A Transferred Negation Interpretation from an Embedded to a Matrix Clause

Sangsoo Park 한국영어학학회 2003 영어학연구 Vol.- No.16

Park, Sangsoo. 2003. A Transferred Negation Interpretation from an Embedded to a Matrix Clause. English Language and Linguistics 16, 271-294. In a negative complex sentence which is headed by the verb denoting the features of internalized epistemic modality and grammaticalized subjunctive mood, notdisplacement is possible if and only if the P-feature Neg in the probe of a matrix and the Neg- feature in the goal of an embedded clause can be matched and identified by the operation Agree. This means that transferred negation interpretation in a negative complex sentence is guaranteed by the verb which has internalized episternic modality and grammaticalized subjunctive mood feature. The P-feature Neg in the probe renders the negative feature in the goal active, which is able to implement the operation Agree and the internal Merge of Neg-operator triggering not-displacement. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the derivational process of the internal Merge of Neg-operator in an infinitival complement or a finite complement clause starts from the NegP of the embedded clause via CP and vP successively to the matrix NegP by phase to phase.

남북한 어문규범 통합의 지향점과 학교 통일교육 : 맞춤법과 띄어쓰기를 중심으로

임상수 ( Lim¸ Sangsoo ) 인하대학교 교육연구소 2020 교육문화연구 Vol.26 No.6

남북한 언어의 이질화는 북한이탈주민의 남한 사회로의 적응을 어렵게 할 뿐만 아니라 통일 이후의 사회 통합에도 중대한 장애 요인이 된다. 이에 관한 교육을 학교에서 통일교육의 중요한 주제로 도입하여 남북한 언어통합에 관한 이슈들을 다루는 것이 필요하다. 북한이탈주민이 겪고 있는 언어 적응의 장애 요인으로는 어휘의 차이, 음운의 차이, 화용의 차이 등이 주로 연구되어 왔다. 이들 문제는 학술적 쟁점이 쉽게 해소되기 어렵고, 장기간에 걸친 노력이 필요한 난제이다. 이에 비해 어문규범의 통합은 상대적으로 쉽게 접근할 수 있는 사회 규칙의 분야이면서, 동시에 북한이탈주민들에게는 사회적 낙인찍힘과 심리적 타자화의 계기로 예민하게 느껴지는 문제이다. 어문규범 중 띄어쓰기와 사이시옷 표기법의 사례를 소재로 삼아, 통일교육에서의 언어 통합 접근이 상호보완적 통합과 고유어 강조하기를 원칙으로 삼되, 국어 정보화 기계처리에 장애가 되지 않도록 유의할 것을 제안하였다. 이런 접근은 다문화 시대의 통일교육이 사회 통합과 관련자들 모두의 자긍심 고취를 지향하고 있는 추세와도 조화를 이루기 쉽다. 쉽사리 교육내용의 변화를 꾀하기 어려운 국어과나 한국어교육에만 국한하지 않고 통일교육의 범주 하에서 범교과 학습으로 접근할 때 더 큰 성과를 기대할 수 있는 사례가 될 것이다. The differences of the language between the two Koreas not only makes it difficult for North Korean refugees to adapt to South Korean society, but also poses a major obstacle to social integration after reunification. It is necessary to introduce educational contents on this problem as an important theme in unification education in schools to deal with the issues of inter-Korean language integration. Differences in vocabulary, phonetics, and speech expressions have been mainly studied as obstacles to language adaptation experienced by North Korean refugees. These problems are difficult to resolve academic issues easily and are still hard tasks requiring long-term efforts. On the other hand, the integration of language norms is a relatively easy-to-access area of social rules, and at the same time, it is a very sensitive issue for North Korean refugees because it causes social stigma and psychological alienation. Using the case of spacing and notation of Saishiot(ㅅ) as the subject matter, the approach to language integration in unification education was reviewed. It was suggested to take care not to become an obstacle to the machine processing of Korean language information while taking complementary integration and emphasizing traditional old native vocabularies as a principle. This approach is easy to harmonize with the trend of unification education in the era of multi-culturalism aiming at promotion of social integration and inspiring self-esteem of all concerned. It will be a case where greater results can be expected when approaching cross-curricular learning under the title of unification education. It is better not to be limited to Korean language education or Korean language education as a foreign language, where it is difficult to easily change the contents of education.

