중국의 固體廢物汚染放置法

노청석,최동일 한국환경법학회 2004 環境法 硏究 Vol.26 No.3

This is a study on the Act on the Control of Solid Wastes of China. An outlines of this study is as follows : China is called as ‘factory of the world’ lately due to economy development which is caused by reform and opening policy, practical economy policy. In economy development process, China government is getting into trouble about the control of solid wastes. Developing Cities yield refuses of life, industrial wastes, dangerous wastes. Its disposal is connected directly with cities' survival. In order to solve this problem, Government have established 'Act on the Control of Solid Wastes' which is fundamental Act on solid wastes disposal in 1995, and 'Interim regulation on the Environment Protection Control of Waste Import', 'Regulation on the Control of Medical Waste', 'Measures on the Control of City's Radiation', 'Act on the Control of Radiation Pollution', 'Measures on the Control of Medical Instrument and Waste' and so on. These statutory laws adopted 'reclamation' as a main disposal means, but will adopt 'incineration' in future. And special provisions have been established for dangerous wastes and radiation wastes. Government will expand investment in this part. But most important policy is prior protection. We must make an effort to reduce a waste and recycle for sound and sustainable development.

캡사이신유도체를 함유하는 폴록사머 겔제제의 물리화학적 특성 : based Gel Containing Capsaicin Analog

김태완,조청일,최춘영,이범진 한국약제학회 2003 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.33 No.1

Physicochemical changes of poloxamer-based gel containing capsaicin analog (N-[3-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)propyl]-4-(2-aminoethoxy)-3-methoxypheny] acetamide) such as drug content, viscosity and surface tension were investigated during the storage conditions at three different temperatures (25, 40 and 60℃) over 90 days. No noticeable changes of color were observed when stored at 25 and 40℃. However, the color of white poloxamer gels turned yellow during storage at 60℃. The drug contents were unchanged during storage at 25℃ but had tendency to decrease at 40℃. The drug contents were highly decreased over 40-50% when stored at 60℃. The viscosity of a poloxamer-based gel was unchanged during storage at 25 and 40℃ but greatly increased at 60℃. The surface tension of a poloxamer-based gel was not changed at three different temperatures. The storage conditions of a poloxamer-based gel containing capsaicin analog can be considered for further clinical applications.

Physicochemical characterization and cytotoxicity of chitosanmodified single walled carbon nanotubes as drug carriers

Qing‑Ri Cao,Xiao‑Xue Zhang,Hao‑Yan Huang,Li‑Qing Chen,Hehua Jin,Beom‑Jin Lee,Jing‑Hao Cui 한국약제학회 2019 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.49 No.1

The application of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as drug carriers is limited by their poor dispersal in aqueous medium. This study aimed to prepare chitosan (CS)-modified SWCNTs (CS-SWCNTs) and to evaluate their physicochemical properties and cytotoxicity. Oxidized SWCNTs (O-SWCNTs) were prepared with the use of strong acid, and the effects of acidizing conditions on the oxidation degree of the O-SWCNTs were investigated. CS was then non-covalently modified on the surfaces of O-SWCNTs. O-SWCNTs and CS-SWCNTs were characterized through ultraviolet spectroscopy, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The cytotoxic effects of the functionalized SWCNTs were determined through the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. O-SWCNTs with relatively complete structure were successfully synthesized through 5 h of treatment with 5 M acid. The amine group of the CS and the carboxyl group of O-SWCNTs interacted in CS-SWCNTs. The functionalized SWCNTs did not aggregate or precipitate in water and exerted no cytotoxic effects on A549 and MCF-7 tumor cells. The CS-SWCNTs possess the advantages of a simple preparation process, excellent water dispersibility, and biocompatibility for drug loading.

