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Muraoka Hiroyuki,Saitoh Taku M.,Murayama Shohei 한국생태학회 2023 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.47 No.4
Growing complexity in ecosystem structure and functions, under impacts of climate and land-use changes, requires interdisciplinary understandings of processes and the whole-system, and accurate estimates of the changing functions. In the last three decades, observation networks for biodiversity, ecosystems, and ecosystem functions under climate change, have been developed by interested scientists, research institutions and universities. In this paper we will review (1) the development and on-going activities of those observation networks, (2) some outcomes from forest carbon cycle studies at our super-site “Takayama site” in Japan, and (3) a few ideas how we connect in-situ and satellite observations as well as fill observation gaps in the Asia-Oceania region. There have been many intensive research and networking efforts to promote investigations for ecosystem change and functions (e.g., Long-Term Ecological Research Network), measurements of greenhouse gas, heat, and water fluxes (flux network), and biodiversity from genetic to ecosystem level (Biodiversity Observation Network). Combining those in-situ field research data with modeling analysis and satellite remote sensing allows the research communities to up-scale spatially from local to global, and temporally from the past to future. These observation networks oftern use different methodologies and target different scientific disciplines. However growing needs for comprehensive observations to understand the response of biodiversity and ecosystem functions to climate and societal changes at local, national, regional, and global scales are providing opportunities and expectations to network these networks. Among the challenges to produce and share integrated knowledge on climate, ecosystem functions and biodiversity, filling scale-gaps in space and time among the phenomena is crucial. To showcase such efforts, interdisciplinary research at ‘Takayama super-site’ was reviewed by focusing on studies on forest carbon cycle and phenology. A key approach to respond to multidisciplinary questions is to integrate in-situ field research, ecosystem modeling, and satellite remote sensing by developing crossscale methodologies at long-term observation field sites called “super-sites”. The research approach at ‘Takayama site’ in Japan showcases this response to the needs of multidisciplinary questions and further development of terrestrial ecosystem research to address environmental change issues from local to national, regional and global scales.
Host rock controls to thermal water chemistry induced from the global comparison
Muraoka, H.,Gunnlaugsson, E.,Song, Y.,Lund, J.,Bromley, C.J.,Rybach, L. Elsevier 2010 Current Applied Physics Vol.10 No.2
Under a framework of the Geothermal Implementing Agreement (GIA) of the International Energy Agency (IEA), chemistry of thermal water is compared among Iceland, Japan, South Korea and the USA. The pH value of thermal water in Iceland shows 9 or 10, that is evidently higher than those of other silicic crust countries. It is ascribed to the host rock controls that hydrothermal water only attacks anorthite in basalt. The boron and chloride components of thermal water in Iceland are significantly lower than those in Japan and the USA. Their variation ranges show that the boron component in Iceland is 1 magnitude lower than other two countries and the chloride component is 0.5 magnitudes lower. It is also explained by the host rock controls that the basaltic crust in Iceland is 1 magnitude lower in boron and 0.5 magnitudes lower in chloride than the silicic crust in Japan and the USA.