‘가짜 뉴스’와 팩트체크 문제에서 정보윤리 책무성 강화의 필요성과 방안

임상수 ( Lim¸ Sangsoo ) 한국윤리학회(구 한국국민윤리학회) 2020 倫理硏究 Vol.131 No.1

이른바 ‘가짜 뉴스’가 소셜 미디어를 통해 무분별하게 유통되면서, 집단 극단화와 혐오를 부추기고, 미디어 생태계의 신뢰를 붕괴시킬 정도로 심각한 폐해를 낳고 있다. ‘가짜 뉴스’를 검증하는 팩트체크 방안을 법률적 규제와 기술적 자동화 처리로 나누어 살펴보았다. 표현의 자유와의 충돌 우려가 있고, 자동화된 팩트체크에도 궁극적으로 인간의 판단이 필요하다는 한계가 있음을 확인하였다. ‘가짜 뉴스’의 생산과 유통자체를 줄이기 위해서는 관련 주체들의 투명성 확보 노력과 책무성 강화가 필요함을 주장하였다. 책무성 강화를 위해 바이라인을 상세화하고 의무화하는 방안과 팩트체크 결과 공개를 상시화하는 방안을 제안하였다. 정보윤리 교육과 미디어정보 리터러시 교육을 통해 관련된 여러 주체들의 책무성 강화한다면, ‘가짜 뉴스’에 대한 근본적 대응책이 될 것이다. As so-called “fake news” is distributed indiscriminately through social media, it is causing serious harm to the extent that it promotes group extremism and hatred, and destroys trust of the media ecosystem. Fact-checking measures to verify 'fake news' were divided into legal regulations and technical automation processing. It has been confirmed that there is a risk of conflict with freedom of expression, and that automated fact-checking has limitations that ultimately require human judgment. It argued that in order to reduce the production and distribution of "fake news" itself, relevant multi-stakeholders need to make efforts to ensure transparency and strengthen accountability. In order to strengthen accountability, I proposed detailed and mandatory byline and regular disclosure of fact-checking results. Strengthening the accountabilities of the various parties involved through information ethics education and media information literacy education will be a fundamental countermeasure to "fake news."

