공무집행 중 발생한 주한미군범죄와 「한・미 SOFA」에 따른 경합적 형사재판권에 관한 고찰

김성진(Kim, Sung-Jin),최우선(Choi, U-Son) 중앙대학교 법학연구원 2021 法學論文集 Vol.45 No.1

미국은 해외 각국에 군대를 파견하면서 미군의 주둔을 접수하는 국가와 소위 주둔군지위협정(SOFA)을 체결한다. 이러한 주둔군지위협정에는 미군과 그 구성원들의 형사재판권에 관한 내용을 규정으로서 파견국과 접수국 간의 형사재판권에 대한 우선순위를 규정하고 있다. 예를 들어 주한미군지위협정(이하, 한·미 SOFA)에서는 미국 군대의 구성원이 공무집행 중 고의 또는 과실로 저지른 범죄에 대해서는 미군당국에게 1차적 현사재판권을 부여하고 있다. 이에 대한민국은 미군당국에게 공무 중 발생한 미군범죄에 대한 1차적 형사재판권을 양보할 것을 요구하고 있지만 이를 거부하고 있다. 그러나 한·미 SOFA는 대한민국의 사법권을 대체하는 협정이 아니라 대한민국의 사권법 내에 존재하는 것이다. 따라서 범죄혐의를 받고 있는 미군은 대한민국의 형사사법에 따라 수사와 재판을 받는 것이 타당하다. 다만 형사재판권이 경합하는 경우에는 해당 범죄가 공무 중 발생한 경우에 한하여 미군당국이 1차적 재판권을 행사할 수 있도록 하는 것이 바람직하다. 지금까지 미군당국은 대한민국과 형사재판권이 경합되는 미군범죄 사건에 대하여 대한민국 수사기관의 수사협조 요청에 매우 소극적인 태도를 보이고 있다. 하지만 미군당국은 한·미 SOFA 제22조 제6항에 명시되어 있는 대로 미군범죄에 대한 대한민국 수사기관의 수사에 보다 적극적으로 조력하여 할 것이다. 또한 한·미 SOFA에 따라 미군당국이 공무중 발생한 범죄에 대하여 1차적 형사재판권을 부여받고 있더라도, 대한민국 사법부가 해당 범죄를 중대한 범죄라고 판단하는 경우에는 대한민국은 미군당국의 ‘공무증명서’ 발급에 대하여 한·미 SOFA 제22조 제6항에 명시된 이의 제기권을 행사할 필요가 있다. One of the most controversial issues of SOFA that every countries concluded with the U.S. is the question of what constitutes an act or omission done in the performance of official duty. The ROK-U.S SOFA also includes the same provisions and hence, the same controversy: U.S military authorities have primary right to exercise jurisdiction over U.S armed forces members in relation to offenses arising out of any act or omission done in the performances of official duty. The ROK-U.S is based on two types of jurisdiction, exclusive and concurrent. An identical framework is found in the NATO SOFA. Article XXII of the Korea SOFA provides that the U.S. military authorities have the right to exercise exclusive jurisdiction over members of U.S. armed forces with respect of offenses, including offenses relating to its security, punishable by the law of the United States, but not by the law of the Republic of Korea. This exclusive jurisdiction applies to Korea authorities in the same way respect to offenses by the U.S service members that are punishable by Korean law but not by U.S. law. In cases where the right to exercise jurisdiction is concurrent, the authorities of Korea have primary jurisdiction, but an exception exists in relation to offenses committed solely against the property or security of the United States or solely against another U.S. armed forces member, and offenses arising out of any act or omission done in the performance of official duty. Generally, a country with is more interested in offenses committed than the other in an effort to have primary right to exercise. If the offenses committed solely against the property or security of the sending state, receiving state in fact wouldn t be interested in indicting those offenses. On the other hand in line with territorial principle, Korea will have the primary right to exercise the jurisdiction. This article will analyze the official duty that sending state always trying to have the primary right to exercise, causing inevitably friction with host nation in terms of the concurrent jurisdiction para 3, art 22 in ROK-U.S. SOFA rather than the inequality and fairness of SOFAs, which every host nations have concluded with the U.S. It will also recommend the resolution to minimize the friction between ROK and U.S. in satisfying both nations as they exercise the criminal jurisdiction in a way of clarifying the official duty certification and in standard, limit, analysis about an official duty.

