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Shakespeare in Germany: Critical Reception and Translation
( Rudiger Ahrens ) 한국영어영문학회 2013 영어 영문학 Vol.59 No.6
The critical reception of Shakespeare`s plays in Germany began in the 18th century by H. Schmid and Johann G. Herder, who praised him as "a poetic genius." J. W. von Goethe in his panegyric "On Shakespeare`s Day" called him "Shakespeare, my friend" and with F. Schiller gives him priority over the French classics Corneille and Racine. His first translators Tieck and Schlegel in the Romantic Period (ca 1830) underscored the "supernatural" element in his plays, above all in Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, King Lear, Julius Caesar and Othello. In the late 19th c. Shakespeare became a school subject in German higher education and contributed to the rise of nationalistic and racist feelings. In the 70s of the last century a variety of valid approaches like the structuralistic, psycho- analytic, sociological or contextual added more insights to the "close-reading" of a Shakepeare play, also by staging his plays in a large number of German theatre houses. In 1964, after long and controversial debates the German Shakespeare Society broke up into two in the West and the East for ideological reasons, but his name remained prominent in the Theatres in both parts of the country, which were re-united in 1990 after the decline of the Soviet Empire. Translations, which gained larger audiences from the very beginning of the 18th c., were intensified by Schroder, Flatter, and Schaller, but were complimented in post-war Germany by three bilingual editions. These collective endeavors mark the strong interest in Shakespeare`s worlds among German audiences in general.
Rudiger Frank 통일연구원 2016 International journal of korean unification studie Vol.25 No.1
The paper evaluates the effects of domestic and external actions on the probability of reform in North Korea. It applies the theory of Janos Kornai on socialist systems, in particular the main line of causation, as well as elements of rational choice theory. The CRE model provides a tool for systematically processing information on North Korea that is typically incomplete. The effects of 23 actions that have taken place since 2012 in the fields of ideology, property rights, coordination, military affairs and external influence are discussed. The combined outcome is mixed and corresponds with reality, where neither a retreat to pre-1990 socialism nor a full-fledged reform could be observed. However, new insights are found on single effects and their interplay. This provides a practical tool for scholars who aim for a systematic understanding of the past, and for politicians who need to conduct an advance impact analysis of future policies.
Rudiger Frank 인하대학교 국제관계연구소 2008 Pacific Focus Vol.23 No.1
North Korea is currently a receiver of substantial international economic support, but not for the first time in its history. This article seeks to shed some light on a largely unknown instanceof multilateral aid and assistance to North Korea provided by the socialist camp in the 1950s. Based on research in archives and the analysis of trade data and contemporary media reports, the focus is mainly on the contribution of East Germany to the reconstruction of the North Korean city of Hamhùng. It is argued that this relatively well documented and completed case provides a number of highly relevant conclusions for the current, ongoing debate on engagement of North Korea. Comparing two historically distinct “waves” of assistance to the same country provides new analytical insights if contrasted with the usual approach of using assistance to a third country as the point of reference. There is evidence that North Korea might be applying the same tactics as five decades ago, while the international community faces the danger of repeating old mistakes. Moreover, history provides a hitherto underestimated rationale for the nuclear program, one that might require the international community to develop very different strategies from the ones applied so far.