Effect of Solvents on Physical Properties and Release Characteristics of Monolithic Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose Matrix Granules and Tablets

Qing-Ri Cao,최연웅,Jing-Hao Cui,Beom-Jin Lee 대한약학회 2005 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.28 No.4

Effect of solvents on physical characteristics and release characteristics of monolithic acetaminophen (APAP) hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) matrix granules and tablets were examined. Various types and amounts of solvents were employed for granulation and coating. APAP and other excipients were mixed and were then wet-granulated in a high-speed mixer. The dried granules were then directly compressed and film-coated with low viscosity grade HPMC. As the amount of water increased, the size of granules also increased, showing more spherical and regular shape. However, manufacturing problems such as capping and lamination in tableting occurred when water was used alone as a granulating solvent. The physical properties of HPMC matrix granules were not affected by the batch size. The initial release rate as well as the amount of APAP dissolved had a tendency to decrease as the water level increased. Addition of nonaqueous solvent like ethanol to water resulted in good physical properties of granules. When compared to water/ethanol as a coating solvent, the release rate of film-coated HPMC matrix tablets was more sensitive to the conditions of coating and drying in methylene chloride/ethanol. Most of all, monolithic HPMC matrix tablet when granulated in ethanol/ water showed dual release with about 50% drug release immediately within few minutes followed by extended release. It was evident that the type and amount of solvents (mainly water and ethanol) were very important for wet granulation and film-coating of monolithic HPMC matrix tablet, because the plastic deforming and fragmenting properties of material were changed by the different strengths of the different solvents.

Determination of Highly Soluble L-Carnitine in Biological Samples by Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescent Derivatization

Qing-Ri Cao,Shan Ren,Mi-Jin Park,Yun-Jaie Choi,Beom-Jin Lee 대한약학회 2007 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.30 No.8

This study was performed in order to validate an effective high performance liquid chromatograpy (HPLC) method to determine L-carnitine in biological samples such as plasma, milk and muscle in cows. An L-carnitine derivative for fluorescence absorption was synthesized with 1-aminoanthracene (16 mg/mL in acetone) and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC; 160 mg/mL in 0.01 M NaH2PO4 buffer) as a precolumn fluorescent derivative reagent. γ-Butyrobetaine HCl was used as an internal standard. A reversedphase column with fluorescence detection at the excitation and emission wavelengths of 248 and 418 nm were used. The mobile phase consisted of 30% acetonitrile with 0.1 M ammonium acetate in water (pH 3.5) adjusted with acetic acid and delivered at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/ min. The L-carnitine concentration in plasma, milk and muscle samples of cows after oral feeding with 24 g L-carnitine/day for 2 months was then determined. All biological samples were deproteinated by barium hydroxide and zinc sulfate heptahydrate before the derivative reaction. Blank cow plasma was dialyzed using cellulose membrane for standard calibration. The calibration curve showed good linearity (r2 >0.999) over the concentration range of 50 to 5000 ng/mL. The precision and accuracy were also satisfactory with less than 15% intra- and interday coefficiency of variations. The peaks of L-carnitine and internal standard in HPLC chromatography were successfully separated in plasma, milk and muscle samples of cows. The current derivatization method of L-carnitine for fluorescence detection was simple and adequately sensitive and could be applied to determine L-carnitine in biological samples.

Determination of Highly Soluble L-Carnitine in Biological Samples by Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescent Derivatization

Cao, Qing-Ri,Ren, Shan,Park, Mi-Jin,Choi, Yun-Jaie,Lee, Beom-Jin 대한약학회 2007 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.30 No.8

