The Final Splendour of an Aged Empire: Chinese Thought on International Law in the early Twentieth Century

Ping Yi (사) 이준국제법연구원 2016 Journal of East Asia and International Law Vol.9 No.1

Until the late nineteenth century, the history of international law was remarkably Eurocentric. In the early twentieth century, however, a number of Chinese intellectuals examined and demonstrated existence of international law through the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period in China. They used international law as a symbol of civilisation to express a gesture of resistance toward the Western imperial oppression and cultural invasion. In this way, Chinese intellectuals hoped to maintain, publicise, or even resurrect China’s rich cultural tradition in a global order governed by the West. Their endeavour represented an important variable in the European imperialist expansion process and constituted political interaction with western ideas to create a truly universal discourse. Unfortunately, most of their efforts have almost been forgotten. What the readers could perceive from these faded writings are not only academic assertions, but also the final splendour of an aged empire.

Calendar and Astrology in Early Qing China : Numerology and Calendrical Learning: The Stories of Yang Guangxian and Liu Xiangkui

( Pingyi Chu ) 한국과학사학회 2015 한국과학사학회지 Vol.37 No.2

This paper employs the stories of Yang Guangxian 楊光先 and Liu Xiangkui 劉湘□ to explore the tension between numerology and calendrical learning after Euro-pean missionaries had successfully imported new calendrical technique into the Qing court in 1644. I argue that Yang’s failed struggle against the Jesuits created an intellectual juncture for the Chinese calendrical tradition, and eventually led to the separation between numerology and calendrical learning, which crystallized in Ruan Yuan’s 阮元 Chourenzhuan 疇人傳 (Genealogical Biographies of Calendri-cal Experts). Before the adoption of the hybrid calendar of the Jesuits, which re-tained its Chinese format but employed the European techniques, numerology and calendrical learning shared the same cosmological outlook. Therefore, someone like Yang could claim his authority in the field of calendrical study, though he did not know the nuts and bolts of calendrical computation. The Jesuits, however, strongly criticized numerology and claimed that it was unrelated to calendrical astronomy. Many Confucian astronomers also shared this view as they found that calendrical computations were different from numerological calculation which treats numbers not only as a quantitative measurement but also as a qualitative measure associated with the cosmic forces of yinyang and wuxing used in numer-ology to predict the future or to account for the operation of the phenomenal world. Ruan Yuan and his colleagues recast the meaning of chouren, expecting him to be a Confucian scholar who would be well-versed in calendrical computations. Never-theless, numerology continued to be practiced by many chouren like Liu Xiangkui out of necessity. Certainly, a chouren could still be a numerologist but no longer vice versa. The common users of the almanac, the end product of the calendar, expected the maker of the calendar, the chouren, to be someone who could com-mand the natural phenomena by his astronomical knowledge, however.

Numerology and Calendrical Learning: The Stories of Yang Guangxian and Liu Xiangkui

Chu Pingyi 한국과학사학회 2015 한국과학사학회지 Vol.37 No.2

This paper employs the stories of Yang Guangxian 楊光先and Liu Xiangkui 劉湘煃to explore the tension between numerology and calendrical learning after Euro-pean missionaries had successfully imported new calendrical technique into the Qing court in 1644. I argue that Yang’s failed struggle against the Jesuits created an intellectual juncture for the Chinese calendrical tradition, and eventually led to the separation between numerology and calendrical learning, which crystallized in Ruan Yuan’s 阮元 Chourenzhuan 疇人傳(Genealogical Biographies of Calendri-cal Experts). Before the adoption of the hybrid calendar of the Jesuits, which re-tained its Chinese format but employed the European techniques, numerology and calendrical learning shared the same cosmological outlook. Therefore, someone like Yang could claim his authority in the field of calendrical study, though he did not know the nuts and bolts of calendrical computation. The Jesuits, however, strongly criticized numerology and claimed that it was unrelated to calendrical astronomy. Many Confucian astronomers also shared this view as they found that calendrical computations were different from numerological calculation which treats numbers not only as a quantitative measurement but also as a qualitative measure associated with the cosmic forces of yinyang and wuxing used in numer-ology to predict the future or to account for the operation of the phenomenal world. Ruan Yuan and his colleagues recast the meaning of chouren, expecting him to be a Confucian scholar who would be well-versed in calendrical computations. Never-theless, numerology continued to be practiced by many chouren like Liu Xiangkui out of necessity. Certainly, a chouren could still be a numerologist but no longer vice versa. The common users of the almanac, the end product of the calendar, expected the maker of the calendar, the chouren, to be someone who could com-mand the natural phenomena by his astronomical knowledge, however.

