Development of Sustainable Estuary Management Strategy in Korea 3

Paikho Rho Et 한국환경정책평가연구원 2006 기본연구보고서 Vol.2006 No.-

GIS-based Wildlife Habitat Management Strategies in Korea

Paikho Rho,Heung-Lak Choung,Soo-Young Bae 한국환경정책평가연구원 2005 한국환경정책평가연구원 연구보고서 Vol.2005/re-14 No.-

연구의 개요 높은 인구밀도와 공급위주의 국토개발정책으로 야생 동·식물의 서식공간인 산림이나 갯벌이 감소, 악화, 상호 단절됨에 따라 서식공간의 질이 저하되고 있다. 우리나라는 지난 1960년대 이후 경제개발, 산업화 및 도시화 과정에서 자연을 이용과 개발의 대상으로만 인식함에 따라 귀중한 자연자원의 상실을 초래하였다. 즉 백두대간 등 주요 생태축이 단절되었으며, 갯벌·습지 등 야생 동·식물의 주요 서식지가 훼손됨에 따라 생물다양성을 지탱하는 공간이 감소되어 국가경쟁력이 약화되고 있는 실정이다. 우리나라의 경우, 야생 동·식물을 보호하기 위해 천연기념물 또는 멸종위기 야생 동·식물을 지정하고 주기적으로 개체군의 크기와 변동에 대한 실태조사를 실시하고 있으나, 토착 생물자원의 터전이 되는 서식공간에 대한 체계적인 조사·연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 한편, 미국, 카나다, 유럽연합 등 선진국에서는 1970년대 이후 자연환경의 합리적인 관리를 위해 생물종의 서식지 적합성을 평가하기 위한 다양한 모형개발을 시도하였다. 특히 1980년대 이후 지리정보시스템(Geographic Information System, GIS)과 위성영상을 이용한 원격탐사 기술의 비약적인 발달에 힘입어 야생 동·식물의 서식적합성을 평가하며, 이를 토대로 보호구역을 설정하거나 서식환경을 개선하기 위한 노력이 활발히 전개되고 있다. 최근 과학적이고 합리적인 방법에 의거하여 서식지를 보호·관리하고자 하는 요구가 높아지고, 토양, 식생, 지형, 수계망 등 각종 지리정보의 전산화에 따라 서식모형의 개발 필요성이 절실히 요구되고 있다. 제2차 전국자연환경조사(1997~2003) 결과를 토대로 제작한 생태·자연도에서 야생 동·식물 공간분포도는 우리나라에서 최초로 각종 생물종의 전국적 분포를 파악하는데 유용하게 활용될 수 있는 자료이다. 더 나아가 2006년 중반에 아리랑 2호를 발사함으로써 1m급 고해상도 위성영상을 손쉽게 획득할 수 있게 됨으로써, 지리정보와 위성영상을 활용하여 야생 동·식물의 서식지를 효과적으로 보호, 관리할 수 있는 기반을 갖추게 되었다. 위와 같은 긍정적인 여건변화에도 불구하고 우리나라는 서식지를 체계적이고 과학적으로 보호·관리하기 위한 경험 및 지식이 미흡한 실정이다. 예를 들어 기존에 실시되고 있는 각종 자연환경조사에 있어서는 생물종에 대한 목록이나 개체수 조사에 치중하여 서식환경에 대한 내용이 부족할 뿐만 아니라 조사결과를 야생 동·식물의 보호관련 정책 수립에 활용하기 위한 서식모형의 설정 등에 대한 연구사례는 드문 실정이다. 지난 1990년대 초반 야생동물실태조사 자료를 토대로 일부 수렵동물에 대해 서식모형을 개발하여, 수렵관리 등 야생동물의 서식지 관리 등에 활용하였으나 조사자료의 신뢰성이 낮아 지속되지 못하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 국내 여건을 감안하여 대표적인 생물종에 대해 서식모형을 개발하고, 야생 동·식물의 서식지를 체계적이고 과학적으로 보호·관리하기 위해 적합한 서식모형의 적용방안을 제시하는데 있다. 특히 우리나라에서 널리 활용되고 있는 보호구역 설정이나 야생동물 이동통로의 설치 그리고 생태하천 조성 등 중요한 서식지의 보호·관리에 있어 서식적합성지도를 효과적으로 적용할 수 있도록 필요한 기반지식이나 현황자료, 그리고 모형 적용시 고려사항 등을 살펴보고자 한다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서 Korea supports a diverse range of habitats, including coastal wetlands, estuaries, paddy fields and woodlands, which act as nesting and feeding grounds for migratory birds and carnivorous predators. However, many wildlife species are facing extinction as a consequence of habitat loss and fragmentation from extensive socio-economic development projects and road construction. Ecologists and natural resource managers believe that habitat requirements of wildlife species can be explored with the habitat model at the multiple scales, and the exploration is effectively used in wildlife management measures. The objective of this study was to delineate habitat suitability maps derived from habitat models to protect and manage wildlife habitats in Korea. Four major steps toward building a wildlife habitat model and habitat suitability maps were used in this study: (1) review of habitat management strategies implemented in Korea for protecting wildlife species and their habitats, (2) designation