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Cooperatizing Cooperative Federalism of Nepal
Prasai, Khagendra 한국외국어대학교 인도연구소 2020 남아시아연구 Vol.26 No.3
The Constitution of Nepal has institutionalized Nepal as a cooperative federalism and has laid down cooperation, coordination and coexistence as principles of federal governance. It is too early to pass a judgement on how the Nepalese federalism will fare in actual practice. However, we should not lose sight of problems built into the constitution of Nepalese federalism. Closer examination shows that there are conceptual-theoretical inconsistencies and contradictions inherent in the conception of cooperative federalism evident in the idea of autonomy, federation and concurrence of power. Nepalese federalism is no exception to this. In the absence of clarity and concretization of autonomy, federalism and concurrence of power, cooperative federalism will be inoperative by inviting insurmountable conflicts. To me, the most effective way to overcome this situation, is that cooperation as normative ideal and as enshrined in the Constitution of Nepal can and ought to be consolidated by instituting constitutional and legal provisions which require higher federal units to have consultation and discussion with the lower units before legislating and implementing programs and policies having a bearing on and to be implemented by the latter. These provisions can contribute to cooperatizing cooperative federalism by requiring higher body to behave as a coordinator or a leader in cooperative relations. Furthermore, there are practical problems that are largely attributable, among others, to elitist and undemocratic political culture rampant in political parties manifested in inter-party as well as intra-party relations; and lack of constitutional provisions necessary for maintaining a balance between federalism and autonomy. In addition, absence of national programs in Nepal, which, otherwise, would have decidedly compelled, induced and driven all units to work together in the true spirit of cooperation, constitutes a barrier to the effective practice of cooperative federalism.
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Petkov, Valeri,Prasai, Binay,Shastri, Sarvjit,Park, Hyun-Uk,Kwon, Young-Uk,Skumryev, Vassil The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 Nanoscale Vol.9 No.40
<P>Practical applications require the production and usage of metallic nanocrystals (NCs) in large ensembles. Besides, due to their cluster−bulk solid duality, metallic NCs exhibit a large degree of structural diversity. This poses the question as to what atomic-scale basis is to be used when the structure-function relationship for metallic NCs is to be quantified precisely. We address the question by studying bi-functional Fe core−Pt skin type NCs optimized for practical applications. In particular, the cluster-like Fe core and skin-like Pt surface of the NCs exhibit superparamagnetic properties and a superb catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction, respectively. We determine the atomic-scale structure of the NCs by non-traditional resonant high-energy X-ray diffraction coupled to atomic pair distribution function analysis. Using the experimental structure data we explain the observed magnetic and catalytic behavior of the NCs in a quantitative manner. Thus we demonstrate that NC ensemble-averaged 3D positions of atoms obtained by advanced X-ray scattering techniques are a very proper basis for not only establishing but also quantifying the structure-function relationship for the increasingly complex metallic NCs explored for practical applications.</P>
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Does gravity matter? Evidence from Nepal’s trade pattern
오진환,Laxmi Prasad Prasai 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2012 International Area Studies Review Vol.15 No.2
In the midst of globalization, trade of goods and services has been increasingly important. As a World Trade Organization member, Nepal is no exception. Using the gravity model, this study examines Nepal’s trade pattern by analysing a panel dataset of the country’s bilateral trade flows with 94 countries for 29 years (1981–2009). The empirical results for the entire dataset followed the general prediction of the gravity model (positive coefficients for economic size and negative coefficients for distance). When the data was examined by dividing it into two based on Nepal’s economic liberalization in 1991, no significant structural breaks were found. However, when the dataset was re-examined by comparing the actual trade flows with the estimated ones, it was found that Nepal’s trade flows with China, Japan and ASEAN members were undermined, whereas its trade with India was excessively concentrated. It is therefore suggested that Nepal diversify its trading activities and reduce its trade dependency on India.
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