Molecular Assessment of Artemisinin Resistance Markers, Polymorphisms in the K13 Propeller, and a Multidrug-Resistance Gene in the Eastern and Western Border Areas of Myanmar

Nyunt, Myat Htut,Hlaing, Thaung,Oo, Htet Wai,Tin-Oo, Lu-Lu Kyaw,Phway, Hnin Phyu,Wang, Bo,Zaw, Ni Ni,Han, Soe Soe,Tun, Thurein,San, Kyaw Kyaw,Kyaw, Myat Phone,Han, Eun-Taek Oxford University Press 2015 Clinical infectious diseases Vol.60 No.8

<P>K13 mutations were significantly associated with day 3 parasitaemia, emphasizing the importance of K13 surveillance. Low prevalence of K13 mutations and absence of day 3 positive cases indicate that artemisinin resistance may not have spread to the western Myanmar border region.</P><P><B><I>Background.</I></B> As K13 propeller mutations have been recently reported to serve as molecular markers, assessment of K13 propeller polymorphisms in multidrug-resistant gene in isolates from Myanmar, especially the eastern and western border areas, is crucial if we are to understand the spread of artemisinin resistance.</P><P><B><I>Methods.</I></B> A 3-day surveillance study was conducted in the eastern and western border areas in Myanmar, and K13 propeller and <I>Plasmodium falciparum</I> multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (<I>pfmrp1</I>) mutations were analyzed.</P><P><B><I>Results.</I></B> Among the 1761 suspected malaria cases screened, a total of 42 uncomplicated falciparum cases from the eastern border and 49 from the western border were subjected to 3 days of surveillance after artemether-lumefantrine treatment. No parasitemic case showing positivity on day 3 was noted from the western border, but 26.2% (11/42) of cases were positive in the eastern border. Although we found no marked difference in the prevalence of the <I>pfmrp1</I> mutation in the eastern and western borders (36% vs 31%, respectively), K13 mutations were more frequent in the eastern border area (where the 3-day persistent cases were detected; 48% vs 14%). C580Y, M476I, A481V, N458Y, R539T, and R516Y accounted for 68.9% of all K13 mutations significantly associated with day 3 parasitaemia.</P><P><B><I>Conclusions.</I></B> The K13 mutations were significantly associated with day 3 parasitaemia, emphasizing the importance of K13 surveillance. The low prevalence of K13 mutations and the absence of day 3 parasitaemic cases indicate that artemisinin resistance may not have spread to the western Myanmar border region. Although analysis of multiple K13 mutations is challenging, it should be done at various sentinel sites in Myanmar.</P>

Molecular Evidence of Drug Resistance in Asymptomatic Malaria Infections, Myanmar, 2015

Nyunt, Myat Htut,Shein, Thinzar,Zaw, Ni Ni,Han, Soe Soe,Muh, Fauzi,Lee, Seong-Kyun,Han, Jin-Hee,Thant, Kyaw Zin,Han, Eun-Taek,Kyaw, Myat Phone Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2017 Emerging infectious diseases Vol.23 No.3

<P>Artemisinin resistance containment in Myanmar was initiated in 2011 after artemisinin-resistant <I>Plasmodium falciparum</I> malaria was reported. Molecular evidence suggests that asymptomatic malaria infections harboring drug resistance genes are present among residents of the Myanmar artemisinin resistance containment zone. This evidence supports efforts to eliminate these hidden infections.</P>

Soundscape and community noise in Auckland City

Koung Nyunt 한국소음진동공학회 2003 한국소음진동공학회 국제학술대회논문집 Vol.2003 No.8

Effective High-Throughput Blood Pooling Strategy before DNA Extraction for Detection of Malaria in Low-Transmission Settings

Myat Htut Nyunt,Myat Phone Kyaw,Kyaw Zin Thant,Thinzer Shein,Soe Soe Han,Ni Ni Zaw,Jin-Hee Han,Seong-Kyun Lee,Fauzi Muh,Jung-Yeon Kim,Shin-Hyeong Cho,Sang-Eun Lee,Eun-Jeong Yang,Chulhun L. Chang,Eun-T 대한기생충학열대의학회 2016 The Korean Journal of Parasitology Vol.54 No.3

양곤 컨테이너항만의 선택요인에 관한 연구

테테 ( Htet Htet Kyaw Nyunt ),김현덕 ( Kim Hyun-Deok ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2017 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.29 No.4