同位元素 質量分析機에 의한 植物體中 ??N 測定法 確立 및 온주밀감의 尿素 葉面吸收量 測定에 관한 연구

유장걸,오상호 濟州大學校 亞熱帶農業硏究所 1998 亞熱帶農業硏究 Vol.15 No.-

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to establish the analytical conditions for determining 15N abundance ratio in plant leaves by the isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Effect of some factors related to the equipment performance such as tin capsule cleaning, ion source tunning, sample size and K-factor for total N analysis by the elemental analyzer were investigated using the standard reagents (urea and acetanilide), and citrus leaves. In addition, urea uptake by citrus leaves was measured with 8 and 20-month old leaves were dipped in 15N labelled urea solution(1.776 atom excess %) mixed with 0.05% surfactant and harvested 1, 2, 3, 10 and 17 days after 15N labelled urea application. 1. The analytical conditions for determining 15N isotope ratio in plant leaves a. N-peak was observed from the blank sample of tin capsule which is not cleaned. However, N-peak disappeared after cleaning tin capsules with acetone. b. K-factor for total N determination by the elemental aniyzer was evaluated in terms of the instrument stability. The result showed that the coefficient of variation for K-factor was low enough to obtain a good reproducibility. c. The optimal amount of standard reagents, (urea and acetanilide) and leaf sample for N analysis was in the range of 1 to 3 mg. d. The optimal N amount for 15N isotope ratio analysis was in the range of 0.359 to 0.424 mg. 2. The urea uptake by citrus leaves a. The amount of N absorbed by citrus leaves was increased by elevating the applied urea concentrations and had a maximum at 0.8-1.2% of urea concentrations. b. N amount contained in the leaves increased until 2 days after foliar application but thereafter decreased because N-translocation to the shoot became much more than N-uptake from leaf surface. c. N absorption by 8-month-old leaves was higher than 20-month-old leaves.

물속에서 비전해질의 용해도에 관한 분자결합성 연구

成墉吉,白禹鉉 동국대학교 자연과학연구소 1984 자연과학연구 논문집 Vol.4 No.-

액체 또는 결정성 유기 비전해질의 물에 대한 용해도와 그 분자구조 사이의 정량적 관계식을 분자 결합성 연구법을 사용하여 유도하였다. 그 관계식은 녹은점 이외에 분자결합성의 항 χ에 의해서 얻어진 결과와 좋은 일치를 보였다. 또한 그 식은 물속에서 aromatic hydrocarbons, halobenzenes및 alkyl p-substituted benzoates등과 같은 비전해질에 �엿�용해도를 예측할 수 있었다. Quantitative relationships between the structure and the aqueous solubility of either liquid or crystalline organic nonelectrolytes have been derived by using the molecular connectivity approach. A good correlation wquation was obtained by the molecular connectivity term χin addition to the melting point. The equation is capable of predicting solubility for nonelectrolytes such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, halobenzenes and alkyl p-substituted benzoates in water.

