Towards a Politics of Routes and Routing

Towards a Politics of Routes and Routing Academy of Mobility Humanities 2024 Mobility Humanities Vol.3 No.1

This paper explores the concepts of routes and routing in the context of human mobility, shedding light on how routes shape movements and contribute to the formation and transformation of kinetic hierarchies. While significant attention has been given to roads, paths, railways, canals and other forms of route in mobility studies, these have not cohered into critical accounts of routes and routing. People and things do not move at random across an isotropic plain. This is the first lesson of mobility—people and things follow, and create, routes. This paper argues for a theorisation of routes and routing through an examination of approaches to routes in art and theory, exploring how routes create infrastructures of power as well as the use of selfmade routes—desire lines—to trace out possible alternatives to the nfrastructural present. The analysis of routes and routing forms a key part of a wider politics of mobility. The paper argues that while borders have received substantial theoretical attention, routes and routing have been relatively undertheorised in mobility studies and elsewhere. It asks what would happen if we theorised routes and routing in a similar way to the theorisation of borders and bordering?

Supported Bimetallic AgSn Nanoparticle as an Efficient Photocatalyst for Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye

Lipeeka Rout,Prashanth Rengasamy,Basanti Ekka,Aniket Kumar,Priyabrat Dash 성균관대학교(자연과학캠퍼스) 성균나노과학기술원 2015 NANO Vol.10 No.4

We report the synthesis of TiO2-supported monometallic Ag, Sn and bimetallic AgSn nanoparticle catalysts prepared using sol–gel method via a rational nanoparticle encapsulation route. The samples were thoroughly characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) with image mapping and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analyzer. The supported bimetallic AgSn catalyst had the anatase structure, surface area of 50 m2 /g and 2.6 ± 0.6 nm particle size. The efficiency of the catalysts was evaluated on photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under visible light. The photocatalytic activity of MB was significantly enhanced in the presence of bimetallic AgSn nanoparticles (NPs) as compared to individual metal nanoparticles. Reusability study of the photocatalyst showed that the catalyst can be reused upto 5 runs with minimal loss in activity. Kinetic study revealed that the degradation reaction follows a pseudo first-order pathway.

Frequency–temperature response of CaBi4Ti4O15 ceramic prepared by soft chemical route: Impedance and modulus spectroscopy characterization

S.K. Rout,S. Parida,E. Sinha,P.K. Barhai,I.W. Kim 한국물리학회 2010 Current Applied Physics Vol.10 No.3

Polycrystalline CaBi4Ti4O15 ceramic has been prepared through a modified chemical reaction technique. Room temperature X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows the formation of a single phase orthorhombic perovskite structure. Simultaneous analysis of the complex impedance (Z*), and electric modulus (M*)spectroscopy was carried in the temperature range of 100–850 ℃. The dielectric relaxation is found to be of non-Debye type. The Nyquist plot shows the negative temperature coefficient of resistance type behavior. Two different conduction mechanisms are may be due to: (a) the dielectric relaxation processes due to localized conduction associated with oxygen vacancy; and (b) the non-localized conduction corresponding to long range conductivity associated with extrinsic mechanisms fundamentally associated due to the chemical inhomogeneity caused due to the difference in the ionic environment of Ca2+ and Bi3+ and their sharing in the A site of perovskite and [Bi2O2]2+ slabs. Different conductivity components are recognized inside the grain: long range dc conductivity at low frequency region, a capacitive behavior at higher frequencies, and a universal power law behavior in an intermediate-frequency region where grain boundary contributions are neglected.

