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Nishi K. Bhardwaj,Nishi K. Bhardwaj,Surendra P. Singh 한국공업화학회 2015 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.22 No.-
Recycled pulp contains large amount of fines having high surface area and amorphous cellulose. Thesefines adsorb water to large extent and dewatering rate is lower compared to virgin pulp. Selectivehydrolysis of these excess ultra fines through cellulase enzymes can be utilized for enhancing thedrainage rate. The concept of monocomponent cellulase treatment of recycled pulp for improvement indrainage and the understanding whether effectiveness depends on a specific type of cellulasecomponent (endoglucanase/cellobiohydrolase) is described. The improvement of 15–23% in pulpdrainability was achieved along with better paper properties.
Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Study on Defect-Controlled Polymer Networks
Nishi, Kengo,Asai, Hanako,Fujii, Kenta,Han, Young-Soo,Kim, Tae-Hwan,Sakai, Takamasa,Shibayama, Mitsuhiro American Chemical Society 2014 Macromolecules Vol.47 No.5
<P>Tetra-PEG gels are classified to near-“ideal” networks with significantly low inhomogeneities, which were confirmed by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). In this study, we systematically introduced two types of defects into Tetra-PEG gels and investigated effects of defects on structure. First, we prepared defect-rich networks by simply reducing prepolymer concentration, and observed the evolution of network structure by time-resolved SANS during gelation process. In this case, both the scattering intensity and the correlation length increased with reaction time in the ϕ < ϕ* region, while they scarcely changed in the ϕ > ϕ* region. Here, ϕ and ϕ* are the polymer volume fractions at observation and that at chain-overlap concentration, respectively. Second, we prepared “<I>p</I>-tuned” Tetra-PEG gels by tuning the reaction probability, <I>p</I>, and soaked them in water to expose the inhomogeneities. It was revealed that SANS profiles of as-prepared gels did not change noticeably, while those of swollen gels systematically changed with decreasing <I>p</I>. On the basis of these results, we discuss the relationship between the defects of polymer network and inhomogeneities by using simple schematic pictures of polymer network.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/mamobx/2014/mamobx.2014.47.issue-5/ma402590n/production/images/medium/ma-2013-02590n_0009.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ma402590n'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Articles : Assisted Reproductive Technology in Japan: Focus on Surrogate Pregnancy
( Nishi Kiyoko ) 아세아여성법학연구소 2013 아세아여성법학 Vol.16 No.-
In Japan, Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) is widely practiced since 1949. However there is no legislation on pregnancy using ART. This article surveys the current situation of ART in Japan, and examines focusing on two problems: (1) whether surrogate pregnancy (gestational carrier) is acceptable; and (2) the parentage of children born by means of surrogate pregnancy. This article draws two conclusions: (1) surrogate pregnancy may be allowed in the exceptional case; and (2) although the surrogate mother should be the legal mother even when the eggs of the commissioning female are used, a narrow way which changes the commissioning female into a legal (natural) mother should be provided.
An Outlook on the Draft-Tube-Surge Study
Nishi, Michihiro,Liu, Shuhong Korean Society for Fluid machinery 2013 International journal of fluid machinery and syste Vol.6 No.1
If large pressure fluctuation is observed in the draft tube of a Francis turbine at part-load operation, we have generally called it draft-tube-surge. As occurrence of this phenomenon seriously affects the limit of turbine operating range, extensive studies on the surge have been made since proposal of surge-frequency criterion given by Rheingans. According to the literature survey of related topics in recent IAHR symposiums on hydraulic machinery and systems, in which state-of-the-art contributions were mainly presented, a certain review of them may be desirable for an outlook on the future studies in this research field. Thus, in this review paper, the authors' previous attempts for the last three decades to challenge the following topics: a rational method for component test of a draft tube, nature of spiral vortex rope and its behavior in a draft tube and cavitation characteristics of pressure fluctuations, are introduced together with other related contributions, expecting that more useful and significant studies will be accomplished in the future.