Cl과 SO₂처리가 감귤의 無機物과 糖 및 有機物의 조성에 미치는 영향

柳長杰,宋成俊 제주대학교 방사능이용연구소 1986 연구보고 Vol.2 No.-

본 연구는 Cl과 SO₄처리가 감귤품질의 指標가 되는 糖과 有機酸함량에 미치는 영향을 알아 보기 위하여 與津早生을 시험재료로 하여 遂行된 것으로, 1984년도에는 砂耕재배와 葉面施肥를 통하여 Cl과 SO₄를 처리했을 때 감귤잎중의 無機物, 糖함량이 어떻게 변하는가를 조사하였고, 1985년도에는 Cl과 SO₄를 엽면시비 했을 경우 감귤果肉중의 당과 유기산함량에 미치는 영향을 조사하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. Cl과 SO₄를 엽면시비했을 경우 감귤잎중의 Cl또는 SO₄함량이 증가되었다. SO₄처리에 의해서 P, Fe의 엽중함량이 증가되었고, Cl처리에 의해서 Ca, K, Zn, Cu등의 엽중함량이 높아짐을 볼 수 있었다. 2. 사경재배시에는 Cl과 SO₄처리에 의하여 Cl과 SO₄의 엽중함량이 증가되었으며, SO₄처리에 의해서 N, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu등의 엽중함량이 증가되었고 Cl처리에 의해서 신엽의 Fe함량이 감소되었다. 3. 사경재배시 Cl처리보다 SO₄처리를 했을 때, 신엽중의 환원당, 비환원당, 전당 함량이 증가되었다. 4. Cl과 SO₄를 엽면시비했을시, 당의 경우에는 Cl보다 SO₄처리를 했을 때 감귤과육중의 환원당, 비환원당이 증가되었는데, 당을 HPLC로 분획정량해 본 결과 fructose, glucose, sucrose 함량이 전반적으로 증가됨을 알 수 있었고, 이같은 결과가 당도증진에 기여할 것이라 생각된다. 5. 유기산의 경우를 보면, Cl과 SO₄를 엽면 시비했을 때 SO₄에 의해 과육중의 적정산, 전산함량이 감소되었고, 또한 HPLC분석에 의하면 citric acid, oxalic acid는 SO₄에 의해 감소되나 malic acid는 증가됨을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 Cl보다 SO₄처리가 감미비증가라는 감귤 품질향상 측면에서 효과가 있는 것으로 생각된다. The effect of Cl and SO₄treatment on the contents of sugars and organic acids in mandarin juice was investigated from 1984 to 1985. In 1984, Cl and SO₄were supplied by foliar spraying and the sand culture method to determine the change of inorganic elements and sugar contents in the leaves. In the second year, the contents of sugars and organic acids in the fruit juice were analyzed to determine the effect of the Cl and SO₄foliar application. 1. Separate foliar applications of Cl and SO₄increased the contents of Cl and SO₄in leaves, respectively. The P and Fe contents of leaves were higher in the SO₄treatment than in the Cl treatment but the contents of Ca, K, Zn and Cu were higher in the Cl treatment. 2. When Cl and SO₄were applied individually to the sand culture, the contents of N, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Cu as well as SO₄in leaves were higher in the SO₄treatment than in the Cl treatment. The reduction and non-reducing sugars in the leaves increased more with the SO₄treatment than with the Cl treatment. 3. The foliar application of SO₄increased the contents of reducing sugars and total sugars in the fruit juice. HPLC analysis showed that the concentrations of fructose, glucose, and sucrose in the fruit juice were higher in the SO₄ treatment than in the Cl treatment. 4. The concentrations of titratable acid and total acid in the fruit juice were lower in the foliar application of SO₄than Cl. According to HPLC anaysis, SO₄ treatment decreased the citric acid and oxalic acid contents of the fruit juice but increased the malic acid. Consequently it can be concluded that a foliar application of SO₄is preferable to Cl as it increases the ratio of sugar to organic acid in mandarin juice.

고분자의 내부압에 관한 연구

성용길,백우현 동국대학교 자연과학연구소 1988 자연과학연구 논문집 Vol.8 No.-

유리전이온도 위와 아래에서 고분자의 내부압에 대한 식을 고분자의 상태 방정식에 기초하여 유도하였다. 폴리스타이렌과 폴리옥시메틸스타이렌 등과 같은 고분자의 내부압을 계산하고 실험치와 비교하였다. 그 계산된 결과는 실험 데이터와 잘 일치하였다. An equation for internal pressure (Pi) of polymers above and below glass transition temperature has been derived on the basis of the equation of state for polymers. The internal pressures for polymers such as polystyrene and polyoxymethylstyrene are calculated and compared with the experimental values of the polymers. The calculated results are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data.