of protected areas to preserve wildlife habitats by delineating habitat suitability maps, (3) development of habitat model to select proper locations of eco-bridges to connect fragmented habitats, and (4) habitat model applied in stream restoration on the watershed scale. All procedures were integrated to develop GIS-based habitat models for wildlife in Korea, with particular consideration for spatially-explicit habitat variables derived from the National Geographic Information System (NGIS) and the Environmental Information System (EIS). The spatial patterns of environmental variables (i.e., hydrology, soil moisture, water turbidity and elevation) were delineated with NGIS and EIS, and the GIS-based habitat model was developed. Although the Korean government has conducted 3 nationwide surveys to identify population dynamics of wildlife species, only the National Survey of the Natural Environment was used to conduct a GIS dataset for wildlife species in Korea. Habitat suitability models for wild boar (Sus scrofa), leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), and Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) were developed as case studies to examine whether the developing procedures of the habitat models are realistic under the current situation on the available knowledge on ecological characteristics and data available. Then, these habitat models were used to delineate habitat suitability maps, which is useful in implementing wildlife management strategies. In data-poor situations, expert opinion and literature review are clearly effective approaches to identify life requisites and habitat variables of the wildlife in Korea. The results show that qualification and evaluation of habitat model are important to implement wildlife habitat management, such as location selection of eco-bridges (i.e., wildlife overpasses), designation of wildlife protection areas, and riparian habitat management. Habitat models delineate suitable habitats for deciding boundaries of protected areas (e.g., Wildlife Protection Areas). However, only a few habitat models have been developed up to now, and little is known about the habitat requirements of wildlife species in Korea. In this regard, the results of this study will be used to provide spatially explicit information on wildlife habitats for target species, which is effective when selecting candidate locations of wildlife overpasses, determining preliminary boundaries of wildlife protection area, and implementing riparian habitat management measures to protect wildlife habitats in riparian zones. Like the United States and other advanced countries, endangered species are selected as target species for developing habitat models. In addition, habitat suitability models for endemic species were developed as an indicator of environmental quality across the country. This study will help the policy-makers and wildlife managers in the development of habitat suitability models and delineation of habitat suitabilit