동해 추암동고분군 출토 대가야양식 토기에 대하여

이상수 ( Lee¸ Sang Soo ) 강원대학교 강원문화연구소 2020 강원문화연구 Vol.42 No.-

1992년 강원 동해시 추암동고분군 발굴조사에서 출토된 소위 ‘대가야양식(대가야식·고령계)’ 토기(약 17점)들은 562년 대가야멸망 직후 신라의 사민정책에 의한 역사적 산물로서 대가야유민이 강제 이주된 역사적 실체를 파악하는데 매우 중요한 고고자료이다. 이 고분군 출토 대가야양식 토기의 개(蓋)와 배(杯)들은 대가야(大加耶) 고령지역 권역 일대에서 생산된 고령계 도질토기가 일부 포함되어 있어 토기제작기술자와 관련된 소규모 집단이 이주되었던 것으로 이해된다. 또한 대가야양식 토기가 출토된 고분 유구(총 7기)는 2기 또는 3기가 권역을 이루며 축조되어 피장자 구성은 혈연을 기반한 친족일 가능성이 높으며, 대략 2세대(약 50년)에 걸쳐 매장된 것으로 추정된다. 아울러 가-34호의 구조 및 출토유물 양상을 미루어 볼 때, 극소수의 대가야 지배층이 함께 이주되었을 가능성도 엿보인다. 이곳 실직(삼척)지역에 강제 이주된 대가야유민의 3세대와 후손들은 7세기에 이르러 신라문화에 완전히 동화된 것으로 보이며, 6세기 초에 신라의 실직지역(군사적 거점:전략적 수군기지)에 대한 지방통치 기반이 확고히 성립된 역사적 배경하에 강제 이주의 장소가 의도적으로 선택되었을 개연성이 높다. 대가야유민의 이주 과정은 육상루트보다는 동해안 해상루트를 통해 이루어졌던 것으로 보여진다. The so-called “Daegaya-type(Daegayasik, Goryeonggye)” pottery(about 17 pieces) found in excavation of Chuam-dong tombs in Donghae-si, Gangwon-do in 1992, is a historical product of Silla's migration policy immediately after the destruction of Daegaya in 562. It is very important archaeological data to understand the reality of that period with. The cover and the flat dish of Daegaya-style pottery from this burial area includes some of the Goryeong-type unglazed earthenware produced in Goryeong of Daegaya, which means that a small group of people related to pottery craft migrated to this place. The remaining tombs(7 in total), in which Daegaya-style pottery was discovered, are divided, each including 2 or 3 tombs, and the victims buried are likely to be relatives based on blood ties, ranging over approximately 2 generations (for about 50 years). Considering the structure and the unearthed relics of Ga-34 tomb, it is possible that a small number of ruling classes migrated together. The 3rd generation and the descendants of Daegaya refugees forcibly displaced to Shiljik(Samcheok) seem to have been fully assimilated into the Silla culture until the 7th century. It is highly probable that the location of Daegaya refugees' forced migration was deliberately chosen under the historical background that, in the early 6th century, the foundation for regional governance over Shiljik area(Military base) was firmly established. It is believed that the Daegaya refugees migrated along the eastern coast rather than along the land route.

국제인권법상 국가의 역외적 인권보호의무 - 다국적 기업에 의한 해외 인권침해의 맥락에서 -

이상수 ( Lee¸ Sang Soo ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2021 홍익법학 Vol.22 No.3