TLD 방사선 센서용 판독장치의 제작

우홍,강희동,최희동,이상윤,도시홍,김도성 경북대학교 센서기술연구소 1992 센서技術學術大會論文集 Vol.3 No.1

同位元素를 利用한 濟州地域 水資源에 관한 硏究(Ⅳ)

안종성,정창조,송성준,유장걸 제주대학교 방사능이용연구소 1989 연구보고 Vol.4 No.-

본 연구는 濟州道中 湧泉水資源이 풍부한 濟州市 近郊(삼양, 외도) 및 涯月, 翰林地域의 地下水資源에 관한 理化學的 特性을 分析함으로써 海水에 의한 地下水와 湧泉水의 汚染을 조사하고 또한 장래에 발생할지도 모르는 地下水의 荒發化를 사전에 예방하기 위한 기초자료를 제공키 위해 海水 4점, 湧泉水 4점, 地下水 10점을 대상으로 시기별 채수하여 溫度, pH, 양이온, 음이온, 電氣傳導度 그리고 環境同位元素 Tritium, Deuterium과 Oxygen-18를 정량하였다. 제주시 근교(삼양, 외도) 및 애월, 한림지역의 대부분의 地下水와 湧泉水의 음, 양이온 함량과 전기전도도 값은 비교적 낮은 편으로 제주시 또는 서귀포시 지역의 값과 유사한 경향을 보였다. 한편 조사지역내의 地下水와 湧泉水의 環境同位元素(H-3, H-2, O-18) 存在比는 계절에 따라 차이를 보였으며, 하절기에 가장 낮은 함량을 나타낸 것은 7∼8월에 집중하여 제주지역에 내리는 降水에 의해 稀釋된다고 생각되며, 이러한 현상으로 미루어 보아 이 지역의 帶水層은 비교적 엷으며 또한 Mixing process가 극히 빠르다는 것을 시사한다. 또한 一般化學分析方法으로 계산된 C1/HCO₃비를 보면 조사 지역내의 대부분의 地下水와 湧泉水들은 海水에 의한 오염이 거의 일어나지 않았다고 판단되나, 애월 湧泉水의 경우 C1/HCO₃비가 비교적 높고(2.05-6.86), 특히 환경동위원소 O-18의 존재비가 海水에 의한 영향을 받는다고 생각되는 제주동부지역의 地下水와 비슷한 경항을 갖는 것으로 보아 음, 양이온 함량이나 전지전도값이 높은 이유는 海水에 의한 오염으로 판단된다. In order to provide effective countermeasure for the groundwater protection from sea water contamination, isotope-aided technique and chemical analysis were applied for the measurement of concerned parameters in the areas of Aewol and Halrim and outskirts of Cheju city to ascertain whether existing boreholes and spring are affected by sea water intrusion. Water samples were collected seasonally from the sea, the spring and the boreholes for measuring temperature, pH, mineral contents, electrical conductivity and environmental isotopes(H-2, H-3, O-18). The mineral contents and electrical conductivity of groundwater as well as spring water in the areas of Aewol and Halrim and outskirts of Cheju city were similar to those of Cheju city and Sogwipo city areas. Seasonal changes in the contents of environmental isotopes(H-2, H-3, O-18) in the water samples were observed. Considering that the amount of environmental isotopes in the groundwater was diluted by rainfall in summer to a great extent, the aquifer seemed to be small and the mixing process might occur rapidly. In most of groundwaters and spring waters, the ratio of C1 to HCO₂ was shown to be less than 1.0. However, that at the spring water(A4) of Aewol was rather hight, and the level of O-18 was close to that of spring and groundwater contaminated by sea water in the eastern Cheju area.