Species richness related to landscape characteristics of uninhabited islands in Korea

Rho, Paikho The Ecological Society of Korea 2010 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.33 No.2

The principal objective of this study was to characterize the relationships between geographical conditions (e.g., island area, distance to mainland) and landscape structures of uninhabited islands, and to evaluate the effects of islands and their landscape structures on species richness. One hundred randomly selected islands and 5,000 m buffered areas derived from the boundaries of each island were used to summarize the number of observed bird species, and landscape pattern indices, particularly patch density, edge density, shape index, and mean nearest neighboring distance. Spatial arrangements of individual patch type at the class level, which are markedly affected by the distance from an island to the mainland, have a superior ability to explain the variances in species richness, as compared to the geographical conditions and landscape pattern indices at the landscape level. The results demonstrate that the patch type landscape structure is the primary factor affecting species richness, as well as the distance to the mainland. In particular, landscape pattern indices of cropland/pasture and woody cover are statistically significant in terms of explaining species richness, which suggests that food resources and appropriate conditions in landscape structures of habitat types are assumed as important elements in attracting bird species. This study also proposes the importance of evaluation on the landscape structure of each island, in order to designate protected areas and to establish a management plan for species conservation in uninhabited islands.

하구유형에 따른 권역별 하구습지의 분포특성과 시계열 변동추이 분석

노백호(Paikho Rho),이창희(Chang-Hee Lee) 대한지리학회 2014 대한지리학회지 Vol.49 No.3

본 연구의 목적은 우리나라에 분포하는 463개 하구를 대상으로 하구습지의 권역별 분포특성과 시계열 변동추이를 하구순환 관점에서 파악하는 데 있다. 환경관리에 널리 이용되는 유역을 토대로 한강서해권역, 한강동해권역, 금강권역, 영산강권역, 섬진강권역, 낙동강권역, 제주권역을 대상으로 하구습지의 분포실태를 조사하고, 권역별 하구습지의 시계열 변동추이를 1980년대, 1990년대, 2000년대 토지피복지도를 확보하여 분석하였다. 분석결과, 한강서해권역, 금강권역, 영산강권역의 하구습지는 크게 감소한 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 하구둑, 배수갑문 등 인공구조물에 의해 하구순환이 차단된 닫힌하구에서의 습지감소폭이 크고, 하구순환이 유지되는 열린하구에서의 습지훼손은 상대적으로 적은 것으로 나타났다. 하구습지와 관련된 갯벌, 개방수면, 염습지, 암석해안, 모래해안 등 하구내 서식지 다양성은 하구순환이 차단된 닫힌하구에 비해 하구순환이 유지되는 열린하구에서 높게 나타났다. 본 연구에서 제시한 권역별 하구습지의 분포특성과 시계열 변동추이는 하구환경의 관리방향을 설정하거나 훼손된 하구습지의 복원전략을 마련하는 데 효과적으로 활용할 수 있다. This study aims to identify spatial distribution of estuarine wetlands in Korea, and to assess temporal variation of the wetlands in the last few decades. Widely known in environmental and coastal management, watershed-based regions which composed with Han-river(western and eastern parts), Keumriver, Yeoungsan-river, Seomjin-river, Nakdong-river, and Jeju, are analyzed to evaluate temporal change of estuarine wetlands in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, through the land-cover map. Results show that estuarine wetlands dramatically decreased in Han-river(western part), Keum-river, Yeoungsan-river that estuarine circulation have been interrupted with man-made structures such as dyke and drainage. But, estuarine wetlands surrounded by forests and grasslands has been relatively less damaged. Habitat diversity providing healthy estuary ecosystem is lower in interrupted estuaries than circulated estuaries, which are composed of tidal-flat, open water, salt marsh, rocky coasts and sandy shoreline. This study indicates that spatial distribution and temporal variation of estuarine wetlands are different with estuary type and region, so estuary type with seven regions can be applied to provides a framework for estuary management strategies and to establish estuary restoration plans.

Regional land cover patterns, changes and potential relationships with scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) abundance

Rho, Paikho,Wu, X. Ben,Smeins, Fred E.,Silvy, Nova J.,Peterson, Markus J. The Ecological Society of Korea 2015 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.38 No.2

A dramatic decline in the abundance of the scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) has been observed across most of its geographic range. In order to evaluate the influence of land cover patterns and their changes on scaled quail abundance, we examined landscape patterns and their changes from the 1970s to the1990s in two large ecoregions with contrasting population trends: (1) the Rolling Plains ecoregion with a significantly decreased scaled quail population and (2) the South Texas Plains ecoregion with a relatively stable scaled quail population. The National Land Cover Database (NLCD) and the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Land Use/Land Cover data were used to quantify landscape patterns and their changes based on 80 randomly located $20{\times}20km^2$ windows in each of the ecoregions. We found that landscapes in the Rolling Plains and the South Texas Plains were considerably different in composition and spatial characteristics related to scaled quail habitats. The landscapes in the South Texas Plains had significantly more shrubland and less grassland-herbaceous rangeland; and except for shrublands, they were more fragmented, with greater interspersion among land cover classes. Correlation analysis between the landscape metrics and the quail-abundance-survey data showed that shrublands appeared to be more important for scaled quail in the South Texas Plains, while grassland-herbaceous rangelands and pasture-croplands were essential to scaled quail habitats in the Rolling Plains. The decrease in the amount of grassland-herbaceous rangeland and spatial aggregation of pasture-croplands has likely contributed to the population decline of scaled quails in the Rolling Plains ecoregion.