최근 한국 기업의 해외 인권침해가 많은 논란을 야기하고 있다. 본고는 이런 사건들에 대해서 대한민국 정부는 어떤 대응을 해야 하는지에 대해 국제인권법에 기초하여 대답을 모색해 본다. 동시에 현재 국제인권법 하에서 국가가 일반적으로 역외적 인권보호의무를 갖지 않는다고 한 ‘유엔 기업과 인권 이행원칙’(이하 이행원칙)의 입장을 비판적으로 검토한다. 먼저, 원칙적으로 국가의 역외적 인권의무가 있다는 것을 보이기 위해서 이 문제에 관한 다양한 국제인권기구의 입장을 검토했다. 지금까지 국제인권법에서의 논의를 종합해볼 때, 국가는 지역적이든 인적이든 실효적 통제가 미치는 경우라면 국경밖이라고 하더라도 인권의무를 진다는 원칙이 널리 수용되고 있다. 국가의 인권의무가 인권의 존중, 보호, 충족으로 구성된다고 했을 때, 현행 국제인권법상 기업활동과 관련하여 국가의 역외적 인권‘보호’ 의무가 없다고 단정한 이행원칙의 입장은 수용하기 어렵다. 다만 미해결의 문제는 국가의 인권보호의무가 ‘다국적 기업’의 해외 인권침해라는 맥락에서 구체적으로 어떻게 발현될지이다. 여기서 제기되는 중요한 난관은 역외적 관할권 행사가 낳는 외교적 충돌 가능성 이외에도, 다국적 기업의 복잡한 조직구조, 법인격분리에 따른 책임추궁의 어려움, 해외의 인권피해자가 부담하는 과도한 입증책임 등이 있다. 이런 어려운 문제에 대해 국제인권기구가 최근 제시한 혁신적 대안은 영토내의 기업에게 인권실사를 의무화함으로써 해외에서의 인권침해를 막고 나아가 사법적 구제의 길을 확대하자는 것이다. 이것은 사회권위원회의 일반논평 제24호가 상세히 설명하고 있는데 이는 Schutter가 제안한 ‘모회사 기반의 역외규제’이며 이행원칙이 말하는 ‘역외적 함의를 갖는 국내적 조치’이다. 이런 접근법이 확고하게 현행 국제인권법의 일부가 됐다고 장담하기에는 다소 이를 수 있지만, 적어도 EU나 유엔은 이런 식의 접근을 구현하기 위한 구체적인 움직임을 시작했다는 것이 사실이다. 대한민국도 사회권규약을 위시한 주요 인권조약에 가입한 이상 역외적 인권보호의무를 지는 것이 당연하므로, 한국 정부는 한국 기업이 해외에서 초래하는 인권침해를 방치해서는 안 되며 다양한 수단을 동원하여 해외의 인권피해자를 위한 인권보호조치를 취해야 한다. 특히 국내에 주재한 다국적 기업에게 인권실사를 요구하는 것이 필요해 보인다. 이것이 국가의 역외적 인권보호의무와 관련하여 주요 선진국들이 이미 취하고 있는 방향이고 국제인권법이 진화해가고 있는 방향이기도 하다. Recently human rights abuses committed abroad by Korean companies draw much attention, raising questions on whether, and how, the Korean government should address them. This article tries to answer to those questions drawing on international human rights law. In doing so, it also disputes the argument proposed by the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (the UNGPs) that so far States are not generally required under international human rights law to regulate extraterritorial activities of businesses domiciled in their territory and/or jurisdiction. This article first reviews the various human rights treaty bodies’ understandings on extraterritorial human rights obligation of state. A general agreement on this issue is that state parties to human rights treaties bear the extraterritorial obligation on the human rights abuses as far as the abuses occur within the area under its effective control. Given that state’s human rights obligation comprises the obligation to respect, protect and fulfill human rights recognized by international human rights instruments, the UNGPs’ sheer negation of state’s extraterritorial human rights obligation ‘to protect’ is simply unacceptable. The question to be raised then is how the obligation can be defined in the context of human rights abuses committed abroad by ‘transnational corporations’ (TNCs). Major challenges to this question come from the complex organizational structure of TNCs, the doctrine of separation of legal personality, excessive burden of proof burdened by foreign victims as well as the potential diplomatic tensions arising from the uninvited exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction. An innovative alternative approach adopted by some international human rights regimes to address these challenges is to obligate state parties to require TNCs within its territory to exercise human rights due diligence as a way of preventing human rights abuses abroad and strengthening victim’s access to judicial remedy. This approach is most systematically elaborated in the General Comment No. 24 of the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and seemingly has its origin in the idea of ‘parent-based extraterritorial regulation’ coined by de Schutter and of ‘domestics measures with extraterritorial implication’ of the UNPGs. It may be excessive to insist that this approach has irreversibly become a part of international human rights law, but it is true that at least EU and UN took firm steps towards this approach as a part of the human rights law. As a state party to many human rights treaties including the International Covenant on the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Korean government should discharge its extraterritorial obligation to protect foreign individuals and groups from human rights abuses committed by Korean companies, with various methods and preferably by requiring TNCs domiciled in Korean territory to exercise human rights due diligence on their supply chain. This is what several developed states have already adopted as a way of fulfilling their extraterritorial human rights obligation to protect and what major international human rights law regimes are moving towards.

Implications of the Ukrainian Crisis on the Korean Peninsula

Sangsoo Lee(Sangsoo Lee) J-INSTITUTE 2022 International Journal of Terrorism & National Secu Vol.7 No.2