建設産業의 發展方向에 關한 硏究 -입찰 방법을 중심으로-

전우섭,윤상열 大邱大學校 科學技術硏究所 1999 科學技術硏究 Vol.5 No.5

From late '80s to early '90s, merely for 6-8 years, abrupt expansion of our construction industry was wonder, but actual result was abnormal. That was the result of only quantitative expansion without qualitative expansion. The absence of technical mind, superior technical personnel upbringing, the inferiority of small scale special construction companies, upcoming vision for the construction industry, and government's rule of thumb thinking for the construction regulation. It was too natural that we could not succeed in all at once pressing quantitive expansion, since we were indifferent for all of these indispensible factors for the development of construction industry or inefficiently, unconcentratively enforced. There is only one way for our construction. That can be realized by making a pivotal point in our country to make up for worldwide sunken our trust. For this, construction industry itself should present tangible and feasible 21 Century future directive vision. That is, we have to get out of old fashioned negative image of technical mind, and devote all our ability to establish new technical mind in construction industry. Regardless of unceasing changes in Government's regulations, construction industry itself should present a policy to realize 21 century vision. Under these nowaday situations and backgrounds of construction industry, it was studied conceptionally but as definitely as possible some enforcement subjects in the position of construction industry and Government, and as a short term and long term vision to re-establish a role of construction industry in the presence of 21 century. Making the investigation and analysis for above subjects, we will be able to prepare for internationalization and open-market of our construction industry, and these could be a conceptional milestone for the 21 century future directive development direction of construction industry.

SnO₂-TiO₂세라믹 복합체의 일산화탄소 감응특성

최우성,김태원,정승우 경북대학교 센서기술연구소 1997 센서技術學術大會論文集 Vol.8 No.1

In order to promote CO sensitivity, 5, 10, 15, 20 mol% TiO_(2) added SnO_(2) composite ceramics were prepared. Using XRD and SEM, we investigated a phase analysis and microstructure, and mearsured the resistances as a function gas atmosphere of specimens by High Voltage Measure/Source Unit. The measured CO sensitivities of SnO_(2) -TiO_(2) composite ceramics were abou 3 times larger than that of pure SnO_(2) and showed the obvious temperature dependence of 500, 1000ppm CO sensitivity.

액체 설광 계수를 위한 식물체 시료 조제방법

宋成俊,柳長杰 제주대학교 방사능이용연구소 1985 연구보고 Vol.1 No.-

H-3, C-14, S-35와 같이 낮은 에너지의 베타선을 방출하는 동위원소를 추적자로 이용하여 방사능을 측정하는 경우 시료 조제 방법에 따라서 消光(color quenching)의 정도가 달라진다. 이에 따른 자연 방사능 계수율이 불안정하게 됨으로 低放射能計測을 위한 식물체 시료조제 방법을 비교 검토하였다. 1. NCS로 식물체를 처리한 경우에 화학적 형광의 영향으로 자연 방사능 계수율이 높은 것처럼 나타났고 이 현상은 계측시료를 48시간 이상 암소에 방치시키면 부분적으로 제거되지만 특히, 생체시료의 경우에는 10,000cpm 이상의 background를 나타내므로 NCS처리는 좋지 못한 방법이었다. 2. 회화법과 알코올 추출법은 비교적 안정된 background값을 나타내었다. 3. 식물의 생체엽을 NCS 처리나 알코올 추출법으로 계측용 시료를 조제하는 경우 色消光이 심하므로 충분히 희석된 시료용액으로 만든 뒤에 측정해야 한다. 4. 토경보다는 수경과 사경에 의해 공시된 식물체에서 background가 높은 경향이었으나 그 이유에 대해서는 더욱 검토해 보아야 한다. Quenching is very important factor for liquid scintillation counting and depends on the sample preparation method, especially when soft-beta emitters such as H-3, C-14, S-35 are used as a tracer. Unstability of natural background and quenching caused by the different sample preparation procedures were discussed. 1. The background level of plant samples appeared to increase by NCS treatment because of the chemical luminescent effect. Higher than 10000 cpm of background, especially in case of the fresh plant sample. was observed after 24 hours keeping the counting samples in the dark place. Although most of this high background disappeared after 5 days leaving, NCS treatment for the plant sample preparation in liquid scintillation counting proved not to be desirable. 2. The samples prepared by ashing or 95% alcohol extraction showed much low background counting. 3. A proper dilution should be done to reduce the degree of color quenching when plant leaves are extracted by 95% alcohol or treated by NCS. 4. The plant samples from the water culture generally gave higher background counting than those from the soil culture, though the reason could not be understood at present.