Recovery of copper from a surface altered chalcopyrite contained ball mill spillage through bio-hydrometallurgical route

Sandeep Panda,Pradeep Chandra Rout,Chinmaya Kumar Sarangi,Srabani Mishra,Nilotpala Pradhan,Umaballav Mohapatra,Tondepu Subbaiah,Lala Behari Sukla,Barada Kanta Mishra 한국화학공학회 2014 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.31 No.3

Bioleaching studies for chalcopyrite contained ball mill spillages are very scarce in the literature. We developeda process flow sheet for the recovery of copper metal from surface activated (600 oC, 15 min) ball mill spillagethrough bio-hydrometallurgical processing route. Bioleaching of the activated sample using a mixed meso-acidophilicbacterial consortium predominantly A. ferrooxidans strains was found to be effective at a lixiviant flow rate of1.5 L/h, enabling a maximum 72.36% copper recovery in 20 days. Mineralogical as well as morphological changesover the sample surface were seen to trigger the bioleaching efficiency of meso-acidophiles, thereby contributing towardsan enhanced copper recovery from the ball mill spillage. The bio-leach liquor containing 1.84 g/L Cu was purified throughsolvent extraction using LIX 84I in kerosene prior to the recovery of copper metal by electrowinning. Purity of thecopper produced through this process was 99.99%.

Phase formation and dielectric study of Bi doped BaTi0.75Zr0.25O3 ceramic

T. Badapanda,S.K. Rout,S. Panigrahi,T.P. Sinha 한국물리학회 2009 Current Applied Physics Vol.9 No.4

Perovskite types Ba1-xBi2x/3Ti0.75Zr0.25O3 (with x = 0.0, 0.025, 0.05) ceramics have been prepared through solid state reaction route. The room temperature XRD study suggests that all the compositions have single phase cubic symmetry with space group Pm-3m. Temperature dependent dielectric studies of the ceramics have been investigated in the frequency range of 50 Hz–1 MHz. The densities of the samples are determined using Archimedes’ principle and found to be ~98% of X-ray density. The dielectric study revealed diffuse phase transition of second order. A broad dielectric anomaly coupled with the shift of dielectric maxima toward a higher temperature with increasing frequency indicates the relaxor-type behavior in the ceramics. The diffusivity increases with increase in Bi contents in the studied composition range. The transition temperature decreases with increase in Bi contents due to the decrease in grain size. Perovskite types Ba1-xBi2x/3Ti0.75Zr0.25O3 (with x = 0.0, 0.025, 0.05) ceramics have been prepared through solid state reaction route. The room temperature XRD study suggests that all the compositions have single phase cubic symmetry with space group Pm-3m. Temperature dependent dielectric studies of the ceramics have been investigated in the frequency range of 50 Hz–1 MHz. The densities of the samples are determined using Archimedes’ principle and found to be ~98% of X-ray density. The dielectric study revealed diffuse phase transition of second order. A broad dielectric anomaly coupled with the shift of dielectric maxima toward a higher temperature with increasing frequency indicates the relaxor-type behavior in the ceramics. The diffusivity increases with increase in Bi contents in the studied composition range. The transition temperature decreases with increase in Bi contents due to the decrease in grain size.

A process to recover high purity iodine in wastewater from liquid crystal display (LCD) manufacturing industry

Kim, Hong In,Wijenayake, Janaka Jayamini,Mohapatra, Debasish,Rout, Pradeep C. Elsevier 2018 Hydrometallurgy Vol.181 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The polarization process during LCD manufacturing generates wastewater containing significant amounts of valuable elements such as iodine and boron. The present paper outlines a process to recover iodine value from wastewater using oxidative precipitation followed by a solvent extraction (SX) technique. With H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> as an oxidant, 95% of iodine was precipitated out at a pH of 0.9 from a wastewater bearing 10.2 g/L of iodide and 0.82 g/L of boron. The remaining iodine, which could not be precipitated due to its low concentration, was recovered by SX using xylene as an organic solvent diluted in kerosene. Quantitative extraction and stripping were achieved using 0.05 M xylene and 0.1 M ascorbic acid at O:A ratios of 1:3 and 6:1, respectively. The purity rates of the iodine produced by the precipitation and SX routes were 99.3% and 99.8%, respectively. The highest separation factor achieved by the iodine‑boron system was 28,900 at an equilibrium pH value of 0.5. The present process is economically and environmentally friendly and therefore, can be used as an alternative industrial technique to recover iodine from wastewater.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Process was developed to recover iodine from LCD industry waste water. </LI> <LI> Quantitative recovery of I<SUB>2</SUB> by combination of oxidative precipitation and SX route. </LI> <LI> H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>was used as oxidant for oxidative precipitation of I<SUB>2</SUB>. </LI> <LI> Boron was not precipitated with iodine with the optimized conditions. </LI> <LI> Purity of I<SUB>2</SUB> achieved by SX and precipitation was 99.8% and 99.3%, respectively. </LI> </UL> </P>

