Estimation of Under-5 Child Mortality Rates in 52 Low-migration Countries

Nirmal Sapkota,Nirmal Gautam,Apiradee Lim,Attachai Ueranantasun 한국아동간호학회 2020 Child Health Nursing Research Vol.26 No.4

Reduction of the under-5 mortality rate is a target of the Sustainable Development Goals. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate under-5 child mortality rates in 52 low-migration countries using population data. The study utilized population data from the US Census Bureau from 1990 to 2015. The method involved first estimating mortality rates for countries with negligible net migration and then applying these rates to countries with matching mortality profiles, where it is reasonable to assume that migration is negligible for children under the age of 5 years. The highest child mortality was concentrated in the African region, followed by Asia and the Western region. However, steady progress in child mortality trends was concentrated in low-income countries. This simple method demonstrated that child mortality has significantly improved in high-income countries, followed by middle- and low-income countries. To reduce the under-5 mortality rates even further in these 52 countries, there is a need to accelerate equitable plans and policies related to child health to promote children's longevity and survival.

Conflicting Factors in Korean Construction Industry

Nirmal K.Acharya,이영대,김정기 한국건설관리학회 2006 한국건설관리학회 논문집 Vol.7 No.2

The conflict problems encountered in the construction projects led to prolonged delays in implementation, interruptions and sometimes suspensions. Therefore, it is necessary to find out the critical factors giving birth to the construction conflicts. Review of literatures reveals that many researches have been carried out to identify causes of conflicts in different part of the world. Results of previous studies can reflect the general causes, however cannot be relied as the nature of construction project is unique and differs with the scope and location. So, the purpose of this study was to explore which of the conflicting factors are pertinent in Korean construction industry. Field survey was conducted using Likert scale to identify the conflicting factors. This paper has found out six construction conflicting factors pertinent in Korean context. These are: differing site condition, local people interruption, difference in change order evaluation, design errors, excessive contract quantities variation and double meaning of specifications. However, out of six construction problems, two factors i) differing site conditions and ii) local people interruption have been found as critical conflicting factors. So, this study does not support the notion of people causes conflict rather supports the notion of project factors cause conflicts in construction industry. The outcome of paper is believed to be beneficial to owner, contractor, project manager and other construction professionals who wish to see their project completed without having claims, counterclaims and disputes.

IMPROVEMENT AND GENERALIZATION OF POLYNOMIAL INEQUALITY DUE TO RIVLIN

Nirmal Kumar Singha,Reingachan Ngamchui,Maisnam Triveni Devi,Barchand Chanam 경남대학교 기초과학연구소 2023 Nonlinear Functional Analysis and Applications Vol.28 No.3

Let $p(z)$ be a polynomial of degree $n$ having no zero in $\vert z\vert<1$. In this paper, by involving some coefficients of the polynomial, we prove an inequality that not only improves as well as generalizes the well-known result proved by Rivlin but also has some interesting consequences.

저에너지 FPF 기술을 이용한 high-rate flotation pilot plant 성능평가

( Nirmal Kumar Shahi ),맹민수 ( Minsoo Maeng ),신주원 ( Joowon Shin ),김두일 ( Doil Kim ),독고석 ( Seok Dockko ) 한국물환경학회 2021 한국물환경학회·대한상하수도학회 공동 춘계학술발표회 Vol.2021 No.-

Effects of dopants and sintering on electrical properties of modified barium titanate towards highly reliable piezoelectric nanogenerator

Nirmal Prashanth Maria Joseph (니르말 프라샤츠 마리아 조세프라),Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri(올루리 나가마레스와라 라오),Abisegapriyan K.S(아비세가프리얀 K.S),Sang Jae Kim(김상재) 대한기계학회 2021 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2021 No.4

The barium titanate system was analyzed to improve the electrical properties through the effect of sintering and dopant substitution. The barium titanate was modified with various dopants and prepared six different compositions, and the optimized composition was analyzed with four different sintering conditions towards high electrical properties. The synthesized material XRD pattern and Raman spectrum confirm that it formed as morphotropic phase boundary with dual-phase. The morphological and elemental analyses were confirmed the random shape particles with all the elements present in the stoichiometric ratio. The material's dielectric and ferroelectric properties were analyzed. The measured maximum piezoelectric coefficient d₃₃ was 260 pC/N for the optimized 0.3Ba_0.7Ca_0.3TiO₃-0.7BaSn_0.12Ti_0.88O₃ system. The finalized system used in the fabrication of piezoelectric nanogenerator for biomechanical motion energy conversion. The energy harvester device was fabricated in a cost-effective process. Its eco-friendly nature and the biomechanical energy conversion will partially help solve the energy crisis and the development of battery-free sensors.

Analysis of Relationship between Teamwork Attitude and the Job Satisfaction of Project Participants

Nirmal Kumar Acharya,이영대,김형수 한국건설관리학회 2006 한국건설관리학회 논문집 Vol.7 No.4

Conflict may occur during teamwork activities. Conflict is the incompatibility of interest of participants; hence, it is more common in a wide varied activities involved construction field. Goals and values involve positive or negative features and are therefore common sources of conflict in construction field. Excessive conflict is a major hindrance to the effective operation of a team. If the conflict is not managed timely and properly, it could be transformed into a big dispute, thus to avoid these situation, it is necessary to augment working together culture. This paper aims to identify project team working factors and to uncover underlying relationships between these factors. A questionnaire survey was used to collect data from professionals. Factor analysis was employed to categorize twenty-one teamwork items evaluated by 169 respondents working in three major construction parties namely, owners, consultants and contractors. Factor analysis uncover that these team work factors can be grouped under three categories titled as: integrative working culture, relationship building and trust building. Multiple regression analysis however, showed that relationship building factor does not influence job satisfaction of project participants. Results of this study can be used as a tool to strengthening relationship between project participants in the construction industry.