미얀마는 약 1930km에 이르는 해안선이 있으며 뱅골만과 안다만해를 접해 항구가 발달할 수 있는 천혜의 자연조건을 갖추고 있으며, 미얀마의 항구는 Yangon, Kawthaung, Myeik, Sittwe, Dawei 등이 있으나, 국제무역항으로는 Yangon이 유일하다. 양곤의 무역항은 띨라와, 아시아월드, 보타타웅 등이 있으며, 띨라와 아시아월드는 민간이, 보타타웅은 정부(Myanmar Port Authority)에서 운영하고 있다. 미얀마는 높은 경제 성장 잠재력, 국제사회의 제재완화로 세계적인 해운물류기업들의 각광을 받고 있으나, 높은 잠재력에도 불구하고 미얀마 해운물류 시장 자체가 아직 낙후한 시장이기 때문에 물류부문의 발전을 위한 많은 과제가 산적해 있으며, 미얀마 해운물류 수요는 역내 무역, 특히 이웃 국가와의 무역에 따른 국제물류 수요가 큰 비중을 차지하고 있다. 그런 면에서 미얀마 해운물류시장은 많은 성장기회를 제공하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 항만사용자가 컨테이너항만을 선택하는데 미치는 영향 요인을 실증 분석하였다. 연구의 범위는 미얀마 양곤에 있는 컨테이너항만을 대상으로 하며, 선행 연구를 통해 추출된 항만 선택 요인을 중심으로 AHP분석을 실시하였다. 설문조사에 사용된 전문가 그룹은 선사, 포워더, NVOCC, 터미널 운영사, 정책입안자 등을 대상으로 하였으며, 총 50부를 배포하여 23부를 분석에 사용되었다. 실증 분석에 사용된 터미널은 6개의 컨테이너터미널을 대상으로 하였으며, 벌크항만이나 유류 항만 등은 연구의 대상에서 제외하였다. 분석 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 기존의 다른 선행연구와는 달리, 양곤항만에서는 항만비용이 가장 중요한 요인으로 도출되었다. 다음으로는 항만효율성, 선박기항 빈도, 항만의 연계성, 항만의 위치순으로 분석되었다. 둘째, 6개의 컨테이너터미널 중 아시아 월드가 가장 경쟁력 있는 항만으로 선택되었다. 본 논문은 분석결과는 미얀마 양곤에 있는 컨테이너항만의 선택요인과 경쟁력에 대한 기초자료로서 활용하는 데 연구의 의의가 있다 하겠다. 그럼에도 불구하고 좀 더 구체적이고 실증적인 분석을 위해서 본 연구는 선행연구를 참고하였으나, 항만선택요인에 대한 심층적인 연구가 행해져야 할 것으로 보인다. Myanmar is a South East Asia Nation with a long coastal area (1930 km) in which 9 coastal ports catering to seaborne and coastal trade. Even though ports are privatized by other companies for supporting facilities, it is solely administered by Myanmar Port Authority (MPA), which is administered under the Ministry of Transport and Communications. The Ports in Yangon is known as Myanmar’s business hub as it hosts 90% of country’s trade. The aim of this study is to determine the influencing factors in selecting container ports by port users and to prioritize the port criteria to be selected for containers handling. Six port service criteria are set up for 6 terminals in Yangon. As this study used AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), the decision problem is structured in three level of hierarchy. The respondents are from port users such as shipping lines, freight forwarders, NVOCC as well as experts, government officials and port operators. The scope of this paper is limited to container ports in Yangon only and excludes other types of ports (GC, oil, etc) and other ports out of Yangon. The findings will reveal which criteria are given priority to choose the container ports in Yangon and what are the reasons for not choosing. This will also be of interest to port operators and officials for future development of port efficiency. Primary data was collected via structured questionnaires from respondents in which port selection criteria are weighed by experts’ opinion and prioritized by the port users as per their needs.

A Study on the Efficiency of Container Ports in the Bay of Bengal Area

Htet Htet Kyaw Nyunt(태태쩌뉸),Kim Hyun Deok(김현덕) 한국항만경제학회 2020 韓國港灣經濟學會誌 Vol.36 No.1

