable answer to a longstanding resource curse puzzle; i.e., why resource-rich nations grow at a slower rate compared with less fortunate ones. Using an innovative threshold estimation technique, the empirical results reveal that there is a threshold effect in the natural resources–economic growth relationship. We find that the impact of natural resources is meaningful to economic growth only after a certain threshold point of institutional quality has been attained. The results also shed light on the fact that the nations that have low institutional quality depend heavily on natural resources while countries with high quality institutions are relatively less dependent on natural resources to generate growth.
Hamid, Mariani Abdul,Sarmidi, Mohamad Roji,Park, Chang Seo D.A. Spandidos 2012 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE Vol.29 No.2
<P>Melanin synthesis is stimulated by various effectors, including α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), cyclic AMP (cAMP)-elevating agents (forskolin, isobutylmethylxantine, glycyrrhizin) and ultraviolet light. Our investigation focused on the identification of the melanogenic efficacy of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) leaf extract with regard to its effects on melanogenesis in B16F1 melanoma cells, since it has been known to possess strong anti-oxidant activities. The mangosteen leaf extract was found to stimulate melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner without any significant effects on cell proliferation. Cytotoxicity of the extract was measured using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay; the highest concentration of the extract that did not affect cell viability was 32 ?g/ml. Formation of melanin from cultured B16F1 melanoma induced by extract treatment was estimated using spectrophotometry. In order to clarify the subsequent mechanism of tyrosinase activation by the extract, the levels of tyrosinase expression in B16F1 melanoma were examined using an intracellular tyrosinase assay and tyrosinase zymography. Up-regulation of intracellular tyrosinase expression seemed to correlate with an increase in microphtalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) protein levels since MITF is the key factor for genes involved in melanogenesis. Both of the results showed that tyrosinase activity was markedly enhanced from extract-treated cells. The overall results suggest that mangosteen leaf extract may be a promising candidate for the treatment of hypopigmentation disorder and useful for self-tanning cosmetic products.</P>
Rosnani Hasham,Hyun Kyung Choi,Mohamad Roji Sarmidi,박장서 한국생물공학회 2013 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.18 No.1
Continuous exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation leads to a variety of skin damage, such as sunburn,pigmentation, premature ageing, and photocarcinogenesis. Various phytochemical extracts have been identified to efficiently protect sun exposed skin from UV induced photodamage. A Ficus deltoidea (Mas cotek) water extract has been widely used for women’s health in Malaysia. In a previous study from this lab, the F. deltoidea extract exhibited strong anti-melanogenic effects towards cultured B16F1 melanoma cells. Additional studies were intended to evaluate the effects of the F. deltoidea extract on antiphotoageing activity using cultured human dermal fibroblasts and immortalised human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Both TNF-α and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) play primary roles in the inflammation process upon UV irradiation and are known to be stimulated by UVB irradiation. Treatment with the F. deltoidea extract dramatically inhibited the UVinduced TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-6, and COX-2 expression. The decreased collagen synthesis of fibroblasts as a result of UVB exposure was restored to a normal level after treatment with the F. deltoidea extract. In addition, the enhanced MMP-1 expression upon UVB irradiation was downregulated by the F. deltoidea extract in a dose-dependent manner. The overall findings indicate that the F. deltoidea extract may exert a protective effect against UVB-induced damage in the skin that is useful for anti-photoageing cosmetic products.
Optimization of Isoflavone Production from Fermented Soybean Using Response Surface Methodology
Harisun Yaakob,Roslinda Abd Malek,Mailin Misson,Muhammad Fauzi Abdul Jalil,Mohd Roji Sarmidi,Ramlan Aziz 한국식품과학회 2011 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.20 No.6
This study was conducted to investigate the interaction effects among process variables during isoflavone production and optimized the yield of isoflavone. A response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to study the relationships of fermentation temperature, time,and starter culture on daidzin and daidzein as an isoflavone product. The experiments were designed using central composite by applying 2^4 factorial designs with 2 center points. Fermented soybean produced a maximum of 1,284.14 μg/g daidzin at an optimum temperature of 29.39^oC, fermentation duration at 32.06 h and starter culture content of 0.96%(w/w). Meanwhile, an optimum daidzein (1,663.85 μg/g) was obtained at 35^oC and 48 h fermentation process with 0.5%(w/w) starter culture. Validation study showed the observed and predicted values were in compliance with 5% level of significance. The RSM was successful in identifying the optimum conditions for the isoflavone production.
Kinetics of Thermal Inactivation of Peroxidases and Polyphenol Oxidase in Pineapple (Ananas comosus)
Ting Hun Lee,Lee Suan Chua,Eddie Ti Tjih Tan,Christina Yeong,Chew Ching Lim,Siew Yin Ooi,Ramlan bin Abdul Aziz,Azila binti Aziz,Mohd Roji bin Sarmidi 한국식품과학회 2009 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.18 No.3
The heat tolerance and the inactivation kinetics of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in pineapples (Ananas comosus) were studied in the temperature range 45-95℃. The kinetic parameters, such as deactivation rate constant (k), activation energy (Ea), and decimal reduction rate (D) of the thermal inactivation process, were determined. POD in pineapples showed biphasic inactivation behavior at temperatures range 45-75℃ but was monophasic at 85-95℃. This indicate that POD has 2 isozymes, namely heat labile and heat resistant, with Ea of 68.79 and 93.23 kJ/㏖, respectively. On the other hand, the heat denaturation of pineapple PPO could be described as simple monophasic first-order behavior with Ea of 80.15 kJ/㏖. Thus, the results of this study is useful in blanching technology where it shows a shortened time with higher temperature can be applied. The determination of the heat tolerance and inactivation POD and PPO, at different temperature range as done in the present work, was very important to improve the blanching process. This also will help to optimize the pineapple canning process which is one of the most important food industries in many tropical regions.