Solid as a Rock?― The Story of the Nantang Imperial Commissioned Stele ―

Chu Pingyi 명청사학회 2013 명청사연구 Vol.0 No.40

이 논문은 1657년 순치제가 하사한 <御製天主堂碑記>에 대한 서로 상충하는 독해의 문제를 다루었다. 지금까지 경계라는 개념은 정치・경제의 시각에서 연구되어 왔지만, 이 논문에서는 어떤 사회 집단이 경계를 넘어서면서 관계하게 되는 문화적 문제에 초점을 맞추고자 한다. 예수회는 경계 안에 머물도록 되어 있었지만, 경계를 침투하여 중화제국의 권력 중심, 즉 1644년 만주족 입관 이후의 궁정에 들어갔다. 예수회는 정복 대상으로서의 변경을 구상하였는데, 그 점에서는 만주족도 마찬가지였다. 예수회와 만주족은 모두 경계를 넘어 중국의 심장부로 들어갔다. 예수회는 만주족의 칸이 수립한 새 왕조를 정당화시킬 수 있는 새로운 역법을 마련해 주었다. 만주족의 칸은 그 대가로 예수회 선교사들을 보호해 주었는데, 예수회는 이를 기독교 수용으로 받아들였다. 이러한 선물 교환은 南堂에 세워진 비석에 새겨졌다. 南堂에 대한 선물로 비석을 받은 아담 샬과 기독교도들은 순치제가 기독교의 후원자라고 믿었다. 만약 그렇지 않다면 그런 선물을 하사하지 않았으리라고 그들은 생각했다. 정치와 문화 영역의 중심을 차지해 왔던 중국의 사대부들은 외래의 새로운 지배자와 새로운 문화・종교 역량으로 인해 비록 주변화되지는 않았을지언정 위협을 느꼈다. 그들은 만주족을 유교의 문화 전통 속으로 끌어들이고자 했으며, 새로 탄생한 왕조에 봉사와 정통성을 제공하는 데에서 예수회와 경쟁을 벌였다. 楊光先은 순치제의 기독교에 대한 모호한 태도를 활용하여 예수회를 공격하였고, 비문을 예수회와 정반대로 읽었다. 楊光先 같은 反기독교적인 사대부가 보기에, 비문에서 순치제는 자신이 유교적 聖人 전통의 계승자임을 선언하였으며 기독교에 대한 공감은 전혀 보이지 않았다. 그는 1664년 예수회를 반역죄로 공격하면서 자신의 비문 해석을 증거로 활용하기까지 하였다. 그의 시도로 인해 중국의 기독교 교회는 거의 절멸할 뻔 하였다. 楊光先이 비문의 내용에 초점을 맞춘 반면에, 아담 샬은 비석의 物性과 황제의 선물로서 비석이 지니는 상징적 의미를 강조하였다. 비석에 대한 상이한 해석은 기독교 성직자들이 직면했던 딜레마를 드러냈다. 교황 관할하 성직자의 역할을 수행함과 동시에 중국 황제에 봉사하는 제국 관료가 될 수는 없었던 것이다. 그러나 만주족 황제는 역법과 기독교를 분리함으로써 중국의 사대부들과 기독교 천문학자들이 제공하는 정통성을 획득하였다. 이 논문에서는 어떤 사회 집단이 경계선을 넘어설 때 처하게 된 미묘한 상황을 묘사하였다. 그들은 자신의 지위, 문화, 심지어 우월성을 정당화할 필요가 있었다. 여기에는 경계 만들기와 경계 넘어서기를 위한 지대한 노력이 요구된다. 그래서 토착 집단과의 권력 투쟁이 불가피하다. 그런 투쟁은 물질 문화에 기록될 수 있으며, 이는 경계라는 존재가 어떻게 협상과 경쟁의 대상이 되고, 어떻게 다시 그려지며, 어떻게 침범당하는지에 대한 우리의 이해를 도울 수 있다.