This study was performed in order to validate an effective high performance liquid chromatograpy (HPLC) method to determine L-carnitine in biological samples such as plasma, milk and muscle in cows. An L-carnitine derivative for fluorescence absorption was synthesized with 1-aminoanthracene (16 mg/mL in acetone) and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC: 160 mg/mL in 0.01 M $NaH_2PO_4$ buffer) as a precolumn fluorescent derivative reagent. ${\gamma}-Butyrobetaine$ HCI was used as an internal standard. A reversed-phase column with fluorescence detection at the excitation and emission wavelengths of 248 and 418 nm were used. The mobile phase consisted of 30% acetonitrile with 0.1 M ammonium acetate in water (pH 3.5) adjusted with acetic acid and delivered at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The L-carnitine concentration in plasma, milk and muscle samples of cows after oral feeding with 24 g L-carnitine/day for 2 months was then determined. All biological samples were deproteinated by barium hydroxide and zinc sulfate heptahydrate before the derivative reaction. Blank cow plasma was dialyzed using cellulose membrane for standard calibration. The calibration curve showed good linearity ($r^2$ >0.999) over the concentration range of 50 to 5000 ng/mL. The precision and accuracy were also satisfactory with less than 15% intra- and inter- day coefficiency of variations. The peaks of L-carnitine and internal standard in HPLC chromatography were successfully separated in plasma, milk and muscle samples of cows. The current derivatization method of L-carnitine for fluorescence detection was simple and adequately sensitive and could be applied to determine L-carnitine in biological samples.

Asymmetric Formal Synthesis of (–)‐Swainsonine by a Highly Regioselective and Diastereoselective Allylic Amination Using Chlorosulfonyl Isocyanate

Li, Qing Ri,Dong, Guang Ri,Park, Sook Jin,Hong, Yong Rae,Kim, In Su,Jung, Young Hoon WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2013 European journal of organic chemistry Vol.2013 No.20

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>A concise asymmetric formal synthesis of (–)‐swainsonine from readily available <SMALL>D</SMALL>‐erythronolactone is described. The key steps include a highly diastereoselective amination of a chiral benzylic ether, which occurs with the retention of stereochemistry using chlorosulfonyl isocyanate, and a palladium‐catalyzed decarboxylative <I>N</I>‐allylation of an allyl carbamate.</P>

한국기업의 중국 내수시장 진입전략에 관한 연구 -마케팅현지화를 중심으로-

조경일 ( Qing Ri Zhao ) 한국무역통상학회 2005 국제무역연구 Vol.11 No.2

가용화 조성물을 함유한 PVP형 고체분산체의 제조 및 특성 : Based Solid Dispersion Systems Containing Solubilizers

Cao, Qing-Ri,김태완,최춘영,권경애,이범진 한국약제학회 2003 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.33 No.1

The PVP-based solid dispersion systems (SDs) containing lovastatin (LOS) and solubilizers (sodium lauryl sulfate, tween 80 and oleic acid) were prepared to enhance dissolution rate of practically water insoluble LOS using solvent evaporation method. Two different organic cosolvents either acetone/ethanol or acetonitrile/ethanol were used for the preparation of SDs. The LOS contents were highly decreased when acetone/ethanol cosolvents were used. The decrease of LOS contents was not caused by acetonitrile or acetone, based on HPLC data. The surface morphology as investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and angle of repose as an index of flowability of SDs were highly dependent of the type and amount of solubilizers used. Base on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffraction data, the SDs made crystalline LOS into amorphous structure or partially eutectic mixtures. The simultaneous use of the solubilizers in SDs was also useful to increase dissolution rate of LOS in gastric or intestinal fluid. The SDs containing solubilizers reached 76% and 60% in gastric and intestinal fluid, respectively but the commercial tablet gave only less that 4%. These solubilizers in SDs could be also applicable for enhancing dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs.

One-Pot Conversion of Trimethylsilyl Ethers into Urethanes Using Chlorosulfonyl Isocyanate: Application to the Synthesis of a Novel Neuromodulator Carisbamate

Guang Ri Dong,Qing Ri Li,우설희,정영훈,김인수 대한약학회 2008 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.31 No.11

This paper reports a novel synthetic method for the preparation of various urethanes and the application to the synthesis of carisbamate. The reaction of primary (2a, 2e and 2f) or secondary (2g-2i) trimethylsilyl ethers with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate afforded the corresponding urethanes in good yields without affecting the olefin moiety. However, in the case of secondary benzylic trimethylsilyl ether 2j, the corresponding urethane 3j was obtained in low yield. From the difference in reactivity between the primary and secondary benzylic trimethylsilyl ethers, the one-pot synthesis of carisbamate 1 from bis-trimethylsilyl ether 2l was achieved.