Purpose: This paper intends to examine the background of Putin's invasion of Ukraine and to find out the im-plications of the Ukrainian situation on the Korean Peninsula. President Vladimir Putin has long ruled Russia by turning it into a powerful totalitarian country. At the heart of Putin's neo-Eurasian policy are the construction of the Eurasian Empire, the establishment of centralization, opposition to Western values, and hostility to the United States advocating Russia's religion and traditional values. Influenced by Lugin's philosophy, Putin had a huge vision to build a Eurasian empire to undermine U.S. hegemony by integrating former Soviet countries with Eastern Europe and putting EU countries under the protection of Russia. Method: This paper analyzes the political implications of Ukraine’s crisis on the Korean Peninsula by using Tucker’s political leadership processes. Robert C. Tucker suggests the political leadership process as an authorita-tive diagnosis of the situation, preparing policy alternatives to solve problems, and mobilization of support to achieve it. Russia implemented a gray zone strategy to achieve its goal of restoring the lost territory in the wake of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Results: North Korea successfully launched allegedly a Hwaseong-17 intercontinental ballistic missile on March 24, 2022. North Korea can also try to provoke hybrid warfare by benchmarking Russia, and the expected types of provocations are information warfare, cyber warfare, diplomatic warfare, and special warfare by demonstrat-ing nuclear capability. The threat to hybrid warfare by North Korea includes nuclear weapons, special forces, and cyber-attacks by the strong centralized command control. Conclusion: First, the peace process on the Korean Peninsula is expected to be difficult. Under the Ukrainian crisis, China and Russia are working together to keep the global influence of the United States in check. The United States cannot seek China's cooperation in the peace process on the Korean Peninsula. Because the United States is preparing a secondary boycott on China which helps Russia. Secondly, the arms race between the two Koreas will accelerate. North Korea, using Ukraine as a lesson, is stepping up its test-firing of ICBM and tactical nuclear weapons tests to strengthen its self-defense capabilities. In preparation for such heightened tensions in North Korea, South Korea needs to cooperate with the US and maintain close cooperation with its allies. Third, we should prepare for the possibility of North Korea imitating Russia's hybrid war against Ukraine. North Korea is likely to carry out intelligence warfare, cyber warfare, diplomatic warfare, and special warfare using gray zone strategies.

Hybrid Control System for Managing Voltage and Reactive Power in the JEJU Power System

Sangsoo Seo,Yun-Hyuk Choi,Sang-Gyun Kang,Byongjun Lee,Jeong-Hoon Shin,Tae-Kyun Kim 대한전기학회 2009 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.4 No.4

This paper proposes a hybrid voltage controller based on a hierarchical control structure for implementation in the Jeju power system. The hybrid voltage controller utilizes the coordination of various reactive power devices such as generators, switched shunt devices and LTC to regulate the pilot voltage of an area or zone. The reactive power source can be classified into two groups based on action characteristics, namely continuous and discrete. The controller, which regulates the pilot bus voltage, reflects these characteristics in the coordination of the two types of reactive power source. However, the continuous type source like generators is a more important source than the discrete type for an emergency state such as a voltage collapse, thereby requiring a more reactive power reserve of the continuous type to be utilized in the coordination in order to regulate the pilot bus voltage. Results show that the hybrid controller, when compared to conventional methods, has a considerable improvement in performance when adopted to control the pilot bus voltage of the Jeju island system.

Paradox of COVID-19 Pandemic, Strengthening Neo-Liberalist s Way of GLOBAL GOVERNANCE Building to Overcome Vaccine Nationalism s Politics