철원 비무장지대를 중심으로 한 따오기 Nipponia nippon 복원 대상지역 선정을 위한 서식환경 평가

노백호(Paikho Rho),한상훈(Sang-Hoon Han) 한국조류학회II 2010 한국조류학회지 Vol.17 No.3

본 연구는 중국, 일본에서 성공적으로 복원하고 있는 따오기의 국내 서식지 복원을 위해 기존의 서식특성이나 이동거리 등을 토대로 서식모형을 개발하고 경관생태학적 관점에서의 따오기 서식에 적합한 지역을 선정하기 위해 실시하였다. 철원 비무장지대를 중심으로 고해상도 위성영상을 확보하여 서식환경을 분석하였으며, 특히 활동권을 감안하여 1㎢ 격자별로 번식자원과 월동자원의 적합성을 평가하였다. 따오기의 번식자원과 월동자원을 충족하는 서식지는 총 11개 패치 116ha로 연구면적의 4.8%로 나타났다. 토교저수지 주변은 민간인의 출입이 제한되어 자연상태의 산림이 형성되었으며, 사계청소로 인해 초지의 구성비율이 높게 나타났다. 분석결과, 따오기의 서식지로 널리 이용되는 산림과 초지, 저수지 및 하천(한탄강), 농경지는 높은 비율을 차지하고 있다. 다만 서식패치의 공간적 배열을 이용한 경관생태학적 평가에 따르면, 번식기에는 넓은 면적의 적은 패치로 이루어진 반면 월동기에는 협소한 면적의 많은 패치로 이루어져 있어, 따오기와 같은 야생조류의 생활양식에 부합하지 않은 것으로 분석되었다. 따라서 따오기의 철원지역 복원을 위해서는 농경지 패치규모와 형태의 다양화, 농경지 및 인접한 하천, 산림과의 경계밀도 증가를 통해 따오기 번식자원을 우선적으로 제공하여야 한다. This study aims to suggest candidate sites for habitat restoration of the crested ibis (Nipponia nippon) with landscape ecological perspective. We reviewed habitat characteristics and movement patterns in China, and acquired GIS data on environmental variables to develop habitat model of the species in Cheolwon, Korea. Percent cover and spatial arrangement of major habitat patches derived from high-resolution satellite images were used to evaluate ibis habitat suitability of each 1㎢ grid across the study area for wintering and breeding resources. Eleven(11) patches of 116 ha(4.8% of study area) were assigned as suitable habitat for the species. Satellite image classification shows that grassland and herbaceous habitat is higher than expected, probably caused by prescribed burning for military purpose seasonally, and natural woodland is dominant near the DMZ with civilian access control. Landscape composition in the study area is satisfactory for crested ibis: woodlands, grasslands, reservoirs, streams, and rice paddy, which are essential habitat, are widely distributed. However, landscape configuration is not good for the species. The research shows that few large patches are existed during the breeding season, but most wild birds are more likely to distribute separately in that time. In winter season, the species prefer to aggregate in small groups, but habitat patches derived from habitat model are many and small patches in the Cheolwon, Korea. Application of different agricultural techniques encouraging diversity on rice paddy patch, spatial configuration change of habitat type between breeding and wintering season, and increase of rice paddy-woodland edge should be primarily provided to restore crested ibis habitat.

Using habitat suitability model for the wild boar (Sus scrofa Linnaeus) to select wildlife passage sites in extensively disturbed temperate forests

Rho, Paikho The Ecological Society of Korea 2015 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.38 No.2

The occurrence of wild boars (Sus scrofa Linnaeus) and reports of wildlife-vehicle conflicts (i.e., road-kill) involving them have increased in natural forest regions of Korea. In the past few decades, many wildlife passages have been constructed to reduce vehicle collisions involving wildlife species. However, few studies have assessed the habitat suitability of target wildlife species when locating the construction sites of wildlife passages. Target species rarely use wildlife passages if built in an inappropriate location. Therefore, a quantitative habitat model is required to find suitable sites for wildlife passages that can connect the fragmented forest patches of wildlife habitats in Korea. In this study, the wild boar was selected as the target species, and six environmental variables (percentage of Quercus forest, slope aspect, distance to roads, water accessibility, forest stand age and density) were measured. The habitat model for wild boars was developed with a Delphi survey, and habitat suitability maps were delineated for the provinces of Gangwon-do and Jeollanam-do. In this study, 298 and 64 boars were observed in Gangwon-do and Jeollanam-do, respectively. Observations of wild boars derived from the second nationwide natural environmental survey were used to evaluate the habitat model. Habitat suitability maps that superimposed existing road networks suggested that wild boar habitats were severely fragmented in both provinces, particularly in Gangwon-do. To connect the fragmented habitats and prevent wildlife-vehicle collisions, this study proposes 11 and 5 wildlife passage sites in Gangwon-do and Jeollanam-do, respectively.