Phase transition in ABi4Ti4O15 (A=Ca,Sr,Ba) Aurivillius oxides prepared through a soft chemical route

Rout, S. K.,Sinha, E.,Hussian, A.,Lee, J. S.,Ahn, C. W.,Kim, I. W.,Woo, S. I. American Institute of Physics 2009 JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS - Vol.105 No.2

Genetic Relationships among 23 Ficus Accessions Using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat Markers

Rout, Gyana Ranjan,Aparajita, Subhashree 한국작물학회 2009 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.12 No.2

Ficus genus is widely distributed in all the climatic stages and great diversity. The exploration of genetic diversity is a pre-requisite for genome organization in the wild species and the related domesticated ones. Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers were used to assess the identification of 23 important Ficus accessions and determination of the genetic relationships among these accessions. Out of 21 ISSR primers tested, five primers produced 116 detectable fragments, of which 106 (91.3%) were polymorphic across the accessions. Each of the five primers produced a fingerprint profile unique to each of the accessions studied, and thus could be solely used for their identification. Thirteen unique bands specific to nine species were detected. These may be converted into species-specific probes for identification purposes. Genetic relationships among these accessions were evaluated by generating a similarity matrix based on the Dice coefficient and the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) dendogram. The results showed a clear cut separation of the 23 Ficus accessions and were in broad agreement with the morphology. Both molecular and morphological markers will be useful for preservation of the Ficus germplasm.

Dielectric and Raman scattering studies of phase transitions in the (100−x)Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-xSrTiO3 system

Rout, Dibyaranjan,Moon, Kyoung-Seok,Kang, Suk-Joong L.,Kim, I. W. American Institute of Physics 2010 JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS - Vol.108 No.8

Modelling and packed bed column studies on adsorptive removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions by a mixture of ground burnt patties and red soil

Rout, Prangya R.,Dash, Rajesh R.,Bhunia, Puspendu Techno-Press 2014 Advances in environmental research Vol.3 No.3

The present study examines the phosphate adsorption potential and behavior of mixture of Ground Burnt Patties (GBP), a solid waste generated from cooking fuel used in earthen stoves and Red Soil (RS), a natural substance in fixed bed column mode operation. The characterization of adsorbent was done by Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), and Proton Induced ${\gamma}$-ray Emission (PIGE) methods. The FTIR spectroscopy of spent adsorbent reveals the presence of absorbance peak at $1127cm^{-1}$ which appears due to P = O stretching, thus confirming phosphate adsorption. The effects of bed height (10, 15 and 20 cm), flow rate (2.5, 5 and 7.5 mL/min) and initial phosphate concentration (5 and 15 mg/L) on breakthrough curves were explored. Both the breakthrough and exhaustion time increased with increase in bed depth, decrease in flow rate and influent concentration. Thomas model, Yoon-Nelson model and Modified Dose Response model were used to fit the column adsorption data using nonlinear regression analysis while Bed Depth Service Time model followed linear regression analysis under different experimental condition to evaluate model parameters that are useful in scale up of the process. The values of correlation coefficient ($R^2$) and the Sum of Square Error (SSE) revealed the Modified Dose Response model as the best fitted model to the experimental data. The adsorbent mixture responded effectively to the desorption and reusability experiment. The results of this finding advocated that mixture of GBP and RS can be used as a low cost, highly efficient adsorbent for phosphate removal from aqueous solution.