Sangsoo Lee J-INSTITUTE 2021 Regulations Vol.6 No.2

Purpose: This paper intends to find alternatives to strengthen global governance in vaccine distribution amid the rise of vaccine nationalism in the international community. To this end, Chapter 2 briefly outlines the risks of vaccine nationalism and the concept of global governance. Chapter 3 examines the status of vaccine develop-ment in major countries and Chapter 4 suggests ways to establish global vaccine governance. Chapter 5 summa-rizes the previous discussions and suggests a policy alternative for securing vaccines for the ROK. Method: The spread of COVID-19 has led to the fall of neoliberalism, but to end the COVID-19 pandemic, only infectious disease control through strengthening transformative neo-liberal way of strengthening international governance can overcome the vaccine nationalism. Global Governance refers to the performance of various in-terested parties through horizontal cooperation to achieve a common purpose, especially the public purpose. Results: The policy alternatives to overcome vaccination nationalism and end the global COVID-19 pandemic are as follows. First, it is possible to effectively respond to various infectious diseases in the future by strength-ening the disease management function of the UN and rearranging of WHO for the fair distribution of vaccines. Second, AI technology-based platforms can be used to optimize the use of early warning and mobilize necessary resources for preventive measures. Third, patent rights for vaccine manufacturing technologies should be re-voked and vaccines should be produced and administered simultaneously regardless of country or patent to pre-vent the spread. Fourth, measures to limit national sovereignty at the global governance level should be clearly defined. Fifth, cooperation with WHO and transnational pharmaceutical companies, and NGO, IGO(Intergovern-mental Organization) are key to combating vaccination nationalism s politics. Conclusion: The implications of major countries vaccine development and vaccine diplomacy for the ROK are as follows. First, the ROK also needs to continue to develop vaccines and treatments, foster human resources in related fields, and establish active international cooperation. Second, it is necessary to strengthen the interna-tional system to develop vaccines and treatments. Third, it is necessary to actively secure vaccines through the production of a licensing method that introduces technology, not just consignment production in Korea, or equity investment in overseas vaccine companies, which requires the government s full support for the industry.

The Observance of V2 in the English Focalized Constructions

Sangsoo Park 한국영어학학회 2008 영어학연구 Vol.- No.26

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the observance of V2 in the English focalized constructions from a diachronic perspective. It is proposed that -features with a tense feature in C agree with rich verbal inflection and the lexicalization of a finite verb in C results in the obligatory V2 in OE. It is because an edge feature in C triggers the internal Merge of a focalized constituent in Spec-C in root declarative clauses, wh-interrogatives, negative-initial constructions or locative inversion constructions in OE. As -features with a tense feature were inherited by T from C around the fifteenth century, T started denoting an EPP-feature which triggered the internal Merge of a subject in Spec-T. Concurrently -features with a tense feature in T began to agree with an auxiliary verb or a finite verb, which shows readjusted V2 in declarative sentences in PDE. Meanwhile, in wh-interrogatives, negativeinitial constructions or locative inversion constructions, -features with a tense feature agree with poor verbal inflection. In this case apparent V2 is derived by means of feature Agree between a focus feature in C and an auxiliary verb or dummy do. This induces verb movement to C and the internal Merge of a focalized constituent in Spec-C in PDE.

The Development of Complementizer and Relativizer that in the History of English

Sangsoo Park 한국영어학학회 2006 영어학연구 Vol.- No.22

  The purpose of this study is to investigate how the complementizer that and the relativizer that developed in the history of English language. The developmental process of the complementizer that shows that the demonstrative þæt was changed into the complementizer þæt through grammaticalization and category reanalysis long before the OE period. The extension of the grammatical function of that from a complementizer to a relativizer proves that the complementizer þat spread into the domain of relativizers from the early ME period. Given the lexical item þæt that changed from a demonstrative to a complementizer, it is true that the complementizer þæt began to perform the grammatical function of a finite tense marker indicating the finiteness of embedded clauses from the Germanic period. This means that the complementizer þæt started encoding finite tense feature with φ-features at the outset. And additionally it began to carry out the grammatical function of a declarative force marker from the ME period. In Present-day English, while finite tense feature should be or can be realized as null form without CP by means of the transmission of it from C to T, declarative force feature is generally realized as overt form in C. The growth of declarative force feature as a grammatical rule was complete by the time C-oriented clausal-head system was changed into T-oriented clausal-head system with the demise of V-2 in late ME. The syntactic differentiation between the complementizer that and the relativizer that is confirmed by the contrastive grammaticality of that-trace construction in complement clauses and in relative clauses. The time that-trace effect and counter that-trace effect came to exert its robust power of a grammatical rule was in gear with the disappearance of overt verb movement and introduction of do as an auxiliary verb.