입지특성을 고려한 자연환경보전이용시설의 유형분류

노백호(Paikho Rho) 계명대학교 낙동강환경원 2012 環境科學論集 Vol.16 No.1

This study aims to identify the classification scheme for effective management plan on nature environmental conservation and its utilization facilities, based on spatial and locational characteristics such as distance to the legally protected areas. Over the last decade, 151 facilities have been established for protecting, managing and utlilizing the natural resources in Korea. Three types of classification scheme on the facilities were suggested in the guideline published in the Ministry of Environment, in order to effectively establish and manage the facilities. But, the classification is limited for use of natural resources, causing the unclear criteria to classify and manage the facilities. Ecological and Natural Map, Terrestrial Environmental Evaluation Map, and Accessibility to Legally Protected Areas were selected as primary items for the facility classification. Using these factors, the 151 facilities divided into three categories: Protection-oriented type, Utilitizationoriented type, and Medium type. The suitability analysis of existing lands related to the facility could be suggested, based on the classification scheme, for the proportion and spatial arrangements of components(i.e., survey sites, wild-bird observatory, nature experience center, picnic areas, wildlife preserve, education and experience facilities).

유역특성에 따른 한강하구 습지의 공간분포 및 변화분석

노백호(Paikho Rho) 대한지리학회 2007 대한지리학회지 Vol.42 No.3

본 연구는 한강하구역에 위치한 33개 표준유역을 대상으로 1910년대, 1970년대, 2000년대 지형도를 이용하여 하구습지를 추출하여 공간적 분포특성과 시기별 변동추이를 분석한 것이다. 또한 하계밀도, 유역의 위치 및 크기, 경사도, 평균표고 등 유역특성이 하구습지 분포와 어떤 관계를 갖고 있는지 살펴보고, 개발사업 등 인위적 교란이 하구습지 훼손에 미치는 영향을 파악하였다. 지형도 분석결과, 하구습지는 1910년대부터 1970년대까지 완만하게 감소하였으며, 수도권이 팽창하기 시작한 1970년대 이후 한강하구의 습지는 급속하게 훼손되었다. 표준유역의 위치에 따라 하구습지를 구성하는 퇴적물 구성비율도 다르게 나타났는데, 해안에 인접한 유역에서는 갯벌(펄)의 구성비율이 높고 한강본류 및 지류에 인접한 유역에서는 사구나 습지(식생군락)가 우세한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 유역면적이 넓고 경사가 급하며 평균표고가 낮은 지역에서 하구습지는 광범위하게 분포하였다. 1970년대 이후 하구습지는 인위적 교란이 높은 한강서울, 한강서해, 한강고양 권역에서 크게 훼손된 반면 군사적 이유로 민간인의 출입이 제한된 임진강하류 및 한강하류 권역에서는 감소폭이 낮았다. 특히 지난 30여년 동안 인구증가율이 높으며 인공적인 토지피복 구성비율이 높아진 유역에서 하구습지의 훼손이 높게 나타났다. Estuarine wetlands for 33 watersheds in the Han River estuary were delineated on topographic maps from the 1910s, 1970s, and 2000s. Then, these data were used to address the issue of spatial distribution and temporal variation. Watershed characteristics such as drainage density, location, watershed size, slope, and elevation were identified for each watershed to determine the relationship between watershed characteristics and spatial distribution of estuarine wetlands. The analysis of estuarine wetlands indicated that wetlands in the estuary had declined gradually between the 1910s and the 1970s, although most wetlands were lost since the 1970s mainly caused by the large development projects related to urban expansion in metropolitan Seoul. The sediment composition and formation processes of the wetlands differed with watershed location; mud flats dominate in the lower part of the estuary, and relatively more sandy and emergent-plant wetlands occur near the main channel and tributaries of the Han River. Relatively more estuary wetlands occur in large watersheds, which have high slopes and low elevations. Estuarine wetlands have been lost dramatically in the densely populated watershed regions (i.e., Han River Seoul, Han River Goyang, West Han River), while relatively more wetlands have remained in undeveloped regions, including the Lower Imjin River and Lower Han River. In particular, anthropogenic disturbance has played an important role in the loss of wetland through the conversion of wetland into agricultural and developed land.

Estimations for Water Quality Factors of Kumho River, South Korea, using Remote Sensing Technology

Jihun Seo,Paikho Rho,Hun Kyun Bae 대한환경공학회 2023 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.28 No.5