Characteristics of Undular Surges Propagating in Still Water

Feidong Zheng,Pingyi Wang,Jianfeng An,Yun Li 대한토목학회 2021 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.25 No.9

In this study, physical experiments were performed in a horizontal rectangular channel to investigate the evolution of undular surges that propagate in still water and the reflection of these surges on a vertical wall. The generated undular surges were located in the intermediate water depth wave regime. The results demonstrated that the maximum wave steepness attained by undular surges was close to the breaking limit of progressive waves at intermediate water depths. Nevertheless, the dispersion relationship was inconsistent with the wave dispersion trend for intermediate gravity waves and strongly depended on the initial flow conditions and surge type. Furthermore, it was found that the longitudinal current velocity was governed primarily by water surface displacement. A novel and universal formula based on the experimental results was proposed to describe the velocity distributions in different types of undular surge flows. In addition, a non-breaking undular surge behaved as a solitary wave regarding its reflection on a vertical wall. Overall, the findings highlighted the effects of the initial flow conditions on the hydrodynamic characteristics of undular surges and demonstrated the unique features of undular surges that propagate in still water.

Weighted Sum-Throughput Maximization for MIMO Broadcast Channel: Energy Harvesting with Hybrid Energy Storage

Zhi Chen,Pingyi Fan,Dapeng Oliver Wu,Khaled Ben Letaief 한국통신학회 2017 Journal of communications and networks Vol.19 No.6

In this work, a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)broadcast channel under the energy harvesting (EH) constraintand the peak power constraint is investigated. The transmitteris equipped with a hybrid energy storage system consisting of aperfect super capacitor (SC) and an inefficient battery, where bothelements are with limited energy storage capacities. In addition,the effect of data processing circuit power consumption is also addressed. To be specific, two extreme cases are studied here, wherethe first assumes ideal/zero circuit power consumption and the secondconsiders a positive constant circuit power consumption wherethe circuit is always operating at its highest power level. Theperformance of these two extreme cases hence serve as the upperbound and the lower bound of the system performance in practice,respectively. In this setting, the offline scheduling with idealand maximum circuit power consumption models are investigated. Their corresponding optimization problems are formulated andsolved in terms of weighted sum-throughput. Further, we extendto a general circuit power consumption model. To complement thiswork, some intuitive online policies are presented for all cases. Interestingly,for the case with maximum circuit power consumption,a close-to-optimal online policy is presented and its performance isshown to be comparable to its offline counterpart in the numericalresults.

COMPUTATION OF FLOW PAST THE IRREGULARITIES IN A CONDUIT

GUO YAKUN,WANG PINGYI,ZHOU HUAJUN 한국수자원학회 2005 한국수자원학회 학술대회 Vol.2005 No.1

Power-Space Functions in High Speed Railway Wireless Communications

Yunquan Dong,Chenshuang Zhang,Pingyi Fan,Pingzhi Fan 한국통신학회 2015 Journal of communications and networks Vol.17 No.3

To facilitate the base station planning in high speed railway communication systems, it is necessary to consider the functional relationships between the base station transmit power and space parameters such as train velocity and cell radius. Since these functions are able to present some inherent system properties determined by its spatial topology, they will be referred to as the power-space functions in this paper. In light of the fact that the line-of-sight path persists the most power of the received signal of each passing train, this paper considers the average transmission rate and bounds on power-space functions based on the additive white Gaussian noise channel (AWGN) model. As shown by Monte Carlo simulations, using AWGN channel instead of Rician channel introduces very small approximation errors, but a tractable mathematical framework and insightful results. Particularly, lower bounds and upper bounds on the average transmission rate, as well as transmit power as functions of train velocity and cell radius are presented in this paper. It is also proved that to maintain a fixed amount of service or a fixed average transmission rate, the transmit power of a base station needs to be increased exponentially, if the train velocity or cell radius is increased, respectively.