Structural Analysis of Lipophilic Polyelectrolyte Solutions and Gels in Low-Polar Solvents
Nishi, Kengo,Tochioka, Saki,Hiroi, Takashi,Yamada, Taihei,Kokado, Kenta,Kim, Tae-Hwan,Gilbert, Elliot Paul,Sada, Kazuki,Shibayama, Mitsuhiro American Chemical Society 2015 Macromolecules Vol.48 No.11
<P>Lipophilic polyelectrolyte gels capable of large swelling in low-polar solvents (3 ≤ ε ≤ 10) were developed by Ono et al. (Nature Mater.<x> </x>2007), where ε is the dielectric constant. These gels were prepared by introducing tetraphenylborate as a lipophilic anion (tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate; TFPB<SUP>–</SUP>) and tetraalkylammonium with long alkyl chains as a lipophilic cation (tetra(<I>n</I>-butyl)ammonium; TBA<SUP>+</SUP>) into a poly(octadecyl acrylate) (pODA) backbone chain. Here, we investigated the structure of the lipophilic polyelectrolyte gels and corresponding polymer solutions in CH<SUB>2</SUB>Cl<SUB>2</SUB> with small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). From SANS, it was revealed that individual pODA chain is regarded as a rod with the cross-section radius of 15 Å and the length of ca. 160 Å and is little changed by introduction of charges or cross-linking. In addition to this, it was revealed from SANS measurements that the second virial coefficient of pODA in CH<SUB>2</SUB>Cl<SUB>2</SUB> was positive. In combination with DLS measurements, we observed several characteristic features similar to polyelectrolyte aqueous systems such as (i) the clear appearance of slow diffusional motion in polymer solutions, (ii) an increase of diffusion coefficient in gels, and (iii) an increase of osmotic modulus in solutions and gels when ionic groups are incorporated in pODA. These experimental findings clearly show that [TBA<SUP>+</SUP>][TFPB<SUP>–</SUP>] dissociates enough and pODA, accompanying these ionic groups, acts as a polyelectrolyte even in a low-polar solvent such as CH<SUB>2</SUB>Cl<SUB>2</SUB> (ε = 8.9). It is concluded that the good compatibility of pODA with CH<SUB>2</SUB>Cl<SUB>2</SUB> and the introduction of dissociable ionic groups into pODA result in high-swelling capability of the lipophilic polyelectrolyte gels.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/mamobx/2015/mamobx.2015.48.issue-11/acs.macromol.5b00753/production/images/medium/ma-2015-00753f_0012.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ma5b00753'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Nishi, Yasuyuki,Inagaki, Terumi,Li, Yanrong,Omiya, Ryota,Hatano, Kentaro Korean Society for Fluid machinery 2014 International journal of fluid machinery and syste Vol.7 No.4
The ultimate objective of this study is to develop a water turbine appropriate for low-head open channels to effectively utilize the unused hydropower energy of rivers and agricultural waterways. The application of a cross-flow runner to open channels as an undershot water turbine has been considered and, to this end, a significant simplification was attained by removing the turbine casing. However, the flow field of an undershot cross-flow water turbine possesses free surfaces, and, as a result, the water depth around the runner changes with variation in the rotational speed such that the flow field itself is significantly altered. Thus, clear understanding of the flow fields observed with free surfaces to improve the performance of this turbine is necessary. In this study, the performance of this turbine and the flow field were evaluated through experiments and numerical analysis. The particle image velocimetry technique was used for flow measurements. The experimental results reflecting the performance of this turbine and the flow field were consistent with numerical analysis. In addition, the flow fields at the inlet and outlet regions at the first and second stages of this water turbine were clarified.
A Study of Performance and Internal Flow in a New Type of Sewage Pump
Nishi, Yasuyuki,Fukutomi, Junichiro Korean Society for Fluid machinery 2009 International journal of fluid machinery and syste Vol.2 No.3
Sewage pumps are designed with a wide flow channel by, for example, sacrificing some efficiency and reducing the number of blades, in order to prevent plugging with foreign bodies. However, the behavior of foreign bodies which actually flow into a pump is extremely complex, and there are questions about whether the presumed foreign bodies will actually pass through. This paper proposes a new type of sewage pump impeller designed to further improve pump efficiency and performance in passing foreign bodies. This sewage pump impeller has a structure in which the suction flow channel of a closed type non-clog pump is wound in a helical spiral. The focus of this research was to investigate pump performance and internal flow in this single blade sewage pump impeller. The results clearly indicated the following facts: The developed sewage pump impeller exhibits high efficiency over a wide range of flow rates; internal flow of the pump is very complicated; and the internal flow state varies greatly when the flow rate changes.
A New Blade Profile for Bidirectional Flow Properly Applicable to a Two-stage Jet Fan
Nishi, Michihiro,Liu, Shuhong,Yoshida, Kouichi,Okamoto, Minoru,Nakayama, Hiroyasu Korean Society for Fluid machinery 2009 International journal of fluid machinery and syste Vol.2 No.4
A reversible axial flow fan called jet fan has been widely used for longitudinal ventilation in road tunnels to secure a safe and comfortable environment cost-effectively. As shifting the flow direction is usually made by only switching the rotational direction of an electric motor due to heavy duty, rotor blades having identical aerodynamic performance for bidirectional flow should be necessary. However, such aerodynamically desirable blades haven't been developed sufficiently, since most of the related studies have been done from the viewpoint of unidirectional flow. In the present paper, we demonstrate a method to profile the blade section suitable for bidirectional flow, which is validated by studying the aerodynamic performances of rotor blades of a two-stage jet fan experimentally and numerically.