Chronic Toxicity of the Triazole Fungicide Tebuconazole on a Heterocystous, Nitrogen-Fixing Rice Paddy Field Cyanobacterium, Westiellopsis prolifica Janet

( Nirmal Kumar J. I. ),( Anubhuti Bora ),( Manmeet Kaur Amb ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2010 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.20 No.7

수돗물에서 미세플라스틱의 물리적 특징이 제거 효율에 미치는 효과

( Nirmal Kumar Shahi ),맹민수 ( Minsoo Maeng ),김동현 ( Donghyun Kim ),독고석 ( Eok Dockko ) 한국물환경학회 2020 한국물환경학회·대한상하수도학회 공동 춘계학술발표회 Vol.2020 No.-

The synthetic polymer with size less than 5 mm is widely defined as microplastics (MPs). It is reported that the MPs with size smaller than 100 μm were found in higher concentration in the treated water. There is not much information available in the literature about the problems resulting from MPs and their removal characteristics from drinking water sources based on size, shape and surface morphology. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the removal behavior (i.e., shape, size and surface morphology) of MPs using a common coagulant, i.e., alum, in the drinking water treatment process, and the enhanced removal by cationic polyamine-coated (PM) sand. The synthetic water sample was prepared by mixing humic acid to represent as natural organic matter and kaolin for required turbidity in tap water. The poly-modified sand particles were achieved by mixing sand with cationic polyamine and kept for 24 h at 23℃. For measurement of MPs, fluorescent technology was chosen. After 30 min sedimentation, supernatant was collected, filtered through 5μm polycarbonate filter (black) and stained with Red Nile solution. The images were acquired and analyzed by ImageJ software. As from the result, the removal of MPs increases with the increasing dose of alum till 30 mg/L (70.7%). However, further increase in the dose leads in sharp decrease in the MPs removal. The analysis was carried out as per the size, shows lower removal of smaller size MPs (10-30 μm) for all different dose of alum. The lower removal was observed for spherical-smooth (SS) MPs, than for nonsymmetric MPs, i.e., elongated-rough (ER), elongated-smooth (FS), spherical-rough (SR) for both 20 mg L^-1 and 30 mg L^-1 alum. The modified orthokinetic flocculation reaction rate constant (k_m) model was used for shape factor. The k_m follows the order of FR>FS>SR>SS which is inclined with the result above. In order to enhance the removal of MPs, different dose of polyamine combined with alum and PM-sand were tested. The removal of MPs was found 92.7% and 90.2%, for alum 20 and 30 mg/L combined with PM- sand (500 mg), respectively. This research study reveals, MPs with small-spherical-smooth characteristic are hard to remove by conventional coagulant and process. The PM-sand enhanced the removal of MPs and minimizes the need of high dose of alum and sludge volume. Thus, size, shape and surface morphology of MPs play important roles in the removal of MPs from drinking water.

A multiobjective model of wholesaler-retailers' problem via genetic algorithm

Nirmal Kumar Mahapatra,Asoke Kumar Bhunia,Manoranjan Maiti 한국전산응용수학회 2005 Journal of applied mathematics & informatics Vol.19 No.1-2

In the existing literature, most of the purchasing models were developed only for retailers problem ignoring the constraint of storage capacity of retailers shop/showroom. In this paper, we have developed a deterministic model of wholesaler-retailers’ problem of single product. The storage capacity of wholesaler’s warehouse/showroom and retailers’ showroom/shop are assumed to be finite. The items are transported from wholesaler’s warehouse to retailers’ Own Warehouse (OW) in a lot. The customer’s demand is assumed to be displayed inventory level dependent. Demands are met from OW and that spaces of OW will immediately be filled by shifting the same amount from the Rented Warehouse (RW) till the RW is empty.The time duration between selling from OW and filling up its space by new ones from RW is negligible. According to relative size of the retailers’ existing (own) warehouse capacity and the demand factors, different scenarios are identified. Our objectives are to optimize the cost functions of wholesaler and two retailers separately. To solve this problem, a real coded Genetic Algorithm (GA) with roulette wheel selection/ reproduction, whole arithmetic crossover and non-uniform mutation is developed. Finally a numerical example is presented to illustrate the results for different scenarios. To compare the results of GA, Generalised Reduced Gradient Method has been used for the problem. Also, a sensitivity analysis has been performed to study the variations of the optimal average cost with respect to the different parameters.

“Free Hand” or Wire Guide: To the Editor

Nirmal Kumar Sinha,Amit Bhardwaj 대한정형외과학회 2019 Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery Vol.11 No.4

We read with interest the article “Learning curve of internal fixation for nondisplaced femoral neck fractures: a cumulative sum analysis.”1) Stability of fracture depends upon the parallelity of the cancellous screws that fixes the fractured neck of femur. It is not easy to insert guidewire at the right position and in parallel orientation.2) We all know from our experience that there is a learning curve involved in the passing of parallel screws, much more so if it is done “free hand.” Even a parallel wire guide requires passing of a central guide wire in exact central position. The paper does not mention if any wire guide was used during fixation. We are curious to know about the cause of significant difference of operating time between the early and late experience group (52.2 ± 15.2 vs. 38.4 ± 13.0 minutes). Which part of the surgical procedure required more time in the early group and has learning improved the operating time in the late group?