Proline, Sugars, and Antioxidant Enzymes Respond to Drought Stress in the Leaves of Strawberry Plants

Sun, Cunhua,Li, Xuehua,Hu, Yulong,Zhao, Pingyi,Xu, Tian,Sun, Jian,Gao, Xiali Korean Society of Horticultural Science 2015 원예과학기술지 Vol.33 No.5

Drought is a severe abiotic stress that affects global crop production. A drought model was created for 'Toyonoka' Fragaria ${\times}$ ananassa, and the effects of drought stress on contents of proline, sugars, and antioxidant enzyme activities were investigated. Strawberry transplants with identical growth were chosen for the experiments and the randomized design included four replications (10 plants per block). The experimental sets differed in the moisture level of the culture medium relative to the range of moisture content as follows: control, 70-85%; mild drought stress, 50-60%; moderate drought stress, 40-50%; and severe drought stress, 30-40%. Drought stress was imposed by limiting irrigation. Plants were sampled and physiological parameters w ere measured on 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days after the commencement of droughts tress. The water potential of strawberry leaves decreased in the plants under mild, moderate, and severe stress during the course of the water stress treatment and exhibited a significant difference from the control. Strawberry leaves subjected to drought stress had higher accumulation of proline, sugars, and malondialdehyde, and higher activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase than leaves of control plants. Malondialdehyde levels increased in parallel with the severity and duration of drought stress. By contrast, antioxidant enzyme activity displayed dynamic responses to drought stress, first increasing and subsequently decreasing as the severity and duration of drought stress increased. These results suggest that strawberry plants respond to drought stress by altering the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the levels of osmotically active metabolites. These biochemical response changes may confer adaptation to drought stress and improve the capacity of plants to withstand water-deficit conditions.

Proline, Sugars, and Antioxidant Enzymes Respond to Drought Stress in the Leaves of Strawberry Plants

Cunhua Sun,Xuehua Li,Yulong Hu,Pingyi Zhao,Tian Xu,Jian Sun,Xiali Gao 한국원예학회 2015 원예과학기술지 Vol.33 No.5

Drought is a severe abiotic stress that affects global crop production. A drought model was created for ‘Toyonoka’ Fragaria × ananassa, and the effects of drought stress on contents of proline, sugars, and antioxidant enzyme activities were investigated. Strawberry transplants with identical growth were chosen for the experiments and the randomized design included four replications (10 plants per block). The experimental sets differed in the moisture level of the culture medium relative to the range of moisture content as follows: control, 70-85%; mild drought stress, 50-60%; moderate drought stress, 40-50%; and severe drought stress, 30-40%. Drought stress was imposed by limiting irrigation. Plants were sampled and physiological parameters were measured on 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days after the commencement of drought stress. The water potential of strawberry leaves decreased in the plants under mild, moderate, and severe stress during the course of the water stress treatment and exhibited a significant difference from the control. Strawberry leaves subjected to drought stress had higher accumulation of proline, sugars, and malondialdehyde, and higher activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase than leaves of control plants. Malondialdehyde levels increased in parallel with the severity and duration of drought stress. By contrast, antioxidant enzyme activity displayed dynamic responses to drought stress, first increasing and subsequently decreasing as the severity and duration of drought stress increased. These results suggest that strawberry plants respond to drought stress by altering the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the levels of osmotically active metabolites. These biochemical response changes may confer adaptation to drought stress and improve the capacity of plants to withstand water-deficit conditions.