본 연구는 벵갈만 지역의 주요 컨테이너 항만들의 기술적 효율성을 조사하고 특정 요소가 컨테이너 항만 및 터미널의 효율성에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 분석하는데 목적이 있다. 주요 분석 대상은 스리랑카의 콜롬보항만, 인도의 첸나이항만, 방글라데시의 치타공항만 그리고 미얀마의 양곤 항만 등이다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위한 투입 변수로는 선석 길이, 보관 장소 및 크레인 수를 사용하였으며 산출 변수로는 컨테이너 물동량과 기항수가 분석에 사용되었다. 연구 결과에 의하면 동아시아와 유럽, 중동 그리고 아프리카를 연결하는 전략적 위치에 있는 콜롬보항만이 기술 규모면에서 가장 효율적인 항만으로 분석되었으며 그 다음으로는 첸나이항만, 양곤항만 그리고 치타공항만 순으로 나타났다. 제시된 연구 결과는 벵갈만에 위치한 항만들의 효율성을 제고하기 위해서 어떤 변수에 주안점을 두어야 할지에 대한 기초 자료로서 의미가 있으며 주요 항만 정책 입안자 또는 터미널 운영업자 등의 의사결정에 유의미한 영향을 미칠 수 있다. This study aims to investigate the technical efficiency of major container ports in the Bay of Bengal area and to study how certain factors influence the efficiency of container ports and terminals. The research is conducted on the four main container ports in the Bay of Bengal area, namely, Colombo Port in Sri Lanka, Chennai Port in India, Chittagong Port in Bangladesh, and Yangon Port in Myanmar. There are three input variables (quay length, storage area, and the number of cranes) and two output variables (throughput twenty-foot equivalent units and vessel calls) chosen for the process in this study. This paper evaluates the efficiency score of the defined variables and suggests implications for further improvement of the core competitiveness of the four selected ports. The findings indicate that Colombo Port is the most efficient on a technical scale, followed by Chennai Port, Yangon Port, and Chittagong Port. However, the slack and radial movement calculation results show that the inputs and outputs of the four ports need to be adjusted to be efficient and to reduce the amount of resources that are wasted. The results validate the adaptability of the improved data envelopment analysis algorithm in port efficiency analysis. The research findings provide an overview of the efficiencies of the selected container ports and can potentially affect the port management decisions made by policymakers, terminal operators, and carriers.

21세기의 문명과 불교 (조화, 힘, 수행 그리고 포교)

아웅땡눤 ( U Aung Thein Nyunt ) 천태불교문화연구원 2009 天台學硏究 Vol.12 No.-

Alternatives for Activating the Myanmar-China Border Trade

Htet Htet Kyaw Nyunt(테테),Hyun Deok Kim(김현덕) 국제e-비즈니스학회 2018 e-비즈니스 연구 Vol.19 No.5

Variable number of tandem repeats of 9 Plasmodium vivax genes among Southeast Asian isolates

Wang, B.,Nyunt, M.H.,Yun, S.G.,Lu, F.,Cheng, Y.,Han, J.H.,Ha, K.S.,Park, W.S.,Hong, S.H.,Lim, C.S.,Cao, J.,Sattabongkot, J.,Kyaw, M.P.,Cui, L.,Han, E.T. Verlag fur Recht und Gesellschaft 2017 Acta tropica Vol.170 No.-

<P>The variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) provides valuable information about both the functional and evolutionary aspects of genetic diversity. Comparative analysis of 3 Plasmodium falciparum genomes has shown that more than 9% of its open reading frames (ORFs) harbor VNTRs. Although microsatellites and VNTR genes of P. vivax were reported, the VNTR polymorphism of genes has not been examined widely. In this study, 230 P. vivax genes were analyzed for VNTRs by SERV, and 33 kinds of TR deletions or insertions from 29P. vivax genes (12.6%) were found. Of these, 9 VNTR fragments from 8 P. vivax genes were used for PCR amplification and sequence analysis to examine the genetic diversity among 134 isolates from four Southeast Asian countries (China, Republic of Korea, Thailand, and Myanmar) with different malaria endemicity. We confirmed the existence of extensive polymorphism of VNTR fragments in field isolates. This detection provides several suitable markers for analysis of the molecular epidemiology of P. vivax field isolates. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</P>

Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Myanmar: burden and mutations causing second-line drug resistance

Ei, P. W.,Aung, W. W.,Nyunt, W. W.,Swe, T. L.,Htwe, M. M.,Win, S. M.,Aung, S. T.,Chang, C. L.,Lee, H-Y.,Lee, J. S. International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung 2018 The international journal of tuberculosis and lung Vol.22 No.1

<P>CONCLUSION: There were high proportions of XDR-TB and pre-XDR-TB among MDR-TB cases; cross-resistance among second-line drugs was high, with various types of genetic mutations. These data suggest that resistance to second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs should be monitored intensively, and molecular DST should be employed.</P>